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Psychologist Edwin Boring

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who said that intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure? (but is not very useful

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Intelligence is the by-product of sensory capacity. He reasoned that most knowledge first comes through the senses, especially vision and hearing. Therefore, he assumed, people with superior sensory capacities, like better eyesight, should acquire more knowledge than will other people.

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what was Galton's radical hypothesis? (and was later proved wrong)

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-Alfred Binet, and Theodore Simon -a diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability, it would separate "slower" learners from other children without having to rely on the subjective judgements of teachers

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who created the first intelligence test, and what was it?

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higher mental processes: reasoning, understanding ,and judgement

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what did the first intelligence test focus on?

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abstract thinking: the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts, rather than concepts in the here and now

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most experts now , agree that whatever intelligence is, it has something to do with ________?

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-reason abstractly -learn to adapt to novel environmental circumstances -acquire knowledge -benefit from experience

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In 1921, a panel of 14 American experts generated a list of definitions of intelligence. They didn't succeed in hammering out a single definition, but they mostly agreed that intelligence consists of the abilities to:

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psychologist Charles Spearman

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the phenomenon of positive correlations among intelligence test items caught the attention of who??

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The development of G and S -G: general intelligence: all intelligence test items are positively correlated because they reflect the influence of overall intelligence, spearman wasn't sure what produces individual differences in g, but speculated that it has something to do with "mental energy" -for Spearman ,g corresponds to the strength of our mental engines -g is exceddingly controversial becasue it implies that some people are just plain smarter than others

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this lead to what??

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-s: specific abilities that is unique to each item -according to Spearman, how well we perform on a given mental task depends not only on our general smarts (g), but also on our particular skills in narrow domains (s).

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Spearman also proposed the existence of a factor called s:

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General intelligence -accounts for overall differences in intellect among people

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G:

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Specific abilities -each individual's particular skills

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S:

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Louis Thurstone

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_____ discovered that some intelligence test items relate more highly to each other than do other items: these items form clumps corresponding to different intellectual capacities

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Raymond Cattell and John Horm

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Later, _____ and ______ distinguished fluid from crystalized intelligence, arguing that what we called "intelligence" is actually a mixture of two capacitites

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fluid intelligence

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______ refers to the capacity to learn new ways of solving problems

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crystallized intelligence

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_____ refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world we aqcuire over time

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"flows" into our long term memories, "crystallizing" into lasting knowledge

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according to Cattell and Horn, knowledge from newly learned tasks....... does what?

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they view them as "facets" or more specific aspects of g

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most modern researchers don't believe that the fluid and crystallized intelligence undermines the existence of g. instead, they view what????

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fluid abilities, crystallized abilities

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____ are more likely to decline with age than ______ are

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crystallized abilities

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_____ often increase with age, including old age

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fluid abilities, crystallized abilities

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_______ are more highly related to g than are ______

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crystallized intelligence, but not fluid intelligence

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______, but not ____ is moderately and positively associated with openness to experience (a personality trait)

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entirely different domains of intellectual skill -the concept of g is wrong, or at least incomplete -we can't simply say that Sally is smarter than bill, because there are many ways of being smart -Spearman's concept of S is a partial acknowledgement of the existence of multiple intelligences, because tit recognized that people with equal levels of g can have different intellectual strengths and weaknesses.

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multiple intelligneces

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Howard Garner's -according to him, there are numerous "frames of mine" or different ways of thinking about the world. Each frame of mind is a different and fully independent intelligence in its own right

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-______ theory of multiple intelligences has been enormously influential in educational practice and theory over the past two decades. According to him, .... what?!?

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the "frames of mind" intelligence

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-Howard Garner argued that autistic savants provided support for what??

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-linguistic: speak and write well -logicomathematical: use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems such as scientific questions -spatial: think and reason about objects in three dimensional space -musical: perform, understand, and enjoy music -bodily-kinesthetic: manipulate the body in sports, dance, or other physical endeavors -interpersonal: understand and interact effectively with others -intrapersonal: understand and possess insight into self -naturalistic: recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things -(9th intelligence): existential intelligence: the grasp deep philosophical ideas like the meaning of life

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Table 9.1 Howard Gardner's multiple Intelligences:

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It has been mixed -all researchers agree with Gardner that we vary in our intellectual strengths and weaknessess -also credit him for highlighting the point that all intelligent people aren't smart in the same way -BUT much of Gardner's model is vague and difficult to test

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what was the scientific reaction to Gardner's model?

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not others, qualify as multiple intelligences

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It is not clear why certain mental abilities, but........ ?

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difficult to falsifty -there is no good evidence that his multiple intelligences are truly independent, as he claims

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because Gardner hasn't developed formal tests to measure his intelligences, it is....?

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Robert Sternberg

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like Garner, _______ has argued that there's more to intelligence than g

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posits the existence of three largely distinct intelligences

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triarchic model...?

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1. analytical intelligence: the ability to reason logically, "book smarts" the kind of intelligence we need to do well on traditional IQ tests and college admission exams, the form of intelligence most closely related to g, for Sternberg, only one component of intelligence and not necessarily the most crucial 2. practical intelligence, also called "tacit intelligence" the ability to solve real world problems, especially those involving other people, contrasts analytical intelligence, the form of "street smarts" the kind of smarts we need to "size up" people we've just met, or figure out how to get ahead on the job, also relates to social intelligence (the capacity to understand others 3. Creative intelligence: also called "creativity" our ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions, kind of intelligence we need to find new and effective solutions to problems like composing an emotionally moving poem or exquisite piece of music, sternberg argues that practical and creative intelligences predict outcomes, like job performance, that analytical intelligence doesn't

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what are these three intelligences

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it is positively related to brain size

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one popular notion about intelligence is that.....?

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across species

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Brain volume correlates positively with measure intelligence...?

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brain volume, intelligence -a weak correlation -casual -amount of cortex or other discrete regions or connections between the brain regions

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with human species, ________ correlates with _____ -but .3-.4 is..? -the relationship may not be....? -total brain size may not be the factor, what would be the other factors?

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efficiency example: tetris experiment: as students became more proficient the brains of the more intelligent students were LESS active during the task

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Intelligence may reflect ____ of mental processing: whats an example?

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reaction times

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Persons with higher intelligence show quicker what?

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working memory capacity

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_____ is also closely related to intelligence

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prefrontal cortex (especially on the left side of the brain) -efficiency

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_____ is epecially active during highly "g-loaded" (substantially related to general intelligence) tasks -but other areas of the brain are also important -it is the _____ of the connections between the PFC and the rest of the brain that is important

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quickly intelligent

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central theme: people who think _______ tend to be more ______

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working memory -working memory tasks, scores on intelligence tests

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______ closely related to short term memory, and reflects especially our ability to juggle multiple bits of information in our minds at the same time -scores on ____ are moderatly correlated with scores on _____

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a higher IQ

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an increasing number of researchers argue that differences among people in their working memory may help explain why some people process information more quickly than others, and hence have _______?

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working memory, and IQ working memory will CAUSE increases in general intelligence

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Although ______ and ____ are correlated, it should be known that one can't assume that the improving ______ will CAUSE increases in ______

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Metacognitive skills, metacognition

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_______ play a key role in this phenomenon, _________ refers to knowledge of our known knowledge

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Stanford-Binet IQ tests -originally developed for children but since extended to adults, the stanford-binet consists of a wide variety of tasts like those Binet and Simon used, such as measures that involve testing covabulary and memory for pictures, naming familiar objects, repeating sentences, and following commands

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_________ first published in 1916 and still used today in its revised fifth edition -details about it?

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a set of norms, baseline scores in the general population from which we can compare each individual's score -using norms, we can ask whether a given person's score on intelligence test items are above or below those of similar-aged people and by how much.

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-Terman's great achievement was to establish what??

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the formula for the intelligence quotient - which will forever be known by two letters: IQ

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German psychologist Wilhelm Stern invented what??? -which does what?

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-Divide mental age (a concept introduced by Binet, is the age corresponding to the average person's performance on an intelligence test) by chronological age, and then multiply the resulting number by 100 so: (mental age/chronological age) (100) = IQ

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-Stern's formula for computing IQ was simple: ....? do what?

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children and young adolescence and not adults

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stern's formula does a respectable job of estimating intelligence of who?? and not who??

question

start to level out at around age 16 IQ tests doesn't increase by much Stern's formula would result in everyone's IQ getting lower as they get older

answer

Mental age scores increase progressively in childhood, but .....? so once we hit 16 or so, our performance on ....? Because our mental age levels off, but our chronological age increases with time.. what would happen?

question

on a statistic called deviation IQ, which compares each person's score to what is normal for his or her own age group

answer

^^^ That is why almost all modern intelligence researchers rely on ______ when computing IQ for adults

question

Henry Goddard

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____ translated Binet and Simon's test into English in 1908

question

they began to be abused -but a means of identifying adults deemed intellectually inferior American immigrants who barely knew the language

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Soon after IQ tests were developed, what happened?? It was no longer merely a vehicle for targeting schoolchildren in need of special help, but a means of _____? who did they begin to administer the tests too?

question

Eugenics -Sir Francis Galton

answer

Eventually, concern with the low IQs of many immigrants and some Americans led to a social movement called ______, coined by _______.

question

the effort to improve a population's "genetic stock" by encouraging people with "good genes" to reproduce, by discouraging people with "bad genes" from reproducing, or both.

answer

Eugenics was what?

question

forcible sterilization and immigration laws

answer

what were the most visible impacts on society?

question

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) David Wechsler,a Romanian immigrant to the United States who was among those classified as feebleminded by the early flawed IQ tests

answer

The IQ test administered most widely to assess intelligence in adults is the _____? who developed this test?

question

-overall IQ -verbal comprehension -perceptual reasoning -working memory -processing speed

answer

the WAIS consists of 15 "subtests" or specific tasts designed to assess such varied mental abilities as vocabulary, arithmetic, spatial ability, reasoning about proverbs, and general knowledge about the world and yields five major scores which are what??

question

verbal comprehension = crystalized intelligence perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed = fluid intelligence

answer

_____ relates primarily to crystalized intelligence, while _____,____,and _____, relate to fluid intelligence

question

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence (WHIPSI)

answer

what are two widely used IQ tests for children ?

question

reliance on language

answer

One longstanding criticism of IQ tests has been their ....?

question

tests that try to eliminate problems with cultural factors affecting people's familiarity with test material, they consist of abstract-reasoning items that don't depend on language

answer

what are culture-fair IQ tests?

question

Raven's Progressive Matrices, used widely in Great Britain as a measure of intelligence, especially fluid intelligence. It is an excellent measure of g

answer

Best example of culture-fair test?

question

are designed to test overall competence in a specific domain or predict academic success -they correlate highly (.7-.8) with IQ

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College Admissions Tests:

question

to be very stable over long periods of time

answer

In adults, IQ scores tend to ...?

question

very unstable and poor predictors of adult IQ

answer

prior to agree 2 or 3, IQ tests are .....?

question

predicting grades, .5

answer

IQ scores are moderately successful at _____ with a ___ correlation

question

health-related outcomes (health literacy)

answer

IQ scores also predict performance across wide variety of occupations and are associated with _______

question

social class, poorer people tend to have lower IQs

answer

potential confound: IQ is positively associated with _____?

question

a bell curve

answer

IQ scores are distributed in _____?

question

-onset before adulthood - low IQ (approx. below 70) -inability to engage in adequate daily functioning (difficulties dressing and feeding oneself, communication with others, and managing other basic life skills)

answer

Mental retardation, sometimes now called "intellectual disabilities" are characterized by what??

question

1% mild, moderate, severe, profound -85% have mild form

answer

about ___ of the US population (mostly males) what are the four levels:

question

less likely

answer

the more sever the retardation, the _______ it is to run in families

question

fragile X syndrome and down syndrome

answer

over 200 different causes; most common are _____ and ____

question

form of down syndrome when people have only some of their cells that contain an extra chromosome -they have a relatively normal IQ

answer

mosaics

question

ADA: The Americans with Disabilities Act and IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

answer

____ and ___ have greatly impacted lives of those with mental retardation

question

2% doctors, lawyers, engineers, professors "burn out" or have higher rates of mental illness

answer

Genius and Exceptional Intelligence: -refers to the top ____ of IQ scores -large portion occupy certain professions: ____? -Terman's "termites" shows that prodigies do not _____ or _____

question

family studies

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____ allow us to determine the extent to which a trait "runs or goes together in intact families, those in which all family members live in the same house

question

adoption studies -selective placement

answer

____ examine the extent to which children adopted into new homes resemble their adoptive vs. biological parents -they allow us to separate environmental from genetic effects on IQ, because adoptees are raised by parents with whom they share an environment but not genes -a potential confound in these studies is _____: adoption agencies frequently place children in homes similar to those of the biological parents

question

in families siblings: .5, and cousins: .15 identical twins: .7-.8 fraternal twins .3-.4 high levels of environmental deprivation

answer

Family studies confirm that IQ runs.....? -sibling IQs correlate at __ and cousins at ___ -twin studies show identical twin correlations of ____ and fraternal of ____ -BUT ______ may stamp out effects of genes

question

twins reared together

answer

Twins reared apart are as similar in IQ as ...

question

of environment, of genetics on ID

answer

Adoption studies point to the influence _____, but still strongly support the importance of _____

question

social environment biological environment

answer

_____: school and parents _____: the availability of nutrients and exposure to toxic substances (ex. lead)

question

tend to take fewer academic risks, such as enrolling in challenging classes

answer

recent research studies suggest that how we conceptualize intelligence may influence our intelligence. People who believe that intelligence is a fixed entity ______

question

tend to take more academic risks

answer

People who believe that intelligence is a flexible process that can increase over time _____

question

lower IQs

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Children from larger families have _____ than children from smaller families

question

a casual influence on IQ

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Amount of schooling seems to exert _______

question

short-term increases -high school dropout rates -the program ends

answer

Environmental Influences: -early intervention programs (Head Start) produce...? -reduce the likelihood of being held back in school as well as ....? -but don't typically persist after____

question

the experimenter expectancy effect

answer

______ refers to the tendency of researchers to unintentionally influence the outcome of studies

question

-Arthur Jensen studied a group of families in an extremely poor area of rural Georgia. FOr African-American (but not Caucasian) children, he found evidence for cumulative declines, that is, differences that increase over time. Older siblings consistently lhad lower IQs than did younger siblings, with a steady decrease of about 1.5 IQ points per year. Jensen's explanation was that siblings in this impoverished region experienced progressively more intellectual deprivation as they aged, leading them to fall further behind other children.

answer

Poverty and IQ: -Jensen's cumulative deficit study: did what?

question

lack of proper nutrition and exposure to lead -people have said that babies who were breastfed have a higher IQ than those who were bottle fed

answer

_____ and ____ may lead to lower IQs -scientific controversy regarding the impact of breastfeeding on IQ

question

the average IQ of the population has been rising by about 3 points every 10 years

answer

Flynn Effect:

question

-increased test sophistication: people becoming more experienced at taking tests -increased complexity of the modern world: with television, email, the Internet, Twitter, iPhones, and etc, we are forced to process far more information far more quickly than our parents and grandparents ever did. Modern schooling is also placing more emphasis on abstract reasoning. There is more pressure on us to become more intelligent- or at least more adept at processing information rapidly -better nutrition: people are better fed than ever before, malnutrition in the world is declining -changes at home and school: families have become smaller, allowing parents to devote more time to their children. Parents also have more access to intellectual resources than ever

answer

the flynn effect is most likely the result of environmental changes: -such as what??

question

few or no men are more variable

answer

there are _____ sex differences in IQ but men are _____ in their overall IQ scores than women are

question

women -some research suggests that verbal ability EBBS AND FLOWS ALONG WITH THE LEVEL OF ESTROGEN, A SEX HORMONE THAT'S MORE PLENTIFUL IN WOMEN THAT IN MEN

answer

_____ tend to do better on some verbal tasks like spelling, writing, and pronouncing words -this difference may have a hormonal component

question

calculation (like adding and subtracting numbers) detecting and recognizing feelings in others (especially when they reach adulthood)

answer

females also do better than males in ______ , _____ and _____

question

spatial ability -largest difference emerges on mental rotation tasks: which require participants to determine which of a series of rotated blocks mates a target group of rotated blocks -mathematic tasks that involve complicated reasoning

answer

men tend to better than women on most tasks requiring ______ -the largest difference emerges on _______ -males also tend to do better than females on mathematic tasks that ___________

question

African Americans and Hispanic Americans -Jews are slightly higher than those of nonJews

answer

on average, ______ and _____ score lower than Caucasians do on standard IQ tests -IQs of _____ are slightly higher than those of _____

question

Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray

answer

____ and ____ widely discussed their book "The Bell Curve" that argued that IQ plays a more important role in society than most people are willing to admit -they also went further, conjecturing that at least some of the IQ gap between races might be genetic in orgin

question

within-group heritability between group heritability

answer

_______ is the extent to which a trait, like IQ, is heritable within groups, such as Asian Americans and women _______ is the extent to which the difference in this trait between groups, such as between Asian Americans and Caucasians and between men and women, is heritable

question

That is, just because IQ is heritable within groups doesn't imply that the difference between these groups has anything to do with their genes

answer

It is critical to keep in mind that within-group heritability doesn't necessarily imply between-group heritability..... what does this mean

question

test bias

answer

_____ means that a test predicts outcomes-such as grades or occupational success- better in one group than in another

question

achievement among races

answer

IQ differences among races go hand in hand with differences in average ________

question

Sterotype threat

answer

One other environmental factor that may affect how individuals perform and achieve is _______. which refers to the fear that we may confirm a negative group sterotype, such as a view of our group as being less intelligent or less athletic groups

question

novel successful

answer

creative accomplishments consist of two features:

question

divergent thinking

answer

psychologists often measure creativity using tests of _________, the capacity to generate many different solutions to problems

question

convergent thinking

answer

to be creative, we also need to be good at _______, the capacity to find the single best answer to a problem

question

-the ability to understand our emotions and those of others and to apply this information to our everyday lives -one of the most active topics in popular psychology today -consists of several subcomponenets, such as the capacity to understand and recognize one's emotions, to appreciate others' emotions, to control one's emotions, and to adapt one's emotions to diverse situations

answer

what is emotional intelligence?

question

"EQ" (one's emotional quotient)

answer

most proponents of emotional intelligence maintain that _____ is just as important as IQ for functioning effectively in the world

question

personality -job performance

answer

it's not clear that emotional intelligence differs much from ______ -may not predict _____ beyond general IQ

question

wisdom

answer

Measures of intelligence are only moderately correlated with _______

question

as the application of intelligence toward a common good -Wise people have learned to achieve a delicate balance among three often-competing interests: 1. concerns about oneself (self-interest) 2. concerns about others 3. concerns about the broader society

answer

Robert Sternberg defined wisdom as what??

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