question

The costs of public health measures are easier to calculate than are the benefits

answer

The costs of public health measures are easier to calculate then are the benefits.

question

Which of the following statements best expresses the market justice view?

answer

Every adult individual is responsible for his or her own lot in life.

question

Which of the following measures could be considered primarily an attempt to legislate morality?

answer

Laws against homosexuality.

question

The lesson of the "tragedy of the commons" for public health is that:

answer

Under some circumstances, individuals in a community may profit by agreeing as a group to limit each other's freedom to act.

question

Restricting individual freedoms for public health purposes is unconstitutional t/f

answer

False.

question

Which of the following statements best expresses the social justice view of public health?

answer

Members of a community have collective responsibility for their common welfare.

question

Which of the following measures is most likely to have negative a well as positive results for public health?

answer

Banning pesticide use in the agriculture industry.

question

Restocking the legal drinking age in the US to 21 is an example of:

answer

Paternalism.

question

Which of the following measures to limit freedom of adults in the name of public health has not been taken by the U.S. or state governments?

answer

Laws against smoking cigarettes.

question

Which of the following activities is not part of the CDC's responsibilities?

answer

Conduct research on the basic physiology of diseases.

question

Which governmental organization is the main assessment and epidemiologic agency for the nation?

answer

CDC

question

The U.S. Constitution specifically authorized the federal government to do which of the following activities relevant to public health?

answer

Tax and spend.

question

Which of the following is not part of the FDA's responsibilities?

answer

Conduct research on basic physiology of diseases.

question

T/F: the federal government sometimes used the interstate commerce provision of the constitution to protect the health of the population.

answer

True

question

Which of the following carries out core public health functions, such as sanitation?

answer

Local public health agencies

question

The level of government that, according to the Constitution, has the primary responsibility for the health of the population is:

answer

State

question

T/F: legislatures do not have the power to restrict the actions of public health agencies.

answer

False.

question

Which of the following activities is not part of the NIH's responsibilities?

answer

Control the spread of infectious diseases.

question

Which agency is not part of the Department of Health and Human Services?

answer

EPA

question

Seat belt laws are an example of:

answer

Secondary prevention

question

Primary prevention refers to:

answer

Prevention of exposure to risk factors.

question

Public health focuses on ____ of disease and ____ of health.

answer

Prevention, promotion.

question

T/F: people's behavior is strongly influenced by their social environment.

answer

True.

question

Public health measures that contribute most to people being healthier today than they were a century ago are:

answer

Sanitation,better nutrition, and occupational safety.

question

Epidemiology is part of what function of public health?

answer

Assessment.

question

Enforcing laws and regulations falls under which core function of public health?

answer

Assurance.

question

Vaccines are an example of:

answer

Primary prevention.

question

The core functions of public health are:

answer

Assessment, policy development, and assurance.

question

T/F: public health focused on populations, whereas medicine focused on individuals.

answer

True.

question

From an epidemiologic perspective, which of the following is not true of chronic diseases?

answer

They are more likely to be fatal than infectious diseases.

question

Which of the following statements was not a finding of the British Doctors Study?

answer

Deaths from lung cancer were higher in urban areas than rural areas.

question

Which of the following statements is true of heart disease?

answer

Moderate alcohol consumption protects against heart disease.

question

Which of the following statements is not true of the Farmingham Heart Study?

answer

It found that it is normal and healthy for blood pressure to rise with age.

question

Which of the following is not true of epidemiology?

answer

It is primarily an experimental science.

question

The Framingham Study identified all of the following risk factors for heart disease except:

answer

Exercise.

question

T/F: routine data collected by the British Government enabled Snow to recognize the cause of Cholera

answer

True.

question

The main purpose of epidemiologic surveillance is:

answer

To recognize when an outbreak is occurring so that control measures may be instituted.

question

John Snow is called the father of modern epidemiology because:

answer

He was the first to use epidemiology by recognizing a natural experiment was occurring.

question

T/F: epidemiologic data can be used to directly develop policy and influence population health.

answer

True.

question

When epidemiologists are called on to investigate an outbreak of an infectious disease, what is the first thing they must do?

answer

Agree on a case definition.

question

Researchers want to identify the impact of cholesterol on the development of heart disease. They follow individuals who are vegan, vegetarian, and meat eaters for 10 years and they record if any of them experience a heart attack. What kind of epidemiologic study is this?

answer

Cohort.

question

International comparisons of cancer mortality Rae suggest that which of the following factors account for differences among the countries in colon and rectum cancer?

answer

Diet.

question

An epidemiologist investigating an outbreak of encephalitis in NYC reports that there have been 17 new cases this week. Which of the following terms best described the number he reports.

answer

Incidence of encephalitis.

question

What term correctly fills in the blank in the following sentence: smoking is a(n)____ of lung cancer.

answer

Determinant.

question

An epidemic curve illustrated which of the following questions of disease distribution?

answer

When.

question

The Nurses' health study is what kind of study?

answer

Cohort.

question

The New York State Health Department reported in '97 that the death rate of aids in the state had fallen over the past year due to the efficacy of the new drugs. What happened to the prevalence of HIV infections?

answer

Increased.

question

The Long Island Breast Cancer tested the hypothesis that environmental pollution was causing the relatively high rates of breast cancer among residents of Suffolk and Nassau counties of New York. Epidemiologists identified a group of 1,420 women who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1984-86 and compared their residential histories over a 20 year period with those of a matched group of healthy women. What kind of epidemiologic study is this?

answer

Case-control.

question

Which of the following is a common source of error in a large randomized controlled trial?

answer

Subjects do not adhere to the prescribed regimen.

question

What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

answer

A committee that ensures studies are well designed and ethical.

question

In a case-control study that found an association between breast cancer and air pollution, 500 women who had recently been diagnosed were asked what industries were within a mile of their home twenty years ago. The controls were 500 healthy women. What is most likely the source of error in this study?

answer

Reporting Bias.

question

Which of the following has been proven effective as a treatment for the disease indicated?

answer

Penicillin for Cypriots.

question

Which of the following is a common source of error in a small epidemiologic study?

answer

Random variation.

question

Which of the following is a common source of error in a large cohort study?

answer

Confounding Variable.

question

Which of the following is a common source of error in a large case control study?

answer

Subjects do not remember their past exposure.

question

To avoid false positives in a screening program to detect pregnancy, a test must be:

answer

Highly specific.

question

The both rate of a population in the US will be affected by all of the following except:

answer

Death rate of the population

question

A low p-value means:

answer

There is a low probability that the result occurred by chance.

question

The death rate in Florida is higher than the death in Alaska because:

answer

The Florida population is older.

question

Which of the following is the definition of the birth rate?

answer

The number of live births per 1,000 people.

question

Which of the following statements is true about risk assessment?

answer

It includes a judgment of the probability that a harmful event will occur.

question

A concept used as a measure of premature mortality is:

answer

YPLL (years of potential life lost)

question

Which of the following causes of death has had the greatest impact on YPLL?

answer

Suicide

question

If you want to compare death rates in two cities with populations that are different from one another with respect to age, you should compare:

answer

Age adjusted death rates.

question

To avoid false negatives in a screening program to detect breast cancer among women over 50 years of age, the test must be:

answer

Highly sensitive.

question

Which of the following statements is not true of the U.S. census

answer

The census has ways of checking on the accuracy of the individual forms filed.

question

Which of the following statements is not true about data relevant to infant mortality?

answer

Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant less than 6 months old.

question

All of the following categories of people are likely to be missed in the census except:

answer

Lawyers

question

Data is collected on all of the following events as part of vital statistics except:

answer

Hospitalizations.

question

Which of the following statements is true of the BRFSS?

answer

The data is self reported by the individuals who are interviewed.

question

Which of the following vital statistics records are linked to give additional public health information.

answer

Births and infant deaths.

question

Which of the following pieces of data is not part of the vital statistics system?

answer

Cancer diagnoses.

question

Census data can be used for all of the following purposes except:

answer

To track trends in illegal immigration.

question

The National Center for Health Statistics is part of which of the following agencies:

answer

Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

question

T/F: smallpox is the only virus to be eradicated worldwide

answer

True b

question

Which of the following diseases is not considered eradicable?

answer

Rabies.

question

Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?

answer

Smallpox.

question

Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?

answer

Typhoid.

question

Which of the following diseases can be successfully treated with antibiotics?

answer

Typhoid b

question

Which of the following statements about infectious diseases is true?

answer

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens.

question

Scientists believe that all of the following are responsible for the emergence of new infections except:

answer

Immunization campaigns.

question

T/F: The flu vaccine must be changed every year based on specific strains that are circulating worldwide.

answer

True.

question

T/F: people infected with a prion can be easily treated.

answer

False.

question

All of the following viruses that originated in animals spreads readily among humans except;

answer

Monkeypox

question

HIV cannot be transmitted by which of the following routes?

answer

Donating Blood.

question

In an HIV+ person, exposure to which of the following can lead to HIV transmission?

answer

Breast milk.

question

Which of the following bacteria had a reservoir in water towers used for air conditioning?

answer

Legionnaire's disease.

question

With which of the following diseases would you be most likely to be infected if you were stuck in an elevator for several hours with a patient suffering from the disease?

answer

Tuberculosis.

question

Which of the following practices does not contribute to widespread antibiotic resistance?

answer

Patients taking a full course of antibiotics.

question

Which of the following practices is not effective in preventing HIV transmission?

answer

Immunization.

question

Three core functions of public health.

answer

1. Assessment. 2. Policy development 3. Assurance.

question

Primary prevention

answer

Prevents an illness from occurring at all through prevention of exposure to risk factors.

question

Secondary prevention

answer

Seeks to minimize the effects of the effects of the illness or injury once it has already occurred.

question

Tertiary prevention.

answer

Seeks to minimize disability through medic care or rehab.

question

Public health controversy

answer

1. Economic impact not always good 2. Can provoke moral or religious objections 3. May have to sacrifice some personal freedom for greater good.

question

3 reasons for police power to be enforced:

answer

1. To prevent a person from harming others. 2. Defend interests of incompetent persons 3. Protect a person from harming them self.

question

The CDC, NIH, and FDA are all under what organization?

answer

Department of health and human services.

question

What was the name of the famous heart disease study that started in the 50's and what kind of study was it?

answer

Framingham study, cohort study.

question

Shoeless her epidemiology:

answer

On the ground epidemiology, like detective work.

question

Endemic and epidemic.

answer

Endemic is expected levels of the disease for a certain population. Epidemic is a sudden and significant increase in disease occurrence.

question

Case control

answer

It starts with people that are already sick and looks back at their past to find out how they got it.

question

Incidence rate

answer

The number of new cases in a defined population at risk over a defined period of time.

question

Prevalence rate.

answer

The number did exist in cases in a defined population at a single point in time.

question

3 most common epidemiologic studies.

answer

1. Intervention 2. Cohort 3. Case control

question

Name the 4 links in a disease.

answer

1. Pathogen. 2. Reservoir. 3. Transmission. 4. Susceptible host.

question

3 different Types of bacteria.

answer

Bacilli (cholera), cocci (pneumonia), spirochete (cyphilis)

question

4 theories of disease causation from the 19th century?

answer

Contagion (person to person contact), personal behavior, Supernatural, Bad smell theory (miasma)

question

Demographic transition

answer

The transition from high birth and death rate to low birth and death rates as country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

question

Epidemiologic transition.

answer

A phase of development witnessed by sudden or start increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment

question

Write an equation using the terms below to give us a way to measure population growth

answer

Crude birth rate - crude death rate = rate of natural increase

question

5 diseases that are bacterial.

answer

Typhoid, tuberculosis, cyphilis, cholera, lymes disease.

question

5 viral

answer

Polio, measles, HIV/AIDS, mumps, rabies.

question

Parasitic (5)

answer

Malaria, tapeworm, roundworm, guinea worm, scabies.

question

Vector born

answer

Malaria, Lyme disease, yellow fever, west Nile, dengue fever

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