Public Admin Notes and Quizes – Flashcards

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question
When evaluating how government works, what are the three elements of accountability that we examine?
answer
fiscal, process and program
question
What is comprised of accountability and ethical behavior?
answer
bureaucratic responsibility
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By not maximizing control over administrators, policymakers may
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impede bureaucratic accountability
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The main components of bureaucratic responsibility are
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ethical behavior and accountability
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____is one major approach to understanding ways to ensure that administrators are accountable.
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legal boundaries
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An examination of the founding of the American system of government reveals that even from the beginning, American public administration was rooted in...
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politics
question
Fiscal accountability is...
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the most traditional and widespread approach to accountability
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Remaining in their positions and fighting for what is right when receiving conflicting signals from controllers is an example of
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voice
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The politics-administration dichotomy protects against tyranny by...
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separating political decision making from administrative policy implementation
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Performance accountability involves all of the following elements EXCEPT
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procedural
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According to the text, accountability is best described as a relationship between
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people and actions
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One theme in the study of public administration relates to the need to balance "lofty expectations" with:
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distrust of government
question
Clear chains of accountability for the actions of administrators ensure high performance.
answer
False
question
The Progressives of the 20th Century preferred that administrators should have little discretion to carry out the will of elected policymakers.
answer
Fasle
question
Delegation of power to administrators from elected officials and hierarchical control through authority controlled the use of power within administrative agencies.
answer
True
question
The Progressives believed that a stronger government, equipped to manage to new programs, would prevent the country from driving forward.
answer
False
question
Progressives such as Woodrow Wilson wrote that ____________ would serve as a check to safeguard citizens from a tyrannical bureaucracy.
answer
Rule of Law
question
Rule of Law became and even more effective tool or safeguard to ensure accountability as government took on more relationships with third-party interests.
answer
False
question
The concept of_______Accountability ensures that agency officials spend money on the programs they are charged with managing—and only on those programs.
answer
Fiscal
question
Process accountability is concerned with how agencies perform their tasks.
answer
True
question
Agencies such as ____________ help to ensure that government programs are achieving purposes as defined in statute as part of the concept of Program Accountability.
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Government Accountability Office
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According to the author, an ethical government should begin with
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Ethical public servants
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The branches of the American government operate in a way that produces ____ controller(s) of bureaucratic accountability.
answer
many
question
Gaus likely concluded that in instances where external forces to the administrator cannot adequately shape the exercise of discretion, then democracy must necessarily rely on administrators'
answer
Professional norms
question
Carl J. Friedrich argued that __________ were critical for ensuring accountability; Herman Finer argued in favor of ____________.
answer
professional norms; legal standards
question
Since the 1960s the growth of government employees at the state and local level has
answer
grown rapidly
question
________ argues that different levels of government concentrate on different services.
answer
Kettl
question
______ spends the most on defense, space, and veterans' services.
answer
The Federal Government
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_______ spends the most on elementary and secondary education, and health and welfare.
answer
Local Governments
question
Government by proxy includes
answer
contracts
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_______ are the way one level of government can provide financial assistance to another level.
answer
grants
question
Police and fire protection, food safety inspection and air traffic control are all examples of
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direct administration
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Recent _______ spending is mostly in a few categories.
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federal government
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The use of third-party agents to deliver programs that the government funds is called
answer
government by proxy
question
Marble cake federalism is a theory of intergovernmental regulation that holds that the responsibilities of federal, state, and local governments
answer
cannot be easily separated and that, instead they tend to mix
question
Red tape is generally considered a positive characteristic of public administration because it helps to ensure efficient execution of public provisions.
answer
False
question
Regulation is considered to be a/an _________ tool of government action.
answer
indirect
question
According to the author, as of 2008, there were ____ contractors for every U.S. Soldier supporting the United States in the Afghanistan War.
answer
2.2
question
Public administration rarely involves the inclusion of contract to oversee the carrying out of activities that produce the results that contractors produce. This is because contractors are the experts and do not require oversight.
answer
False
question
Local governments tend to concentrate tend to focus on__________, state governments tend to focus on _________, and the federal government tends to focus on __________
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goods and services: being intermediary; national defense and the transfer function
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Governments at each level perform the same basic tasks.
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False
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The growth of transfer functions emphasizes that different kinds of governmental programs require ________administrative approaches.
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differnet
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Government by _________ uses third-party agents to deliver programs that the government funds.
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proxy
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Government by proxy and transfer programs are synonymous.
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False
question
Since the 1950s, trust in government has
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sharply declined
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According to the text, hospital care is primarily a __________ responsibility.
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mixed
question
Since the 1950s, the number of individual local governments has ______; most of these local governments are considered __________
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decreased; special districts
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Since 1901, the absolute number of federal employees has grown from ________ to _______ in 2014.
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231,000;2.1 million
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Total government employment has grown in proportion to the growth of the population.
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True
question
The study of _____ is the study of government bureaucracy.
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public adminstration
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Since WWII citizens' demands have resulted in each of the following EXCEPT
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less entitlement programs
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Bureaucracy is considered inefficient and at the same time ____ to get much done.
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too powerfull
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Public organizations administer law, which makes them different from
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private organizations
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The rule of law differentiates _______ from _______ more than oversight and performance management.
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public organizations;private organizations
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______ is more important to public organizations than to private organizations.
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implementing the law
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Dwight Waldo coined the term "the administrative state" in
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1948
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What is administrative responsibility?
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the process of holding specific individuals ultimately responsible within the bureaucracy for specific actions.
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_____ considered public administration to be neutral.
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Woodrow Wilson
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What term best describes the process of translating public policies into results?
answer
public administration
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According to scholar Nicholas Henry ______ was the period where the Politics-Administration Dichotomy was rejected and there was a loss of confidence in the principles of public administration.
answer
1938-1950
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All of the following are complicating factors that must be taken into account when studying large-scale organizations EXCEPT
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simple models
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By 1980, Waldo argued that the distinctions between "public" and "private" had become even more ____________ since government entities were becoming even more involved in ________ and the private sector was taking on more ___________
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blurred;private interests;public services
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Dwight Waldo and Woodrow Wilson were the earliest public administration scholars, each writing around the 1890s.
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False
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According to the text, Gortner et al. argued that public and private managers are most similar because they each can "manage" in any way that they wish so long as the activity is not prohibited by law.
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False
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Efficiency and equity are ____________ competing concepts that should be ___________
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sometimes;balanced
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Public administrators must answer not only to their superiors but also to legislators and the courts.
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True
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Policy formulation and policy execution are so similar that public administration scholars have often argued that the two concepts should be combined.
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False
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Public administration is the study of politicians.
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False
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Congress broadly forbids "unfair methods of competition . . . and unfair or deceptive acts in commerce," leaving the administrative agency and the courts to refine those vague terms _________ and ______________
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unfair;critical
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In writing about a Politics-Administration Dichotomy, Woodrow Wilson was mostly arguing that public administrators were basically the same as members of Congress.
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False
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An organization is both a top-down system of authority, conformity, and compliance and a bottom-up system for the flow to the top of innovative ideas, proposed solutions to problems, claims on resources, and reports of trouble signs in program execution and content.
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Fasle
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Efficiency has great value for the scientific management movement as well as for
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the classic model
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The pluralist approach emphasizes interest groups whereas the humanist approach emphasizes
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employees
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_______ places value on interactions with the environment.
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systems theory
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The scientific management movement placed too much emphasis on efficiency and too little emphasis on
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workers' satisfaction
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The structural approach and systems theory fail to account for
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workers' happiness
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"Individuals are self-interested" is an assumption of
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principal-agents theory
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Weber and ________ represent the structural approach.
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Gulick
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Authority and _______ are important to the structural approach.
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hierarchy
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Which traditional approach to bureaucracy is based on authority and hierarchy?
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Bureaucratic model
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What is organizational culture?
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the ethos and philosophy that shape the behavior of individuals within an organization
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The delegation of authority from officials at the top to individuals at the bottom is
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hierarchical bureaucracy
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Scholars debate whether networks constitute an approach, a theory, a method, or prescription, but there is but there is rising recognition of the power of ____________ approaches to public administration.
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collaborative
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Some networks connect different agencies within a single department.
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True
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Compared with traditional hierarchical authority, network analysis is _____________
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in its relative infacy
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Gulick argued that any executive can effectively oversee an infinite number of immediate subordinates as long he is trained.
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Fasle
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Gulick argued that line and staff workers are interchangeable and should be rotated regularly.
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False
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Generally, Weber would argue that a stable system of authority cannot depend purely on appeals to subordinates' ___________________, nor on ______________ of their superior, nor on their sense of ____________.
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sense of self-interest;liking or admiration; the ideal
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________________________ rests on the belief in the sacredness of immemorial traditions.
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Traditional Authority
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Rational-legal authority is most closely associated with _________________.
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Max Weber
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_______________________ rests on the personal devotion to an individual because of the exceptional sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character of this person.
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Charismatic Authority
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Weber wrote that officials should be __________, salaried, and selected on the basis of _______________.
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full-time;technical qualifications
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Weber's scholarship became widely studied by U.S. public administration scholars in the _____________.
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1940's
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The ____________________ rooted in the dynamics of human relations, condemns the impersonality of bureaucratic hierarchies and so pleads for the humanizing of organizations.
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humanist approach
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The formal approach relates to a structural perspective.
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True
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______________ notes that government delegates authority to other governments, to private organizations, and to mixed public-private enterprises.
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Government-by-proxy
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Bureaucratic Accountability
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The degree to which bureaucrats are held accountable for the power they exercise Elements: 1. control 2. positive 3. negative
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Difficulties of Bureaucratic Accountability #1
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1. Elected officials do not want a clear chain of accountability because it makes them more accountable in return
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Difficulties of Bureaucratic Accountability #2
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2. It is important to strike a balance of controls for administrators so work can get done...and is well done!
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Difficulties of Bureaucratic Accountability #3
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3. Accountability may inhibit bold actions and the ability to attract the best administrators to public service
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Approches to Bureaucratic Accountability? or just Accountability
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1. Legal Boundaries 2. Political Challenges 3. Evolving Policy Problems
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Bureaucratic Responsibility
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The duty of public administrators, which is made up of two overlapping elements. 1. Accountability 2. Ethical behavior
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Ethical Behavior
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moral standards and avoidance of even the appearance of unethical actions
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Accountability
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the process of holding administrators responsible for they actions, especially their compliance with the law and they effectiveness in managing programs
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What are the elements of accountability?
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1. Fiscal Accountability 2. Process accountability 3. Program Accountability
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Fiscal Accountability
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A method of accountability that focuses on the flow of money through an organization
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Process Accountability
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The method of accountability that focuses on how agencies/organizations perform their task
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Program Accountability
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A method of accountability that focuses on whether a public program has achieved its purpose as defines by law
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Administrative Accountability
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the process of holding specific individuals responsible, within the bureaucracy, for specific actions
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Bureaucracy
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A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials
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Woodrow Wilson #1
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study of PA as a neutral instrument distinct from policy, politics and a particular regime
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Woodrow Wilson #2
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Stated that government administrators could be empowered to do government's work without threatening individual rights because the Rule of Law would hold them accountable. -Progressive
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Rule of Law
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the legal boundaries that constrain and channel administrative action. Principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern
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Policy Administration Dichotomy
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the separation of political decision making from administrative implementation
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The Federal Government
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-A large part of the federal budget goes to writing checks. -A small share of federal employees manage entitlement programs. -The federal budget details what the government does but not how it does it... (thus the importance of administrators)
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Federal Spending
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Concentrates spending in far fewer categories. 1. defense 2. postal service 3. space 4. veteran's services 5. natural resources and environment 6. social security 7. Homeland security
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Federal Spending and entitlement programs
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huge increase in entitlement program spending over the last four decades
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entitlement programs
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Government benefits that certain qualified individuals are entitled to by law
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Funding for state government?
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comes from federal government and grants.
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State Governments responsibilities?
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1. higher education 2. Welfare 3. highways 4. corrections 5. inspections 6. liquor stores
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government by proxy
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the rise of government's use of indirect tools of public action to pursue public goals/the use of third party agents
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third party agents
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including contracts, grants, regulations, and special tax provisions
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What is the difference between federal and state spending?
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Federal Spending: 1. defense 2. postal service 3. space 4. veteran's services 5. natural resources and environment 6. social security 7. Homeland security State Spending: 1. higher education 2. Welfare 3. highways 4. corrections 5. inspections 6. liquor stores
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Which level of government is associated with direct delivery of services ?
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Local Government
question
direct tools
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government provides goods and services, such as police and fire protection
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Local Government
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1. Elementary education 2. libraries 3. police and fire 4. parks 5. housing and community development 6. sanitation 6. utilities
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What level of government plays a role in basic system finance?
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Federal
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Regulation
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rules set by the government to govern the behavior of individual and organizations
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What is the difference between public and private organizations?
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Public organizations exist to administer law and every element of their design.
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What do they do?
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-Career service -Measures of performance: any direct way of evaluating an organization's outputs in relation to the cost of the inputs to make them -Competing standards -Public scrutiny -Persuasion -Oversight: public administrators' exposure to public scrutiny
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What do they emphasize?
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Steven Kelman states, "public orgs are heavy on constraints; private orgs heavy on goals"
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What are the core issues of Public Administration?
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Complicating factors: -Interconnections of policymaking and execution -Coordination -Relationships and power -Floating in seas of time -Top-down and bottom-up -Information -Headquarters and field -Values
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Dwight Waldo
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Political scientist that wrote a doctoral dissertation "The Administrative State"
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Administrative State
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Dwight Waldo's term to describe the rising importance and power of bureaucracy in American Democracy
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Entitlement spending
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Spending determined by the number of qualified recipients and their legally determined need
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Administrative Responsibility
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..., The process of holding specific individuals responsible, within the bureaucracy, for specific actions.
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Public Administration
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The implementation of public policy by government employees
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What are the approaches of Public Administration?
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1. Pluralist Approach 2. Humanist Approach 3. Structural Approach
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Pluralist Approach
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Emphasizes the responsiveness of a government organization to society's politically active interest groups Person:
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Humanist Approach
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Emphasis on the individual workers in the organization Person: Frederick Taylor
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Structural Approach
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Distinction made between positions and the persons who occupy them. - Hierarchy - Authority Person: Daniel Katz and Robert Kahn
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System Theory
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an approach to organizations that focus on how they translate inputs into out puts
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Bureaucratic Model
answer
the traditional approach to bureaucracy,based on hierarchy and authority. , Max Weber, maximum division of labor, achieving goal efficiently
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Max Weber
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a German sociologist, is the intellectual father of the Bureaucratic Model. He focuses his work on why people feel obligated to obey commands without asking whether they agree with each one. 1.Traditional Authority 2. Charismatic Authority 3. Rational Legal Authority
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Traditional Authority
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Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice
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Charismatic Authority
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Authority based on exceptional individual abilities and characteristics that inspire devotion, trust, and obedience.
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Rational Legal Authority
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power made legitimate by law, power legitimated by formal rules and regulations
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Organizational culture
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stresses variation among agencies; generalizations about structure of authority are problematic
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Brown-low Committee
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1937, associated with expansion of White House staff under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed six new presidential assistants
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Expansion of White House Staff...
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1. White House Office 2. Executive Residence staff 3. Office of Vice President 4. Office of Management and Budget (largest) 5. Office of Policy Development 6. National Security Council 7. Others: Trade, Drug
question
Presidents Involved
answer
1. Roosevelt 2. Eisenhower 3. Carter
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Inner Cabinet
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the four original departments State, Defense, Treasury, and Justice whose secretaries typically have the closest ties to the president
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Department of Health and Human Services
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Federal Executive Branch Department concerned with health and social serves needed
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Horizontal coordination
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draws related agencies together in common purpose
question
Vertical coordination
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requires intervention by a coordinator
question
Interagency conflict
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Conflict occurs when mismatch of organization bases identified by classical organization Conflict occurs when all relevant organizations have the same purpose Theory: purpose versus clientele, or function versus area
question
Neutral competence
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the PA principal that administrators ought to perform their jobs to the highest possible level, w/out political favoritism.
question
Horizontal Activity
answer
Interagency Coordination?
question
Vertical Activity
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A person with formal authority imposes a decision and monitors agencies' compliance with it
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Horizontal Cooperation
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depends on the willingness of agencies to come to an agreement with one another.
question
Vertical Cooperation
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Two warring agencies are brought together by organizational superior of both
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Line activities
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operating activities, command of line officials
question
3 different staff roles:
answer
pure, auxiliary, and control
question
Pure-staff
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staff that provide general support to agency's line activities. EXAMPLE: identifying issues likely to require presidential action, assure due process among interested departments, ensure affected parties are clearly informed of decisions once taken
question
Auxiliary staff:
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staff that provide a housekeeping function or administrative support. EXAMPLE: accounting, research, public affairs, publishing
question
Control staff:
answer
staff that help top officials secure leverage over the organization. EX: monitoring performance and enforcing compliance with standards and procedures
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Organizational criteria
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check list for assessing what makes a good organization.
question
Interagency agreements
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treaties negotiated between the concerned agencies to establish specific boundaries and to clarify which agency will do what without interference from the others
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Clearance procedures
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requires that an agency's proposed decisions in a subject-matter area be reviewed, whether for comment or for formal approval or veto, by other interested agencies
question
Herbert Kaufman
answer
3 Basic Organizational Values: 1. Neural Competence 2. Executive Leadership 3. Representativeness
question
Iron triangle
answer
interest groups, congressional committees, and departments or bureaus that share interest in an issue area. May resist reorganization efforts if threatened
question
Executive leadership
answer
strategic direction provided by the top officials of an organization. EX: strong elected executive—president, governor, mayor—and strong and loyal department heads all politically chosen.
question
Interest groups
answer
Groups of people who work together for similar interests or goals
question
Interagency committees
answer
cabinet, subcabinet, and bureau levels exist to promote collaboration in jointly occupied areas
question
1.The major components for governments' structure may include all of the following EXCEPT
answer
Capacity to generate profit
question
2. The organizational concern that emphasizes horizontal and vertical activity is?
answer
Interagency Coordination
question
3. Line activities are responsible for?
answer
Operating Activities
question
4. Neutral competence restructuring efforts in government have focused on all of the following EXCEPT
answer
Creating Interest group panels
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5. ______ seeks to bring two warring agencies before a person with the formal authority to make a decision.
answer
Vertical Coordination
question
6. _______ are created to establish specific boundaries and to clarify agencies' tasks.
answer
Interagency Agreements
question
_______ require that an agency's proposed decisions in a particular subject-matter area be reviewed by other interested agencies.
answer
Clearance procedures
question
This was NOT one of the basic organizational values developed by Herbert Kaufman
answer
Coordination
question
What is the term for those support units (such as personnel or budgeting) that promote the functioning of an agency?
answer
Staff Activities
question
What is an iron triangle?
answer
a theory that suggest agency managers, congressional committees ad subcommittees and interest groups work closely to shape policy and that their shared work is more important than other forces in the process
question
_______________ depends on the willingness of agencies to come to agreement with one another.
answer
Horizontal Cooperation
question
Vertical coordination is sometimes associated with warring agencies.
answer
TRUE
question
Horizontal cooperation may include agencies coming together on the basis of coercion.
answer
FALSE
question
Four methods cited by the author for achieving horizontal cooperation include _________, _________, ______________, and _____________.
answer
1. Interagency Agreements 2. Interagency Committees 3. Lead Agency Formula 4. Clearance Procedure
question
Three staff roles include core, auxiliary staff, and ________
answer
Control
question
Auxiliary staff provide basis housekeeping functions.
answer
TRUE
question
Staff and line activities are synonymous.
answer
FALSE
question
Auxiliary units inevitably exercise specialized control functions, especially because top executives rarely want to invest their scarce time in housekeeping disputes.
answer
TRUE
question
Actual reorganization of government is common.
answer
FALSE
question
The president's power to reorganize government was ___________ by a ___________ Supreme Court ruling on the legislative veto.
answer
Disadvantages; 1983
question
The politics-administration dichotomy protects against tyranny by
answer
Separating political decision making from admin policy implementation
question
Performance accountability involves all of the following elements EXCEPT
answer
Procedural
question
According to the text, accountability is best described as a relationship between
answer
people and actions
question
One theme in the study of public administration relates to the need to balance "lofty expectations" with:
answer
Distrust of the Gov.
question
Clear chains of accountability for the actions of administrators ensure high performance.
answer
False
question
The Progressives of the 20th Century preferred that administrators should have little discretion to carry out the will of elected policymakers.
answer
False
question
Delegation of power to administrators from elected officials and hierarchical control through authority controlled the use of power within administrative agencies.
answer
True
question
The Progressives believed that a stronger government, equipped to manage to new programs, would prevent the country from driving forward.
answer
False
question
Progressives such as Woodrow Wilson wrote that ____________ would serve as a check to safeguard citizens from a tyrannical bureaucracy.
answer
Rule of Law
question
Rule of Law became and even more effective tool or safeguard to ensure accountability as government took on more relationships with third-party interests.
answer
False
question
The concept of ____________Accountability ensures that agency officials spend money on the programs they are charged with managing—and only on those programs.
answer
Fiscal
question
Process accountability is concerned with how agencies perform their tasks.
answer
True
question
Agencies such as ____________ help to ensure that government programs are achieving purposes as defined in statute as part of the concept of Program Accountability.
answer
Government accountability office
question
According to the author, an ethical government should begin with
answer
Ethical Public Servants
question
The branches of the American government operate in a way that produces ____ controller(s) of bureaucratic accountability.
answer
Many
question
Gaus likely concluded that in instances where external forces to the administrator cannot adequately shape the exercise of discretion, then democracy must necessarily rely on administrators'
answer
Professional norms
question
Carl J. Friedrich argued that __________ were critical for ensuring accountability; Herman Finer argued in favor of ____________.
answer
Professional norms; Legal Standards
question
Since the 1960s the growth of government employees at the state and local level has
answer
Grown Rapidly
question
________ argues that different levels of government concentrate on different services.
answer
Kettl
question
______ spends the most on defense, space, and veterans' services.
answer
The federal government
question
_______ spends the most on elementary and secondary education, and health and welfare.
answer
Local government
question
Government by proxy includes
answer
Contracts
question
_______ are the way one level of government can provide financial assistance to another level.
answer
Grants
question
Police and fire protection, food safety inspection and air traffic control are all examples of
answer
direct administration
question
Recent _______ spending is mostly in a few categories.
answer
Federal Government
question
The use of third-party agents to deliver programs that the government funds is called
answer
Government by proxy
question
Marble cake federalism is a theory of intergovernmental regulation that holds that the responsibilities of federal, state, and local governments
answer
Can't be easily separated, and instead tend to mix
question
Red tape is generally considered a positive characteristic of public administration because it helps to ensure efficient execution of public provisions.
answer
False
question
Regulation is considered to be a/an _________ tool of government action.
answer
Indirect
question
According to the author, as of 2008, there were ____ contractors for every U.S. Soldier supporting the United States in the Afghanistan War.
answer
2.2
question
Public administration rarely involves the inclusion of contract to oversee the carrying out of activities that produce the results that contractors produce. This is because contractors are the experts and do not require oversight.
answer
False
question
Local governments tend to concentrate tend to focus on__________, state governments tend to focus on _________, and the federal government tends to focus on __________
answer
Goods and service, being the intermediary, national defense and the transfer function
question
Governments at each level perform the same basic tasks.
answer
False
question
The growth of transfer functions emphasizes that different kinds of governmental programs require ________administrative approaches.
answer
Different
question
Government by _________ uses third-party agents to deliver programs that the government funds.
answer
Proxy
question
Government by proxy and transfer programs are synonymous.
answer
False
question
Since the 1950s, trust in government has
answer
Sharply declined
question
According to the text, hospital care is primarily a __________ responsibility.
answer
Mixed
question
Since the 1950s, the number of individual local governments has ______; most of these local governments are considered __________
answer
decreased; special districts
question
Since 1901, the absolute number of federal employees has grown from ________ to _______ in 2014.
answer
231,000 to 2.1 million
question
Total government employment has grown in proportion to the growth of the population.
answer
True
question
The study of _____ is the study of government bureaucracy.
answer
Public administration
question
Since WWII citizens' demands have resulted in each of the following EXCEPT
answer
Less entitlement Spending
question
Bureaucracy is considered inefficient and at the same time ____ to get much done.
answer
Too powerful
question
Public organizations administer law, which makes them different from
answer
Private Organizations
question
The rule of law differentiates _______ from _______ more than oversight and performance management.
answer
Public organizations and Private Organizations
question
______ is more important to public organizations than to private organizations.
answer
Implementing the Law
question
Dwight Waldo coined the term "the administrative state" in
answer
1948
question
What is administrative responsibility?
answer
The process of holding specific individuals ultimately responsible within the bureaucracy for specific actions
question
_____ considered public administration to be neutral.
answer
Woodrow Wilson
question
What term best describes the process of translating public policies into results?
answer
Public administration
question
According to scholar Nicholas Henry ______ was the period where the Politics-Administration Dichotomy was rejected and there was a loss of confidence in the principles of public administration.
answer
1938-1950
question
All of the following are complicating factors that must be taken into account when studying large-scale organizations EXCEPT
answer
Simple model
question
By 1980, Waldo argued that the distinctions between "public" and "private" had become even more ____________ since government entities were becoming even more involved in ________ and the private sector was taking on more ___________
answer
Blurred, private interests, Public services
question
Dwight Waldo and Woodrow Wilson were the earliest public administration scholars, each writing around the 1890s.
answer
False
question
According to the text, Gortner et al. argued that public and private managers are most similar because they each can "manage" in any way that they wish so long as the activity is not prohibited by law.
answer
False
question
Efficiency and equity are ____________ competing concepts that should be ___________
answer
Sometimes, balanced
question
Public administrators must answer not only to their superiors but also to legislators and the courts.
answer
True
question
Policy formulation and policy execution are so similar that public administration scholars have often argued that the two concepts should be combined.
answer
False
question
Public administration is the study of politicians.
answer
False
question
Congress broadly forbids "unfair methods of competition . . . and unfair or deceptive acts in commerce," leaving the administrative agency and the courts to refine those vague terms _________ and ______________
answer
Unfair and deceptive
question
In writing about a Politics-Administration Dichotomy, Woodrow Wilson was mostly arguing that public administrators were basically the same as members of Congress.
answer
False
question
An organization is both a top-down system of authority, conformity, and compliance and a bottom-up system for the flow to the top of innovative ideas, proposed solutions to problems, claims on resources, and reports of trouble signs in program execution and content.
answer
False
question
Efficiency has great value for the scientific management movement as well as for
answer
The Classical model
question
The pluralist approach emphasizes interest groups whereas the humanist approach emphasizes
answer
Employees
question
_______ places value on interactions with the environment.
answer
Systems theory
question
The scientific management movement placed too much emphasis on efficiency and too little emphasis on
answer
Workers Satisfaction
question
The structural approach and systems theory fail to account for
answer
Workers happiness
question
"Individuals are self-interested" is an assumption of
answer
Principal-agent theory
question
Weber and ________ represent the structural approach.
answer
Gulick
question
Authority and _______ are important to the structural approach.
answer
Hierarchy
question
Which traditional approach to bureaucracy is based on authority and hierarchy?
answer
Bureaucratic model
question
What is organizational culture?
answer
The ethos and philosophy that shape the behavior of individuals within an organization
question
The delegation of authority from officials at the top to individuals at the bottom is
answer
Hierarchy Bureaucracy
question
Scholars debate whether networks constitute an approach, a theory, a method, or prescription, but there is but there is rising recognition of the power of ____________ approaches to public administration.
answer
Collaborative
question
Some networks connect different agencies within a single department
answer
True
question
Compared with traditional hierarchical authority, network analysis is _____________
answer
In its relative infancy
question
Gulick argued that any executive can effectively oversee an infinite number of immediate subordinates as long he is trained.
answer
False
question
Gulick argued that line and staff workers are interchangeable and should be rotated regularly.
answer
False
question
Generally, Weber would argue that a stable system of authority cannot depend purely on appeals to subordinates' ___________________, nor on ______________ of their superior, nor on their sense of ____________.
answer
Sense of self-interest, liking or admiration, the ideal
question
________________________ rests on the belief in the sacredness of immemorial traditions
answer
Traditional Authority
question
Rational-legal authority is most closely associated with _________________.
answer
Max Webber
question
_______________________ rests on the personal devotion to an individual because of the exceptional sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character of this person.
answer
Charismatic Authority
question
Weber wrote that officials should be __________, salaried, and selected on the basis of _______________.
answer
fulltime, technical qualifications
question
Weber's scholarship became widely studied by U.S. public administration scholars in the _____________.
answer
1940's
question
The ____________________ rooted in the dynamics of human relations, condemns the impersonality of bureaucratic hierarchies and so pleads for the humanizing of organizations
answer
Humanist Approach
question
The formal approach relates to a structural perspective.
answer
True
question
_______________ notes that government delegates authority to other governments, to private organizations, and to mixed public-private enterprises.
answer
Government by proxy
question
Independent agencies, bureaus, and field offices are all components of the
answer
Federal Executive Branch
question
According to the text, interdepartmental friction is one problem of
answer
Implementing effective executive management
question
According to the figures released from the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, the Department of Defense accounts for _______of all federal civilian employees.
answer
a third
question
Which of the following units is responsible for foreign policy recommendations?
answer
The national security council
question
Renewing motor vehicle registration online is most associated with
answer
e-government
question
During the first stage of administrative development, the executive branch was concerned with
answer
Foreign affairs
question
The text notes that President Franklin D. Roosevelt was primarily responsible for the
answer
Expansion of White House staff
question
Outer cabinet departments includes all of the following EXCEPT
answer
State
question
"Areal" is a categorization system within which part of the executive branch?
answer
Field Offices
question
The Department of Health and Human Services accounts for more federal spending than
answer
Agriculture, defense, and labor
question
The last federal government agency to be created was the Department of _________ in ________
answer
Homeland Security in 2002
question
Independent Agencies account for about __________ of the federal government's employees.
answer
one-tenth
question
Independent Agencies account for about __________ of the federal government's spending.
answer
one-fifth
question
"Regulatory Commissions" champion and defend major features of transportation, communications, power production and distribution, banking, the issuing of corporate securities, commodities and securities exchanges, the prosecution of unfair and deceptive business practices, the safety of consumer products, and labor-management relations.
answer
False
question
Federal departments are the operating organizations within federal bureaus.
answer
False
question
Because the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is primarily focused on agencies' budgets, it does not have much power.
answer
False
question
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is an agency within __________________
answer
The Executive office of the President
question
Hugh Heclo (1975) observed that OMB's job requires ______________
answer
Neutral Competence
question
The National Security Council was established ____________
answer
In 1947
question
Over time, the National Security Council has gradually become the focus of foreign policy making
answer
True
question
The IRS is mostly against citizens filing taxes online.
answer
False
question
E-government can enhance the ability of citizens to connect more easily with government.
answer
True
question
One drawback of the "prefectoral system" is that it places all administrators under one roof
answer
False
question
According to the author, e-government allows agencies to operate in a __________ even, ___________ network, which offers the chance for creating new virtual strategies.
answer
Loose, Invisible
question
Government corporations are engaged in lending, insurance, and other business-type operations.
answer
True
question
Remaining in their positions and fighting for what is right when receiving conflicting signals from controllers is an example of
answer
Voice
question
Fiscal Accountability is
answer
The most traditional and widespread approach to accountability
question
An examination of the founding of the American system of Government, reveals that even from the beginning, American Public Administration was rooted in
answer
Politics
question
_____Is one major approach to understanding ways to ensure that admins are accountable
answer
Legal Boundaries
question
The main components of bureaucratic responsibility are
answer
Ethical Behavior and Accountability
question
By not maximizing control over admin policymakers may
answer
Impede Bureaucratic accountability
question
What is comprised of accountability and ethical behaviors?
answer
Bureaucratic Responsibility
question
When evaluating how government works, what are the 3 elements of accountability that we examine?
answer
Fiscal, Process, and Program
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