Public Speaking Review – Flashcards
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How is public speaking similiar to everyday conversation? (4 ways)
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1) Organizing your thoughts logically. 2) Tailoring you message to your audience. 3) Telling a story for maximum impact. 4) Adapting to listener feedback.
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How is public speaking different from everyday conversation? (3 ways)
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1) Public speaking is more highly structured. 2) Public speaking requires more formal language. 3) Public speaking requires a different method of delivery.
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Why is it normal -even desirable- to be nervous at the start of a speech?
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Your body produces adrenaline
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How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?
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Aquire Speaking Experience. Prepare. Think Positively. Use the Power of Visualization. Know that most Nervousness is not visible. Dont expect Perfection.
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What are the SEVEN elements of the speech communication process?
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1) Speaker. 2) Message 3) Channel. 4) Listener. 5) Feedback. 6) Interference. 7) Situation
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What is ethnocentrism?
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The belief that our own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
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Why do public speakers need to avoid ethnocentrism when addressing audiences with diverse cultural, racial, or ethnic backgrounds?
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To avoid offending the audience
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What is ethics?
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The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in humans affairs
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What are the FIVE guidelines for ethical speechmaking?
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1) Make sure your goals are ethically sound. 2) Be fully prepared for each speech. 3) Be honest in what you say. 4) Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language. 5) Put ethical principles into practice
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What is the difference between global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism?
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GLOBAL - Stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own. PATCHWORK - Stealing from multiple sources
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What are the best ways to avoid global and patchwork plagiarism?
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Consult a large number of sources and in depth research
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What is incremental plagiarism?
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When the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts of the speech that are borrowed from other people
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How can you steer clear of incremental plagiarism when dealing with qoutation and paraphrases?
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Clearly identify the source before reciting the qoute
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What are the THREE guidelines for ethical listening?
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1) Be courteous and attentive. 2) Avoid prejudging the speaker. 3) Maintain the free and open expression of ideas
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What is the difference between hearing and listening?
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HEARING - vibrations of sounds waves of eardrums cause the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain. LISTENING - Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
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How is listening connected with critical thinking?
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Comprehensive Listening - Listening to understand the message. Critical Listening - Listening to evaluate a message for accepting or rejecting it
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What are the FOUR main causes of poor listening?
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1) Not Concentrating. 2) Listening Too Hard. 3) Jumping to Conclusions. 4) Focusing on Delivery and Personal Appearance.
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What are SEVEN ways to become a better listener?
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1) Take Listening Seriously. 2) Be an Active Listener. 3) Resist Distractions. 4) Don't be diverted by Appearance or Delivery. 5) Suspend Judgement. 6) Focus your listening. 7) Develop note-taking skills
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Why must a public speaker be audience-centered?
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To gain a desired response from listeners
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What does it mean to say that people are egocentric?
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They pay closest attention to messages that affect their own values, beliefs, and well-being
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What implications does the egocentrism of audiences hold for you as a public speaker?
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Listeners will hear and judge what you say on the basis of what they already know and believe. You must relate your message to your listeners.
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What are the SIX demographic traits of audiences?
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1) Age. 2) Gender. 3) Religion. 4) Sexual Orientation. 5) Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background. 6) Group Membership.
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Why are the demographic traits of audiences important to audience analysis?
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To find clues about how your listeners will respond to your speech
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What is situational audience analysis?
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It identifies the traits of the audience unique to the speaking situation at hand
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What factors do you need to consider in situational audience analysis? (5 Types)
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Size. Physical Setting. Disposition Towards the Topic. Disposition Towards the Speaker. Disposition Towards the Occasion.
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How can you get information about an audience?
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Ask the person who invited you to speak. Research the audiences history and mission. Ask someones who has spoken to the audience already. Audience analysis questionnaire.
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What are the THREE kinds of questions used in questionnaires?
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1) Fixed-alternative. 2) Scale. 3) Open-ended
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Why is it a good idea to use all three types of questionnaire questions in audience analysis?
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Because each type of question has advantages and disadvantages
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What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech?
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As you work on your speeches, try to keep your listeners constantly in mind. Anticipate how they will respond to your ideas
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Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches?
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You may be tempted to depersonalize it by relying solely on facts and figures from sources. By drawing on your own experience, you can convey your point more meaningfully.
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What are FIVE resources for finding what you need in the library?
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1) Librarians. 2) The Catalogue. 3) Reference Works. 4) Newspaper and Periodical Databases. 5) Academic Databases
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What are THREE criteria for evaluating the soundess of research materials the you find on the internet?
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1) Authorship. 2) Sponsorship. 3) Recency
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What are the THREE stages of a research interview?
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1) Before the Interview. 2) During the Interview. 3) After the Interview
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What should you do in each stage of a research interview to help ensure a successful interview?
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BEFORE - Define the purpose, decide whom, Arrange, Decide whether to record, Prepare Questions. DURING - Dress Appropriately and be on time, Repeat Purpose, Set up recorder if using one, Keep on track, Listen Carefully, Don't Overstay welcome. AFTER - review notes ASAP, Transcribe Notes
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Why is it important to start your research early?
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The longer you wait the more problems you will encounter. I will always take longer than you expect. You'll have plenty of time to think about what you find.
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What is a preliminary bibliography?
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A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
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Why is a preliminary bibliography helpful to you in researching a speech?
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You will have a list of sources that may contain helpful information
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What FOUR things should you do to take research notes efficiently?
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1) Take plenty of notes. 2) Record Notes in a Consistent format. 3) Make a separate entry for each note. 4) Distinguish Among Direct Quotations, Paraphrases, and Your Own Ideas
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Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?
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To provide credibility
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What are the THREE kinds of examples?
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Brief, Extended, Hypothetical
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What are FIVE tips for using examples in your speeches?
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1) Use examples to clarify your ideas. 2) Use examples to reinforce your ideas. 3) Use examples to personalize ideas. 4) Make your examples vivid and richly textured. 5) Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
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Why is it so easy to lie with statistics?
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Because there's a lot more to statistics than meets the eyes. It's easy to manipulate numbers
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What THREE questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?
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1) Are they Representative? 2) Are the measures used correctly? 3) Are they from a reliable source?
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What are SIX tips for using statistics in your speeches?
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1). Use statistics to quantify your ideas. 2) Use statistics sparingly. 3) Identify the source of your statistics. 4) Explain your statistics. 5) Round off complicated statistics. 6) Use visual aids to clarify statistical data
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What is testimony?
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Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
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Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony?
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EXPERT - Testimony from people who are recognized as experts in their fields. PEER - Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
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What are FOUR tips for using testimony in your speeches?
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1) Quote or paraphrase accurately. 2) Use Testimony from qualified sources. 3) Use testimony from unbiased sources. 4) Identify the people you quote or paraphrase.
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What FOUR pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?
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1) The book, magazine, newspaper, or web document you are citing. 2) The author or sponsoring organization of the document. 3) The author's qualifications with regard to the topic. 4) The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated
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Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?
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So that the audience can understand the message.
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How many main points will you speeches usually contain?
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two to five
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Why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speech?
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So the audience won't have trouble sorting them out
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What are the FIVE basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech?
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1) Chronological Order. 2) Spatial Order. 3) Causal Order. 4) Problem-Solution Order. 5) Topical Order
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Which of the five basic patterns of organizing main points are appropriate for informative speeches?
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Chronological Order, Spatial Order, Causal Order, Topical Order
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Which of the five basic patterns of organizing main points are appropriate for persuasive speeches?
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Causal Order, Problem-Solution Order, Topical Order
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Which of the five basic patterns of organizing main points are used most often?
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Topical Order
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What are THREE tips for preparing your main points?
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1) Keep Main Points Separate. 2) Try to Use the Same Pattern of Wording for Main Points. 3) Balance the Amount of Time Devoted to Main Points
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What is the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech?
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That they are directly relevant to the main points they are supposed to support
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What are the FOUR kinds of speech connectives?
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1) Transitions. 2) Internal Previews. 3) Internal Summaries. 4) Signposts
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What role does each of the kinds of speech connectives play in a speech?
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TRANSITIONS - indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another. INTERNAL PREVIEWS - lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next. INTERNAL SUMMARY - summarizes the speaker's preceding point(s). SIGNPOSTS - brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
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What are the FOUR objectives of a speech introduction?
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1) Get the attention and interest of your audience. 2) Reveal the topic of your speech. 3) Establish your credibility and goodwill. 4) Preview the body of the speech
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What are the SEVEN methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?
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1) Relate the Topic to the Audience. 2) State the Importance of Your Topic. 3) Startle the Audience. 4) Arouse the Curiosity of the Audience. 5) Question the Audience. 6) Begin with a Quotation. 7) Tell a Story
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Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?
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So that your audience perceives you as qualified to speak on the subject
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What is a preview statement?
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A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
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Why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction of your speech?
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So you don't leave your audience guessing what the topic of your speech is
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What are SIX tips for your introduction?
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1) Keep the introduction relatively brief. 2) Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research. 3) Be creative in devising your introduction. 4) Don't worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech. 5) Work out your introduction in detail. 6) When you present the speech, don't start talking so soon.
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What are the major functions of a speech conclusion? (2)
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1) To let the audience know you are ending the speech. 2) To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea
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What are TWO ways you can signal the end or your speech?
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1) Crescendo Ending. 2) Dissolve Ending
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What are FOUR ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?
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1) Summarize your Speech. 2) End with a Quotation. 3) Make a Dramatic Statement. 4) Refer to the Introduction
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What are FOUR tips for your conclusion?
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1) Keep an eye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech. 2) Conclude with a bang, not a whimper. 3) Don't be long winded. 4) Don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance
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What is nonverbal communication?
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Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
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Why is nonverbal communication important to effective public speaking?
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It influences the impact of a speaker's words
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What are the elements of good speech delivery? (5)
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Directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication
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What are the FOUR methods of speech delivery?
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1) Reading from a manuscript. 2) Reciting from memory. 3) Speaking impromptu. 4) Speaking Extemporaneously
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What are the EIGHT aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?
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1) Volume. 2) Pitch. 3) Rate. 4) Pauses. 5) Vocal Variety. 6) Pronunciation. 7) Articulation. 8) Dialect.
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What are the FIVE steps you should follow when practicing you speech delivery?
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1) Go through your preparation outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse. 2) Prepare your speaking outline. 3) Practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline. 4) Now begin to polish and refine your delivery. 5) Finally, give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face
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What steps should you take when preparing for a question-and-answer session? (2 steps)
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1) Formulate answers to possible questions. 2) Practice the delivery of your answers
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What should you conectrate when responding to questions during the session? (5)
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1) Approach questions with a positive attitude. 2) Listen carefully. 3) Direct answers to the entire audience. 4) Be honest and straightforward. 5) Stay on track
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What are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?
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People find a speaker's messge more interesting, grasp it more easily, and retain it longer when it is prepared visually as well as verbally.
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What kinds of visual aids might you use in a speech?
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Objects and Models. Photographs and drawings. Graphs. Charts. Video. The Speaker (Your body). PowerPoint.
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What factors should you consider when planning to use PowerPoint in a speech?
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Deciding where you can use PowerPoint to your greatest advantage. Rather than putting everything you say on screen, choose which aspects of your speech to illustrate
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What are the guidelines for preparing visual aids?
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Prepare visual aids well in advance. Keep visual aids simple. Make sure visual aids are large(visible) enough. Use a limited amount of text. Use fonts effectively. Use Color effectively. Use images strategically.
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What are the guidelines for presenting visual aids?
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Display visual aids where listeners can see them. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience. Display visual aids only while discusssing them. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely. Talk to your audience, not to your visual aid. Practice with your visual aids. Check the room and equipment.
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What are the FOUR types of informative speeches?
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1) Speeches about objects. 2) Speeches about processes. 3) Speeches about events. 4) Speeches about concepts
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Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic?
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So you avoid going over the audiences head and confusing them
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What can you do to make sure your ideas don't pass over the heads of your listeners?
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Be sure to explain everything thoroughly. As you work on your speech, always consider whether it will be clear to someone who is hearing about the topic for the first time
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What should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to the audience?
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Tie the topic of your speech with the audiences interests and concerns.
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What TWO things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?
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1) Material that is too technical for the ordinary person. 2) Language/terms that are too technical for the ordinary person
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What are THREE methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?
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1) Description. 2) Comparison. 3) Contrast.
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What does it mean to say that informative speakers should personalize their ideas?
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To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience
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Why is it imporant for informative speaker to be creative in thinking about ways to communicate their ideas?
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So that the speaker can use language and visual aids imaginatively and resourcefully to get the message to the audience
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What is the difference between an informative speech and a persuasive speech?
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A persuasive speech uses the skills from a informative speech to affect your listener's attitudes, beliefs, or actions
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What does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker as they listen to a speech?
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The audience engages in a mental give-and-take with the speaker. While they listen, they assess the speaker's credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language, reasoning, and emotional appeals.
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What implications does the "give-and-take" hold for effective persuasive speaking?
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It means you must think of your persuasive speech as a kind of mental dialogue with you audience. You must anticipate possible objections the audience will raise to your point of view and answer them in your speech.
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What is the target audience for a persuasive speech?
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The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.
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What are questions of fact?
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A question about the truth or falsity of a assertion.
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What are questions of value?
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A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
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What are questions of policy?
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A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.
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Explain the difference between passive agreement and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on questions of policy?
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PASSIVE AGREEMENT - goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy. IMMEDIATE ACTION - goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
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What are the THREE basic issues you must deal with when discussing a question of policy?
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1) Need - is there an actual need for the policy. 2) Plan - does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem. 3) Practicality - will the plan solve the problem
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What will determine the amount of attention you give to each basic issue of discussing a question of policy?
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It depends on your topic and audience.
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What FOUR methods of organization are used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?
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1) Problem-Solution Order. 2) Problem-Cause-Solution Order. 3) Comparative Advantages Order. 4) Monroe's Motivated Sequence.
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What are the FIVE steps of Monroe's motivated sequence?
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1) Attention. 2) Need. 3) Satisfaction. 4) Visualization. 5) Action
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Why is the motivated sequence especially useful in speeches that seek immediate action from listeners?
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It follows the process of human thinking and leads the listener step by step to the desired action.
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What is credibility?
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The audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
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What TWO factors exert the most influence on an audience's perception of a speaker's credibility?
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Competence and character
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What are the differences among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility?
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INITIAL - Credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak. DERIVED - Credibility produced by everything said and done during the speech. TERMINAL - Credibility at the end of the speech
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What are THREE ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?
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1) Explain your competence. 2) Establish common ground with your audience. 3) Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction
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What is evidence?
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Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
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Why do persuasive speakers need to use evidence?
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It can enhance your credibility, increase both the immediate and long-term persuasiveness of your message, and help inoculate listeners against counterpersuasion
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What are FOUR tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech?
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1) Use specific evidence. 2) Use novel evidence. 3) Use evidence from credible sources. 4) Make clear the point of your evidence.
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What is reasoning from specific instances?
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Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
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Why is it important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics?
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To demonstrate that the instances are representative
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What is reasoning from principle?
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Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.
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How is reasoning from principle different from reasoning from specific instances?
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Its the opposite of reasoning from specific instances. It moves from the general to the specific.
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What is causal reasoning?
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Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
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Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?
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Just because one event happens after another doesn't mean the first is the cause on the second. It could be coincidence
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What is analogical reasoning?
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Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
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Why is analogical reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?
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When arguing a policy you should find out whether it has been tried elsewhere.
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What are the TEN logical fallacies?
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1) Hasty Generalization. 2) False Cause. 3) Invalid Analogy. 4) Bandwagon. 5) Red Herring. 6) Ad Hominem. 7) Either-Or. 8) Slippery Slope. 9) Appeal to Tradition. 10) Appeal to Novelty.
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What is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking?
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By adding "feeling" and the "force of imagination" to your logical arguments, you can become a more compelling persuasive speaker.
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Identify THREE methods you can use to generate emotional appeal in your speeches?
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1) Use Emotional Language. 2) Develop Vivid Examples. 3) Speak with Sincerity and Conviction
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What are the THREE purposes of a speech of introduction?
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1) Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker. 2) Build enthusiasm for the speaker's topic. 3) Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility.
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What guidelines should you follow in preparing a speech of introduction?
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Be brief. Make sure your remarks are completely accurate. Adapt your remarks to the occasion. Adapt your remarks to the main speaker. Adapt your remarks to the audience. Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama.
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What is the main theme of a speech of presentation?
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To tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award. Point out his/her contributions, achievements, and so forth.
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Depending on the audience and occasion, what TWO other themes might you include in a speech of presentation?
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1) Explain the award to the audience. 2) If the award was won in a competition, praise the losers.
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What are the THREE major traits of a good acceptance speech?
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Brevity, humility, and graciousness
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What is the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech?
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To pay tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea
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Why does a successful commemorative speech depend so much on the creative and subtle use of language?
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When speaking you want to express feelings, to stir sentiments
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What is a small group?
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A collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose
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What is a problem-solving small group?
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A small group formed to solve a particular problem
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What are the FOUR kinds of leadership that may occur in a small group?
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1) No specific leader. 2) Implied Leader. 3) Emergent Leader. 4) Designated Leader
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What are the THREE kinds of needs fulfilled by leadership in a small group?
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1) Procedural Needs. 2) Task Needs. 3) Maintenance Needs
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What are the FIVE major responsibilities of every participant in a small group?
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1) Commit yourself to the goals of your group. 2) Fulfill individual assignments. 3) Avoid interpersonal conflicts. 4) Encourage full participation. 5) Keep the discussion on track
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What are the stages of the reflective-thinking method? (5 stages)
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1) Define the problem. 2) Analyze the problem. 3) Establish criteria for solutions. 4) Generate potential solutions. 5) Select the best solution
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What are the THREE methods for presenting orally the recommendations of a problem-solving group?
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1) Oral report. 2) Symposium. 3) Panel Discussion
