PY Exam Study Questions
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Which of these is an example of a non-normative influence? (a) Winning the lottery? (b) Menopause? (c) War? (d) Technological Advances?
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Winning the lottery See pages 12-13
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In Bronfenburenner's ecological system theory, work benifits such as flexible schedules, and paid maternity leave takes place in the... (a) exosystem? (b) microsystem? (c) macrosystem? (d) mesosystem?
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Exosystem See page 25
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Our knowledge of human development is interdiscipinary. What does this mean? (a) Our knowledge of human relationships is based exclusively on research conducted in the field of human development. (b) Human development is part of a larger discipline known as developmental psychology. (c) Individuals from many fields of study have contributed to our knowledge of human development. (d) Human development is not recognized as a distinct field of study,
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(c) Individuals from many fields of study have contributed to our knowledge of human development. See page 5
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According to _______, children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. (a) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory (b) Piaget's cognitive-development theory (c) The behaviorist perstpective (d) The information-processing approach
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(b) Piaget's cognitive-development theory See page 18
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According to the lifespan perspective, at every period, development is a joint expression of ____ and ____. (a) growth, decline (b) trial, error (c) plasticity, resilience (d) age-graded influence, history-graded influence
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(a) growth, decline See page 9
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A major strength of the _____ approach is its commitment to rigorous research methods. (a) information-processing (b) sociocultural (c) dynamic systems (d) evolutionary development
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(a) information-processing See page 21
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According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, _____ promote(s) the development of new cognitive skills. (a) cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable individuals (b) children's independent problem- solving efforts (c) enviornmental influences durring sensitive periods of development (d) modeling the behavior of adults
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(a) cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable individuals See page 23
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Theories that emphasize early experiences in development view _____ as primary in establishing a lifelong pattern of behavior. (a) heredity (b) cultural values (c) adult experiences (d) enviornment
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(d) enviornment See page 7
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Research shows that students who are first-generation (foreign-born) or second-generation (American-born, with immigrant parents) typically achieve _____ students of native-born parents. (a) at a grade level below (b) worse than (c) as well as or better than (d) much worse than
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(c) as well as or better than See page 32
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Findings suggest that regular mealtimes are a general indicator of (a) an organized family life (b) cultural background (c) family SES (d) childhood obesity
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(a) an organized family life See page 26
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In a study involving false feedback about performance, the reseacher is required to (a) use debriefing after the session is over (b) obtain informed consent from te institutional review board (c) use deceptive research methods (d) conceal the results of the study from participants
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(a) use debriefing after the session is over See page 40
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Which of the following is an example of a history-gradeded influence? (a) the Great Depression of the 1930's (b) menopause (c) an inspiring teacher (d) getting a driver's license at age 16
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(a) the Great Depression of the 1930's See pages 11-12
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____'s observations of parental growth prompted the first attempts to carefully observe all aspects of children's behavior. (a) Arnold Gesell (b) Stanley Hall (c) Jean Piaget (d) Charles Darwin
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(d) Charles Darwin See page 14
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The first sucessful intelligence test was constructed for the purpose of (a) identifying gifted and talented children (b) screening infants and toddlers for developmental problems (c) screening older adults with a family history of Alzheimer's disease (d) identifying children with learning problems
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(d) identifying children with learning problems See page 15
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The most consistant asset of resilient children is (a) participation in competitive sports (b) a strong bond with a competent, caring adult (c) having older siblings (d) above-average intelligence
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(b) a strong bond with a competent, caring adult See page 11
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A researcher who is interested in studying child prodigies will likely use (a) ethnographic method (b) an experimental design (c) structured observations (d) the clinical, or case study, method
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(d) the clinical, or case study method See page 31
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A significant concern of baby-boom modifers is an intense desire to (a) travel the world (b) control the physical changes of aging (c) adopt children from foreign countries (d) care for aging parents
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(b) control the physical changes of aging See page 13
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A researcher interested in capturing the unique values and social processes of a culture would most likely use (a) structured observations (b) field experiments (c) the ethnographic method (d) the clinical, or case study, method
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(c) the ethnographic method See page 29
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Gradual building upon skills that one already exhibits is called____ development, while qualitatively different changes are known as____development. (a) normative, non-normative (b) discontinuous, continuous (c) non-normative, normative (d) continuous, discontinuous
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(d) continuous, discontinuous See page 6
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_____ theory was the first to stress the influence of the early parent-child relationship experience on human development. (a) Brinfenbrenner's ecological systems (b) Oiaget's cognitive-developmental (c) Vygotsky's sociocultural (d) Freud's psychosexual
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(d) Freud's psychosexual See page 15
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Professor Wilcox is a behaviorist. He believes ____ is/arethe appropiate focus of human development research. (a) longitudial studies (b) the clinical, or case study, method (c) naturalistic observations (d) observation of stimuli and responses
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(d) observation of stimuli and responses See page 17
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Professor Cho is a neuroscientist. Which of the followig questions might address her research? (a) Which transformation in the brain make it harder for adolescents and aduts than for children to aquire a second language? (b) Do non-normative influences have a greater impact on development than nomative influences? (c) What are the short- and long-term consequences of attending full-time child care in infancy and toddlerhood? (d) What are the characteristics of women who enter male-dominated professions, such as enfineering?
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(a) Which transformation in the brain make it harder for adolescents and aduts than for children to aquire a second language? See page 21
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Maddy observes her parents' table manners and, as a result, uses similar manners when eating a meal. Maddy's behavior is an example of (a) punishment (b) conditioning (c) modeling (d) reinforcement
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(c) modeling See page 18
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Eight-year-old Elaina is participating in a research study, in order for Elaina to participate, who must provide informed consent? (a) the institutional review board (b) Elaina's parents only (c) Elaina only (d) Both Elaina and her parents
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(d) Both Elaina and her parents See page 40
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Audrey is using structured observation to study children's helping behavior. Which of the following is a limitation o this research method? (a) This method is often biased by the researcher's theoretical preferences. (b) The researcher cannot control the conditions under which participants are observed. (c) Findings cannot be appled to individuals other than the participants in this study. (d) It may not yield observations typical of children's behavior in everyday life.
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(d) It may not yield observations typical of children's behavior in everyday life. See page 29
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Michael is a hyperactive, aggressive child. In response to his behavior, Michael's parents use strict, forceful discipline. This bidirectional relationship between parent and child is part of the____. (a) Microsysten (b) Mesosystem (c) Exosystem (d) Macrosystem
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(a) Microsystem
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Janneke is a Dutch child. Being raised in the Netherlands, Janneke recieves free medical examinations from infancy through adolescence. She also received all of her scheduled immunizations on time, in part because her parents were given a written schedule of free immunizations. If Janneke were to miss a scheduled immunization, a nurse would go to her home and administer the vaccination. Her nation's commitment to high-quality health care falls within the _____. (a) Microsysten (b) Mesosystem (c) Exosystem (d) Macrosystem
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(d) Macrosystem
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Charlie's mother is actively involved in his education. Se assists with his homework each night, makes sure he has plenty of educational toys to support his learning, attends monthly PTA meetings, and volunteers in his classroom every Friday morning. These ties between home and school are found in the ____. (a) Microsysten (b) Mesosystem (c) Exosystem (d) Macrosystem
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(b) Mesosystem
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Luisa's mother works for a family-friendly company. She has a flexible work schedule that enables her to pick up Luisa from school and care for her on weekday afternnons. She also can take time off when Luisa is sick. This supportive work setting is part of the _____. (a) Microsysten (b) Mesosystem (c) Exosystem (d) Macrosystem
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(c) Exosystem
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Kim's mother is cold and rejecting. She reacts to even mild misbehavior with anger and physical punishment. Recently, when Kim began to attend child care, she reacted fearfully to her new caregiver, assumig that she (like her mother) would harm her. This link between Kim's attitude twoard her mother and view of her caregiver is evident in the _____. (a) Microsysten (b) Mesosystem (c) Exosystem (d) Macrosystem
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(b) Mesosystem
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Lleyton attends a child-care center in Australia, where child care is nationally regulated and funded to ensure quality. Consequently, Lleyton's center meets high standards. For example, it has a rich variety of age-appropriate learning materials and outdoor play equopment, a generous caregiver- child ratio, and a flexible daily routie that responds to individual differences among children. Australia's national child-care standards fall within the _____. (a) Microsysten (b) Mesosystem (c) Exosystem (d) Macrosystem
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(d) Macrosystem
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Elizabeth is being reared by a single mother in an economically disadvantaged neighborhood. To make ends meet, Elizabeth's mother holds down two jobs. Because of her long work hours, she has little time to spend with friends or family. Elizabeth's mother's social isolation contribute to her neglectful parenting. Elizabeth's development is at risk because of a breakdown in supports within the____. (a) Microsysten (b) Mesosystem (c) Exosystem (d) Macrosystem
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(c) Exosystem
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Tatiana's parents cooperate in child rearing, offering each other encouragement and support in their roles as parents. As a result, each uses more effective child-rearing practices, and Tatiana is developing favorably. This third-party effect on child development is found in the_____. (a) Microsysten (b) Mesosystem (c) Exosystem (d) Macrosystem
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(a) Microsystem
