Public Speaking Chapters 1-10, 13. Textbook explains, speech, preparation discuss, speaker

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When your textbook describes public speaking as a form of empowerment, it means that public speaking is

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a way to make a difference in something we care about.

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How much time does the average adult spend in conversation?

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about 30 percent of waking hours

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The skills used in public speaking which are the same used in everyday conversation are: (3)

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organizing your thoughts logically tailoring your message to your audience. adapting to listener feedback.

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When you experience stage fright, your body is producing extra , a hormone that is released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.

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adrenaline

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Rather than trying to eliminate every trace of stage fright, you should aim at transforming it into

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positive nervousness.

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You definitely shouldn't do this to deal with nervousness in your speeches

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focus on your stage fright

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Is there a such thing as a perfect speech?

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no

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When should you think of your speech as an act of communication

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to help deal with your nervousness

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Research has shown that the anxiety level of most speakers drops off significantly when

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they are 30 to 60 seconds into the speech.

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visualization is the process of

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a speaker is to create a vivid mental blueprint in which you see yourself succeeding in your speech; build confidence

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Turn negative thoughts into positive thoughts is a way

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to help deal with your nervousness

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Remember that your nervousness is not usually visible to your audience. Concentrate on communicating with the audience rather than on your nerves. As you rehearse, visualize yourself giving a successful speech. These are ways

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to help deal with your nervousness

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Visualize yourself giving a successful speech is a way

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to help deal with your nervousness

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when you employ the power of visualization as a method of controlling stage fright you should

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focus on the positive aspects of your speech

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Critical Thinking

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Dealing with such matters as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion

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frame of reference

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you relate the speaker's ideas to your own knowledge, goals, and experience

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practicing the delivery of your speech

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does not help strengthen your skills of a critical thinker

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Everything a speaker says is filtered through a listener's

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frame of reference

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feedback

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audiences verbal and nonverbal responses

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A listener anxious about an upcoming exam, worried about a recent argument with a friend, or distracted by cold air in the classroom would be experiencing

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interference

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Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else is termed the

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message

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The means by which a message is communicated is termed the

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channel

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The tendency to see the beliefs, values, and customs of one's own culture or group as "right" or "natural" is called

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ethnocentrism

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the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures is termed

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ethnocentrism

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Speechmaking is a form of power and therefore carries with it heavy responsibilities

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ethical

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the branch of philosophy that deals with human issues of right and wrong is termed

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ethics

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Be honest in what you say, be fully prepared for each speech, and make sure your goals are ethically sound.

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guidelines for ethical speechmaking

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public speakers have an ethical obligation to avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language because such language

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demeans the dignity of the groups or individuals being attacked and undermines the right of all groups in the U.S. to express their ideas are

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global plagiarism

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takes a speech entirely from one source and passes it off as her or his own

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incremental plagiarism

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forgetting to cite any of your sources

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patchwork plagiarism

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occurs when a speaker copies word for word from two or three sources.

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incremental plagiarism

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occurs when the speech as a whole is ethical but the speaker fails to give credit for particular quotations and

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listen attentively, avoid prejudging the speaker, and support free speech is guidelines for

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ethical listening

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ethical obligations of listeners

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maintaining the free and open expression of ideas & being courteous and attentive during the speech

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People spend more time than in any other communication activity

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listening

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Even when we are listening carefully, we usually grasp only about percent of what we hear

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50%

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When business managers are asked to list the communication skills most crucial to their job, they usually rank number one

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listening

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empathic listening

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listening to provide emotional support

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appreciative listening

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listening for pleasure as a friend

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critical listening

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when you listen to evaluate a speaker's message for purposes of accepting it or rejecting it

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comprehensive listening

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listening to understand the message

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taking written notes while the speech is in progress is an example of

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poor listening

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jumping to conclusions is an example of

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poor listening

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first step to improving your listening skills

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take listening seriously

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Although most people speak at a rate of 125 to 150 words a minute, the brain can process words at a rate of

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400-800 words/ min

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skilled listening focus on three major aspects of a speech which are

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main points. evidence. technique

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Your textbook recommends as the most effective method of note taking for listening to a speech

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making a key-word outline

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brainstorming is good for

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choosing a speech topic

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After choosing a topic, what is the next step of speech preparation

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determining the general purpose

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using a subject-based search engines on the Internet is recommended in your textbook as one method of for a speech topic.

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brainstorming

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advocating

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Is out of place in a speech to inform

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When the general purpose of your speech is to , you act primarily as a teacher or lecturer

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inform

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When the general purpose of your speech is to , you act primarily as an advocate.

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persuade

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A specific purpose for a speech should be a

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a full infinitive phrase

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What is the most important early step in the process of developing a successful speech?

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formulating the specific purpose

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A specific purpose should not be

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broad/ general, use figurative language, an uncompleted sentence

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central idea

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central/unifying element in story

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The primary purpose of speechmaking is to

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gain a desired response from listeners

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Seeking to create a bond with her audience through emphasizing their common experiences and fears

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identification

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egocentric

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To say that people usually want to hear about things that are meaningful to them is to say that people are

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What are the two types of audience analysis discussed in your textbook?

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demographic and situational

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What kind of audience analysis is by looking at traits such as age, gender, sexual orientation, religion, group membership, and racial, ethnic and cultural background?

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demographic

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What kind of audience analysis is size, and the audience attitude toward the topic?

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situational

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audience analysis usually builds on the demographic analysis

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situational

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As the size of your audience increases, your presentation should usually become more

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formal

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The will usually dictate how long a speech should be.

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occasion

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What element usually has the greatest impact on the length a speech should be?

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the occasion for the speech

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What are the three primary factors to consider when assessing an audience's disposition toward a speech topic?

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knowledge, interest, and attitude

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The major advantage of using fixed-alternative questions in an audience analysis questionnaire is that they

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produce clear, unambiguous answers.

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When making up an audience analysis questionnaire, you should use questions to get at the strength of a respondent's attitudes or feelings.

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scale

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A questionnaire item that gives the respondent the widest freedom in answering is called a(n)

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open-ended question

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fixed-alternative question

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If you were constructing an audience-analysis questionnaire and wanted to learn how many of your listeners had ever heard of something

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fixed-alternative question

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A type of question (or interrogative) that offers the listener a closed choice between two or more answers

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The is the key to finding information in the library

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catalog

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The library's catalogue allows you to search for books by

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author, title, keyword

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Periodical databases

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catalog articles from a large number of journals and magazines & often provide abstracts of journal and magazine articles

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reference works

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Encyclopedias, dictionaries, yearbooks, atlases, gazetteers, and quotation books

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A _______________ is a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines.

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periodical database

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The two kinds of Internet search aids

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search engines and virtual libraries

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A is a search aid that combines Internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data

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virtual libraries

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As your textbook explains, the best kind of search aid for locating reliable, high quality information on the Internet is a

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virtual libraries

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According to your textbook, the three criteria for judging the reliability of research documents located on the Internet are authorship, sponsorship, and

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recency.

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What are the three criteria discussed in your textbook for assessing the soundness of documents found on the Internet?

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authorship, sponsorship, and recency

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If you can't identify the author of a document on the Internet

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try to determine the sponsoring organization for the document

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When quoting an Internet document during a speech, a speaker should identify the

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author or sponsoring organization responsible for the document.

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The most important task when preparing to conduct a research interview is

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devising questions to ask during the interview.

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Preliminary bibliography

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lists each source that looks as if it might be helpful in speech

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Two major formats mentioned in your textbook for citing works

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Modern Language Association (MLA) and American Psychological Association (APA)

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What is the guideline for preparing a preliminary bibliography?

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Write a brief note on why the source may be valuable for your speech

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Using is the best way to pull listeners into your speeches

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extended examples

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The more your examples, the greater impact they are likely to have

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vivid

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Examples are especially helpful as supporting materials because they

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personalize your ideas

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combine examples with causal reasoning

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is not good when providing examples

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hypothetical example

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an imaginary story that makes a general point

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Accomplished speakers consider "the very life of the speech."

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examples

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Research indicates that the impact of examples is greatly enhanced when they are combined with that show(s) the examples to be typical.

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statistics

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The main value of using statistics in a speech is to

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quantify the speaker's ideas

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Avoiding using too many statistics

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helps the impact of using statistics

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representative statistic

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the sample group surveyed accurately represents the group about whom a claim is being made

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When you have complicated statistics you should

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round them off

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Using visual aids in a speech is a good way to

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clarify statistical trends

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The main value of using expert testimony in a speech is to

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build the credibility of speakers who are not experts on their topics

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To paraphrase is to

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give the gist of someone's statement in your own words

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verbatim

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word for word

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Using expert testimony is an excellent way to lend to your speeches.

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credibility

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Don't use statistics without

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explaining them

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Peer testimony

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ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

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The is the longest and most important part of the speech.

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body

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what is the most important reason for limiting the number of main points in a speech?

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It is hard for the audience to keep track of too many main points.

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most effective order of main points in a speech depends above all on your topic, purpose, and

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audience

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Chronological Organization

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main points of a speech follow a time pattern

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Spatial Organization

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main ideas follow a directional pattern, they are organized in

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Which of the following organizational patterns is used more than any other method of speech organization because of its applicability to almost any subject?

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topical

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Problem-solution order is most appropriate for organizing speeches.

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persuasive

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Transition

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Words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has completed one thought and is moving on to another are called

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While working on the body of your speech, you see the need to let the audience know what the upcoming subpoints will be

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internal summary

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signposts

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brief statements that help listeners follow your ideas

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Internal Preview

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outlines the critical points to be made within the body of the speech

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According to your textbook, when you are in a formal speaking situation the most effective way of gaining the initial attention of your audience after you walk to the lectern is

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looking directly at the audience without saying a word.

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What are the four basic objectives of a speech introduction?

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reinforce the central idea & gain attention of the audience & reveal the topic & establish credibility and goodwill

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A preview, credible, startling statement appears

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in the speech introduction

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When you advocate a highly unpopular position, it is particularly important to in the introduction of your speech.

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establish goodwill toward the audience

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Creating goodwill is especially important in the introduction of a speech.

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persuasive

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When preparing a speech introduction, you should complete it

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after the body of the speech

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What percent should your conclusion be of your entire speech?

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5% to 10%

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All four methods of reinforcing the central idea can be combined in a single

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conclusion

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Which of the following does your textbook mention as a means of reinforcing the central idea in the conclusion of a speech?

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end with a quotation, reinforce main idea, repeat intro

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A statement to arouse curiosity should not be where in a speech?

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conclusion

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According to your textbook, when a speaker concludes a speech by fading out on an emotional note she or he is using a ending.

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dissolve

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According to your textbook, a ending is a conclusion that builds force until reaching a peak of power and intensity. (Martin Luther King Speech)

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crescendo

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To give the speech psychological unity

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Refer back to your introduction in the conclusion

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An appeal to action is most appropriate in the conclusion of a speech.

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persuasive

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An outline helps ensure that

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ideas flow clearly from one to another

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A bibliography should be included in an

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preparation outline

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Two types of speech outlines discussed in your textbook are the

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preparation outline and the speaking outline

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According to your textbook, which of the following should be included in a preparation outline?

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bibliography & a specific purpose statement & central idea & transitions

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Directions for delivering the speech are not necessary in a outline.

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preparation

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According to your textbook, the specific purpose statement in a preparation outline should be written

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before the text of the outline itself

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In a preparation outline, main points should be positioned farthest to the

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left

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states main points and subpoints in full sentences

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preparation outline

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The main points in a preparation outline are identified by

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Roman numerals

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Subpoints in a preparation outline are indicated by

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capital letters

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Subpoints in a preparation outline are written

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in full sentences

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A speech title should

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attract the attention of the audience & be brief & suggest the main thrust of the speech

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Both a preparation outline and a speaking outline should use a consistent pattern of

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symbolization and indentation

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According to your textbook, the main reason to keep a speaking outline brief is to

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help the speaker maintain eye contact with the audience

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A outline includes the quotations a speaker plans to use

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speaking

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In a speaking outline, subpoints are identified by

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capital letters

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What outline contains delivery cues?

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speaking

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In a speaking outline, the conclusion should be labeled as a

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separate part of the speech

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The use of a visual aid can (2)

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enhances the clarity of the speaker's message &can help combat the speaker's stage fright

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One should keep visual aids .

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simple

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If the object you want to use as a visual aid is not available, the next best option ideally is a

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model

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When using color in a visual aid, you should utilize color to highlight

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key points

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When making a multimedia presentation, you should

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be prepared to give your speech even if the equipment malfunctions.

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To be used effectively as visual aids, photographs should be

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bigger than ordinary enlargements

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are especially valuable for showing an audience statistical trends and patterns

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graphs

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A graph is best suited for illustrating simple distribution patterns.

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pie

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A graph is best suited for showing comparisons between two or more items.

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bar

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If you wanted to summarize the steps of a process in a speech, the best kind of visual aid to use would probably be a

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chart

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A graph is best suited for showing changes in statistics over time or space.

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line

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According to your textbook, when selecting fonts for a visual aid you should usually use no more than

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two fonts

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Avoid using the to present visual aids

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chalkboard

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Visual aids are most effective when they are part of a speaker's

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rehearsal process.

Public Speaking Chapters 1-10, 13. Textbook explains, speech, preparation discuss, speaker

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