pysch ch.10, 13, 14 – Flashcards

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Which statement is true?
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Sex is a biological concept, and gender is a sociocultural concept.
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Researchers have NOT found male-female differences in
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general intelligence.
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A(n) ________ individual has ambiguous or inconsistent indicators of male or female in the sexual structures or organs.
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intersexual
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The term "gender ______" refers to the collection of actions, beliefs, and characteristics that a culture associates with masculinity and femininity.
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role
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An androgynous individual:
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exhibits behaviors associated with both genders
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Which sequence correctly orders the phases of the human sexual response cycle, from first to last?
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excitement --> plateau --> orgasm --> resolution
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Approximately 1% of the population is asexual. An asexual individual:
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is not sexually attracted to other people
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Kinsey's pioneering studies allowed him to do all the following EXCEPT:
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specify the causes of sexual behavior and practices
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What is the current consensus on conversion or reparative therapy?
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Homosexuality does not need to, and cannot be, "cured."
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Sexual scripts are the:
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cultural rules specifying "appropriate" sexual activities.
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A _____ disorder is a set of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that are significantly distressing and disabling.
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psychological
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Which is NOT one of the "three Ds" of psychological disorders mentioned in the textbook?
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distress dysfunction deviance -->disability<--
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The primary purpose of the DSM-5 is to provide:
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descriptions of disorders.
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Dr. Fritsch and Dr. Gupta are debating why depression is more prevalent among women than among men. "Women have fewer economic opportunities than do men, and they experience role conflicts more often," notes Dr. Fritsch. Dr. Gupta remarks that women experience fluctuations in estrogen levels, whereas men do not. Dr. Fritsch appears to take a _____ approach to depressive disorders, whereas Dr. Gupta seems to favor a _____ approach.
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sociocultural; medical
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When people suffer from _____, they often feel intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. These feelings last several minutes and include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.
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panic disorder
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Twenty-year-old Brianna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she no longer goes out to eat in restaurants. Brianna seems to be suffering from:
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social phobia.
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Which of the following is NOT included in the cyclic nature of depression?
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A depressed person sees positives highlighted.
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Which of the following is NOT considered a warning sign for suicide, meaning that you should be concerned right now?
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Depression
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Chase stole money from the local grocery store on the corner to buy beer. He later assaulted a 72-yearold woman and stole her purse. In the alley, he dumped the purse, went to Starbucks for a cup of coffee, and proceeded to take the train. On the train, a woman accidentally stepped on his shoes, and he threw the hot coffee on her and laughed. Chase would be considered to have a(n) _______ personality disorder.
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antisocial
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Mr. James incorrectly believes that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is suffering from a(n):
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delusion.
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Which approach to psychological therapy is correctly defined?
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humanistic therapy - emphasizes positive growth
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In the late 1700's, _____ began reforming the conditions in asylums to make them more humane
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Philippe Pinel
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Malika sees her therapist every other week. When she is at her therapist's office, she feels accepted and can share anything. While her therapist listens to what Malika has to say without judgment, he also seeks understanding by paraphrasing as well as asking for clarification. Malika's therapist is practicing:
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person-centered therapy.
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A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca BEST illustrates:
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exposure.
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In an eating disorders clinic, the patients receive merits for appropriate behaviors on the unit and for good eating behaviors such as finishing their meals. This BEST illustrates an application of:
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a token economy
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Marcel receives an 87 on the second midterm in his calculus course—the first time he has ever received anything less than an A in any course. Marcel now believes he will never succeed in math courses. Marcel is demonstrating:
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over generalization.
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Which term in Ellis' A-B-C model is correctly illustrated with an example?
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Activating condition - a midterm test is scheduled for next week
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Improving conflict management and communication skills is one of the main objectives of:
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couples therapy
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Which is NOT a type of medication used to treat psychological disorders?
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anticompulsives.
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What makes psychotherapy effective?
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the working alliance with the therapist
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Sexuality
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Sexual activities, attitudes, and behaviors
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Genetic sex
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Determined by sperm XX or XY
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sex chromosomes
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X chromosome from mother X or Y chromosome from father
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Klinefelters syndrome
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A male is born with at least an extra X chromosome in the 23rd chromosome (XXY)
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Tuner's syndrome
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A female is born with only one X > Infertile/ovaries under-developed
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Gender schemas
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>Created by psychological or mental guidelines that dictate how to be feminine or masculine >Crossing gender-role boundaries and engaging in behaviors associated with both genders
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Gender Free Baby Storm)
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Toronto parents Kathy Witterick and David Stocker decided to raise their third child gender-free
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Transgender
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People whose gender identity and expression do not typically match the gender assigned to them at birth
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Transsexual
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Individual who seeks or undergoes a social transition to the other gender, and who may make changes to his or her body through surgery and medical treatment
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Masters and Johnson
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>Conducted pioneering laboratory research on basic phsiology of human sexual response >Were the first to attempt to "convert" homosexuals to heterosexual
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excitement
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Physical changes of arousal become evident
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plateau
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Progression from previous phase; no clear beginning
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orgasm
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A combo of "gratifying sensations" and rhythmic muscle contractions
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resolution
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The body returns to a relaxed state, reversing the excitement
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Sobel and colleagues
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WEEPING RELEASES A CHEMICAL THAT REDUCES SEXUAL AROUSAL. collected tears from "easy criers" and held jars of these tears under the noses of male participants.
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Sexual Orientation
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"enduring pattern" of sexual, romantic, and emotional attraction that individuals exhibit toward the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes.
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Heterosexual
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Attraction to members of the opposite sex
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Asexual
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No attraction to others
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Kinsey's Research
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First to scientifically and objectively examine human sexuality in America. His research revealed that: -Both men and women masturbate -Study participants had experiences with: Premarital sex, Adultery, Sexual activity with someone of the same sex
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Psychological disorder
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Set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive symptoms that are significantly distressing and disabling in terms of social functioning, work endeavors, and other aspects of life
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Abnormal psychology
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Academic field devoted to the study of psychological disorders
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Typicality
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Degree to which behavior is atypical, meaning rarely seen or statistically abnormal
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Dysfunction
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Degree to which behavior interferes with daily life and relationships
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Distress
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Degree to which behavior or emotions cause a person to feel upset or uncomfortable
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Deviance
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Degree to which behavior is considered outside the standards of society
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Maladaptive behaviors
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Behaviors or actions that run counter to what is in one's own best interest
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Abnormal behavior
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Behavior that is atypical, dysfunctional, distressful, and/or deviant
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Amok
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A sudden, violent, and aggressive outburst
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Susto
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Being frightened by a black magic curse
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Koro
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Fear of genitals receding into the body
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Ghost sickness
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Preoccupation with death and the deceased
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stigma
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>Refers to negative attitude or opinion about a group of people based on certain traits or characteristics >Leads to discrimination and stereotypes
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DSM-5
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>The manual is designed to summarize the signs and symptoms of disorders for the clinician to use as an evaluative tool. > Criteria can help guide clinicians to accurate diagnoses and appropriate treatment.
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Rosenhan's study
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>Had themselves committed to mental hospitals with a diagnosis of "Schizophrenia" >None of them was ever recognized by hospital staff as a phony patient Real patients knew they were "fake"
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Atheoretical approach
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>In 1980 an update of the DSM included a checklist of signs and symptoms to make it easier for mental health professional to agree on diagnoses. >This atheoretical approach tended to limit understanding of patients and the overlapping of criteria across disorders—leading to over diagnosis of some patients.
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Comorbidity
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Occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time
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Psychological factors model
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Cognitive factors of personality characteristics contribute to the development and maintenance of disorders or ways of learning or childhood experiences lay their foundation.
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Sociocultural factors model
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Centers on social factors, like poverty and community support systems and their role in the development and course of disorders.
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Anxiety Disorders
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People who suffer from anxiety disorders have extreme anxiety and/or debilitating, irrational fears.
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Panic Disorder
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Includes recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and fear that can cause significant changes in behavior
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SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER
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>Excessive fear of social interactions or situations >The underlying problem is an excessive fear of negative feedback from others.
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GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
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>Characterized by excessive amount of worry and anxiety about activities relating to family, health, school, and other aspects of everyday life. >Accompanied by physical symptoms such as muscle tension and restlessness.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Psychological disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions that are repetitive and cause a great deal of distress.
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Obsession
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Thought, urge, or image that happens repeatedly, is intrusive and unwelcome, and often causes anxiety and distress
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Complusion
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Behavior or "mental act" that a person repeats over and over in an effort to reduce anxiety
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Major Depressive Disorder
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A psychological disorder that includes at least one major depressive episode, with symptoms such as depressed mood, problems with sleep, and loss of energy.
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BIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION
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>Genetic factors >Neurotransmitters and the brain Norephinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine and irregularities in amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus are associated with cause and course of MDD. >Hormones
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Beck's triad definition of depression
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Negative view of experiences, self, and the future
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Learned helplessness
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Tendency for people to believe they have no control over the consequences of their behaviors, resulting in passive behavior
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SELIGMAN'S RESEARCH ON LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
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Dogs restrained in a hammock were unable to escape painful shocks
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Manic episodes
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States of continuous elation that are out of proportion to the setting, and can include irritability, very high and sustained levels of energy, and an "expansive" mood
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Bipolar cycling
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Some people with bipolar disorder cycle between extreme highs and lows of emotion and energy that last for days, weeks, or even months.
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Personality Disorders
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People with _______ exhibit "an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an [early] onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment."
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Cluster A
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Odd or Eccentric
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Cluster B
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Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic
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Cluster C
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Anxious or Fearful
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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>Lie, exhibit aggression, impulsive, or irritable behaviors >Create good first impression and are often charming >Lack empathy, concern for others, or remorse
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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>Incomplete sense of self and feelings of emptiness >Depressed moods, feelings of hopelessness, pessimism, and shame >Emotionally unstable, intense, and extremely needy
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Schizophrenia
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>Loss of contact with reality that is severe and chronic >Pyschoctic symptoms include delusions and hallucinations >Men and women equally affected; male diagnosed earlier than women; higher prevalence among lower SES
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Hallucinations
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Imaginary sensations that do not exist in the real world
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Delusions
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False beliefs that individuals insist are true, regardless of overwhelming evidence against them
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Diathesis-stress model
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Suggests that developing schizophrenia involves genetic predisposition and environmental triggers
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Dissociation
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Disturbance in the normally integrated experience of psychological functions involved in memory, consciousness, perception, or identity
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Dissociative amensia
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Psychological disorder marked by difficulty remembering important personal information and life events
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Dissociative fugue
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Condition in which a person with dissociative amnesia wanders about in a confused and unexpected manner
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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Person has two or more distinct, separate identities or personalities *Goal of therapy is to integrate and fuse identities into single, balanced personality
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Trephination
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>Boring, chipping, or bashing holes into a patient's head
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Mid to late 1800s
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Dix championed mental hygiene movement in United States.
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Early 1900s
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Psychiatrists began to view mental health as continuum; classification of disorders begins.
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Dorothea Dix
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led the nation's "mental hygiene movement," an effort to improve the treatment of people living in mental institutions.
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Deinstitutionalization
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Mass movement of patients with psychological disorders out of mental institutions, and the attempt to reintegrate them into the community
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Psychotherapy
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Any psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in personality, behavior, or adjustment
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Insight
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Goal is for clients to gain deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
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Action
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Goal to bring about direct changes in troublesome thoughts, habits, feelings, or behavior without seeking insight into their origins or meanings
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Free association
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Saying whatever comes to mind, regardless of what it sounds like
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Resistance
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-Topics the client resists thinking about or discussing -Reveals particularly important unconscious conflicts
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Manifest
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-Tendency to transfer feelings to a therapist that match those the patient has for important people in his or her past -The patient might act like the therapist is a rejecting father, loving mother, etc.
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Freud
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Freud proposed that humans are motivated by aggression and sex.
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Rogers
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-Emphasized positive nature of humankind and concentrates on present and current problems.
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Person-centered therapy
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-Natural tendency toward self-actualization but family and social may hinder growth and can incongruence between ideal self and real self -Main treatment goal is reduction of incongruence between these selves.
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Behavior Therapies
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Use of learning principles to make constructive changes in behavior *Classical or operant conditioning
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Exposure
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Technique of placing clients in feared situations without any risk
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Response prevention
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Person is encouraged to confront feared object or situation to prevent normal, fearful response.
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Systematic desensitization
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Combination of anxiety hierarachies with relaxation techniques -Often uses progressive muscle relaxation
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Aversion therapy
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-Links problem behaviors to unpleasant physical reactions -Goal to make people have involuntary unpleasant physical reaction to undesired behavior
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Behavior modification
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Draws on principles of operant conditioning, shaping behavior through reinforcement
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Positive reinforcements
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Responses that are followed by reinforcement tend to occur more frequently
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Nonreinforcement and extinction
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-A response that is not followed by reinforcement will occur less frequently. -If a response is not followed by reward after it has been repeated many times, it will extinguish entirely
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Token Economy
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Positive reinforcement used to encourage good behavior.
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Aaron Beck
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The father of cognitive therapy, believes that distorted thought processes lie at the heart of psychological problems.
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Automatic thoughts
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>Proposed as roots of psychological disturbances >Cognitive distortions or errors in thinking cause misinterpretation of life events.
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
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Attempts to change irrational beliefs that cause emotional problems
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Group Therapies - Couples
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>Uses many different therapeutic approaches >Tends to focus on conflict management and communication > Is more successful when commitment to save marriage exists
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Pyschopharmacology
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Scientific study of how these medications alter perceptions, moods, behaviors, and other aspects of psychological functioning
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Antidepressants
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>Psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression; often major depressive disorder >Three Classes: -Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) -Tricyclic antidepressants -Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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Mood Stabilizers
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Psychotropic medications that minimize the lows of depression and the highs of mania
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Anticonvulsants
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may also be used to reduce symptoms of mania; some may increase risk of suicide.
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Antipsychotics
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>Psychotropic medication used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. >Designed to block neurotransmitter receptors; often used to reduce dopamine activity in brain.
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Psychotropic medications
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Used for treating the symptoms of anxiety disorders, including panic disorders, social phobias, and generalized anxiety disorders
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Most antianxiety medications are benzodiazepines
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fast-acting, but dangerously addictive; enhances effect of neurotransmitter (GABA).
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Deep brain stimulation
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Involves implanting a device that supplies weak electrical stimulation to specific areas of the brain thought to be linked to depression
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Repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
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Electromagnetic coils are put on (or above) a person's head, directing brief electrical current into a particular area of the brain.
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ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
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>An electric shock is sent through the patient's brain, sufficient to induce convulsions >Associated with memory loss for events occurring around the time of treatment and high relapse rates (patients generally return about every 6 months for "booster sessions") >Generally considered a treatment of last resort after less intrusive methods have tried and failed
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The Working Alliance
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>this includes warmth, empathy, genuineness, and rapport
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Therapy
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>Many fewer side effects >Better long term outcomes >Looks at the root of the problem
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Medication
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>Faster >Easier >Less stigma >May be the best treatment
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