question

When evaluating how government works, what are the three elements of accountability that we examine?

answer

fiscal, process and program

question

What is comprised of accountability and ethical behavior?

answer

bureaucratic responsibility

question

By not maximizing control over administrators, policymakers may

answer

impede bureaucratic accountability

question

The main components of bureaucratic responsibility are

answer

ethical behavior and accountability

question

____is one major approach to understanding ways to ensure that administrators are accountable.

answer

legal boundaries

question

An examination of the founding of the American system of government reveals that even from the beginning, American public administration was rooted in...

answer

politics

question

Fiscal accountability is...

answer

the most traditional and widespread approach to accountability

question

Remaining in their positions and fighting for what is right when receiving conflicting signals from controllers is an example of

answer

voice

question

The politics-administration dichotomy protects against tyranny by...

answer

separating political decision making from administrative policy implementation

question

Performance accountability involves all of the following elements EXCEPT

answer

procedural

question

According to the text, accountability is best described as a relationship between

answer

people and actions

question

One theme in the study of public administration relates to the need to balance "lofty expectations" with:

answer

distrust of government

question

Clear chains of accountability for the actions of administrators ensure high performance.

answer

False

question

The Progressives of the 20th Century preferred that administrators should have little discretion to carry out the will of elected policymakers.

answer

Fasle

question

Delegation of power to administrators from elected officials and hierarchical control through authority controlled the use of power within administrative agencies.

answer

True

question

The Progressives believed that a stronger government, equipped to manage to new programs, would prevent the country from driving forward.

answer

False

question

Progressives such as Woodrow Wilson wrote that ____________ would serve as a check to safeguard citizens from a tyrannical bureaucracy.

answer

Rule of Law

question

Rule of Law became and even more effective tool or safeguard to ensure accountability as government took on more relationships with third-party interests.

answer

False

question

The concept of_______Accountability ensures that agency officials spend money on the programs they are charged with managing—and only on those programs.

answer

Fiscal

question

Process accountability is concerned with how agencies perform their tasks.

answer

True

question

Agencies such as ____________ help to ensure that government programs are achieving purposes as defined in statute as part of the concept of Program Accountability.

answer

Government Accountability Office

question

According to the author, an ethical government should begin with

answer

Ethical public servants

question

The branches of the American government operate in a way that produces ____ controller(s) of bureaucratic accountability.

answer

many

question

Gaus likely concluded that in instances where external forces to the administrator cannot adequately shape the exercise of discretion, then democracy must necessarily rely on administrators'

answer

Professional norms

question

Carl J. Friedrich argued that __________ were critical for ensuring accountability; Herman Finer argued in favor of ____________.

answer

professional norms; legal standards

question

Since the 1960s the growth of government employees at the state and local level has

answer

grown rapidly

question

________ argues that different levels of government concentrate on different services.

answer

Kettl

question

______ spends the most on defense, space, and veterans' services.

answer

The Federal Government

question

_______ spends the most on elementary and secondary education, and health and welfare.

answer

Local Governments

question

Government by proxy includes

answer

contracts

question

_______ are the way one level of government can provide financial assistance to another level.

answer

grants

question

Police and fire protection, food safety inspection and air traffic control are all examples of

answer

direct administration

question

Recent _______ spending is mostly in a few categories.

answer

federal government

question

The use of third-party agents to deliver programs that the government funds is called

answer

government by proxy

question

Marble cake federalism is a theory of intergovernmental regulation that holds that the responsibilities of federal, state, and local governments

answer

cannot be easily separated and that, instead they tend to mix

question

Red tape is generally considered a positive characteristic of public administration because it helps to ensure efficient execution of public provisions.

answer

False

question

Regulation is considered to be a/an _________ tool of government action.

answer

indirect

question

According to the author, as of 2008, there were ____ contractors for every U.S. Soldier supporting the United States in the Afghanistan War.

answer

2.2

question

Public administration rarely involves the inclusion of contract to oversee the carrying out of activities that produce the results that contractors produce. This is because contractors are the experts and do not require oversight.

answer

False

question

Local governments tend to concentrate tend to focus on__________, state governments tend to focus on _________, and the federal government tends to focus on __________

answer

goods and services: being intermediary; national defense and the transfer function

question

Governments at each level perform the same basic tasks.

answer

False

question

The growth of transfer functions emphasizes that different kinds of governmental programs require ________administrative approaches.

answer

differnet

question

Government by _________ uses third-party agents to deliver programs that the government funds.

answer

proxy

question

Government by proxy and transfer programs are synonymous.

answer

False

question

Since the 1950s, trust in government has

answer

sharply declined

question

According to the text, hospital care is primarily a __________ responsibility.

answer

mixed

question

Since the 1950s, the number of individual local governments has ______; most of these local governments are considered __________

answer

decreased; special districts

question

Since 1901, the absolute number of federal employees has grown from ________ to _______ in 2014.

answer

231,000;2.1 million

question

Total government employment has grown in proportion to the growth of the population.

answer

True

question

The study of _____ is the study of government bureaucracy.

answer

public adminstration

question

Since WWII citizens' demands have resulted in each of the following EXCEPT

answer

less entitlement programs

question

Bureaucracy is considered inefficient and at the same time ____ to get much done.

answer

too powerfull

question

Public organizations administer law, which makes them different from

answer

private organizations

question

The rule of law differentiates _______ from _______ more than oversight and performance management.

answer

public organizations;private organizations

question

______ is more important to public organizations than to private organizations.

answer

implementing the law

question

Dwight Waldo coined the term "the administrative state" in

answer

1948

question

What is administrative responsibility?

answer

the process of holding specific individuals ultimately responsible within the bureaucracy for specific actions.

question

_____ considered public administration to be neutral.

answer

Woodrow Wilson

question

What term best describes the process of translating public policies into results?

answer

public administration

question

According to scholar Nicholas Henry ______ was the period where the Politics-Administration Dichotomy was rejected and there was a loss of confidence in the principles of public administration.

answer

1938-1950

question

All of the following are complicating factors that must be taken into account when studying large-scale organizations EXCEPT

answer

simple models

question

By 1980, Waldo argued that the distinctions between "public" and "private" had become even more ____________ since government entities were becoming even more involved in ________ and the private sector was taking on more ___________

answer

blurred;private interests;public services

question

Dwight Waldo and Woodrow Wilson were the earliest public administration scholars, each writing around the 1890s.

answer

False

question

According to the text, Gortner et al. argued that public and private managers are most similar because they each can "manage" in any way that they wish so long as the activity is not prohibited by law.

answer

False

question

Efficiency and equity are ____________ competing concepts that should be ___________

answer

sometimes;balanced

question

Public administrators must answer not only to their superiors but also to legislators and the courts.

answer

True

question

Policy formulation and policy execution are so similar that public administration scholars have often argued that the two concepts should be combined.

answer

False

question

Public administration is the study of politicians.

answer

False

question

Congress broadly forbids "unfair methods of competition . . . and unfair or deceptive acts in commerce," leaving the administrative agency and the courts to refine those vague terms _________ and ______________

answer

unfair;critical

question

In writing about a Politics-Administration Dichotomy, Woodrow Wilson was mostly arguing that public administrators were basically the same as members of Congress.

answer

False

question

An organization is both a top-down system of authority, conformity, and compliance and a bottom-up system for the flow to the top of innovative ideas, proposed solutions to problems, claims on resources, and reports of trouble signs in program execution and content.

answer

Fasle

question

Efficiency has great value for the scientific management movement as well as for

answer

the classic model

question

The pluralist approach emphasizes interest groups whereas the humanist approach emphasizes

answer

employees

question

_______ places value on interactions with the environment.

answer

systems theory

question

The scientific management movement placed too much emphasis on efficiency and too little emphasis on

answer

workers' satisfaction

question

The structural approach and systems theory fail to account for

answer

workers' happiness

question

"Individuals are self-interested" is an assumption of

answer

principal-agents theory

question

Weber and ________ represent the structural approach.

answer

Gulick

question

Authority and _______ are important to the structural approach.

answer

hierarchy

question

Which traditional approach to bureaucracy is based on authority and hierarchy?

answer

Bureaucratic model

question

What is organizational culture?

answer

the ethos and philosophy that shape the behavior of individuals within an organization

question

The delegation of authority from officials at the top to individuals at the bottom is

answer

hierarchical bureaucracy

question

Scholars debate whether networks constitute an approach, a theory, a method, or prescription, but there is but there is rising recognition of the power of ____________ approaches to public administration.

answer

collaborative

question

Some networks connect different agencies within a single department.

answer

True

question

Compared with traditional hierarchical authority, network analysis is _____________

answer

in its relative infacy

question

Gulick argued that any executive can effectively oversee an infinite number of immediate subordinates as long he is trained.

answer

Fasle

question

Gulick argued that line and staff workers are interchangeable and should be rotated regularly.

answer

False

question

Generally, Weber would argue that a stable system of authority cannot depend purely on appeals to subordinates' ___________________, nor on ______________ of their superior, nor on their sense of ____________.

answer

sense of self-interest;liking or admiration; the ideal

question

________________________ rests on the belief in the sacredness of immemorial traditions.

answer

Traditional Authority

question

Rational-legal authority is most closely associated with _________________.

answer

Max Weber

question

_______________________ rests on the personal devotion to an individual because of the exceptional sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character of this person.

answer

Charismatic Authority

question

Weber wrote that officials should be __________, salaried, and selected on the basis of _______________.

answer

full-time;technical qualifications

question

Weber's scholarship became widely studied by U.S. public administration scholars in the _____________.

answer

1940's

question

The ____________________ rooted in the dynamics of human relations, condemns the impersonality of bureaucratic hierarchies and so pleads for the humanizing of organizations.

answer

humanist approach

question

The formal approach relates to a structural perspective.

answer

True

question

______________ notes that government delegates authority to other governments, to private organizations, and to mixed public-private enterprises.

answer

Government-by-proxy

question

Bureaucratic Accountability

answer

The degree to which bureaucrats are held accountable for the power they exercise Elements: 1. control 2. positive 3. negative

question

Difficulties of Bureaucratic Accountability #1

answer

1. Elected officials do not want a clear chain of accountability because it makes them more accountable in return

question

Difficulties of Bureaucratic Accountability #2

answer

2. It is important to strike a balance of controls for administrators so work can get done...and is well done!

question

Difficulties of Bureaucratic Accountability #3

answer

3. Accountability may inhibit bold actions and the ability to attract the best administrators to public service

question

Approches to Bureaucratic Accountability? or just Accountability

answer

1. Legal Boundaries 2. Political Challenges 3. Evolving Policy Problems

question

Bureaucratic Responsibility

answer

The duty of public administrators, which is made up of two overlapping elements. 1. Accountability 2. Ethical behavior

question

Ethical Behavior

answer

moral standards and avoidance of even the appearance of unethical actions

question

Accountability

answer

the process of holding administrators responsible for they actions, especially their compliance with the law and they effectiveness in managing programs

question

What are the elements of accountability?

answer

1. Fiscal Accountability 2. Process accountability 3. Program Accountability

question

Fiscal Accountability

answer

A method of accountability that focuses on the flow of money through an organization

question

Process Accountability

answer

The method of accountability that focuses on how agencies/organizations perform their task

question

Program Accountability

answer

A method of accountability that focuses on whether a public program has achieved its purpose as defines by law

question

Administrative Accountability

answer

the process of holding specific individuals responsible, within the bureaucracy, for specific actions

question

Bureaucracy

answer

A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials

question

Woodrow Wilson #1

answer

study of PA as a neutral instrument distinct from policy, politics and a particular regime

question

Woodrow Wilson #2

answer

Stated that government administrators could be empowered to do government's work without threatening individual rights because the Rule of Law would hold them accountable. -Progressive

question

Rule of Law

answer

the legal boundaries that constrain and channel administrative action. Principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern

question

Policy Administration Dichotomy

answer

the separation of political decision making from administrative implementation

question

The Federal Government

answer

-A large part of the federal budget goes to writing checks. -A small share of federal employees manage entitlement programs. -The federal budget details what the government does but not how it does it... (thus the importance of administrators)

question

Federal Spending

answer

Concentrates spending in far fewer categories. 1. defense 2. postal service 3. space 4. veteran's services 5. natural resources and environment 6. social security 7. Homeland security

question

Federal Spending and entitlement programs

answer

huge increase in entitlement program spending over the last four decades

question

entitlement programs

answer

Government benefits that certain qualified individuals are entitled to by law

question

Funding for state government?

answer

comes from federal government and grants.

question

State Governments responsibilities?

answer

1. higher education 2. Welfare 3. highways 4. corrections 5. inspections 6. liquor stores

question

government by proxy

answer

the rise of government's use of indirect tools of public action to pursue public goals/the use of third party agents

question

third party agents

answer

including contracts, grants, regulations, and special tax provisions

question

What is the difference between federal and state spending?

answer

Federal Spending: 1. defense 2. postal service 3. space 4. veteran's services 5. natural resources and environment 6. social security 7. Homeland security State Spending: 1. higher education 2. Welfare 3. highways 4. corrections 5. inspections 6. liquor stores

question

Which level of government is associated with direct delivery of services ?

answer

Local Government

question

direct tools

answer

government provides goods and services, such as police and fire protection

question

Local Government

answer

1. Elementary education 2. libraries 3. police and fire 4. parks 5. housing and community development 6. sanitation 6. utilities

question

What level of government plays a role in basic system finance?

answer

Federal

question

Regulation

answer

rules set by the government to govern the behavior of individual and organizations

question

What is the difference between public and private organizations?

answer

Public organizations exist to administer law and every element of their design.

question

What do they do?

answer

-Career service -Measures of performance: any direct way of evaluating an organization's outputs in relation to the cost of the inputs to make them -Competing standards -Public scrutiny -Persuasion -Oversight: public administrators' exposure to public scrutiny

question

What do they emphasize?

answer

Steven Kelman states, "public orgs are heavy on constraints; private orgs heavy on goals"

question

What are the core issues of Public Administration?

answer

Complicating factors: -Interconnections of policymaking and execution -Coordination -Relationships and power -Floating in seas of time -Top-down and bottom-up -Information -Headquarters and field -Values

question

Dwight Waldo

answer

Political scientist that wrote a doctoral dissertation "The Administrative State"

question

Administrative State

answer

Dwight Waldo's term to describe the rising importance and power of bureaucracy in American Democracy

question

Entitlement spending

answer

Spending determined by the number of qualified recipients and their legally determined need

question

Administrative Responsibility

answer

..., The process of holding specific individuals responsible, within the bureaucracy, for specific actions.

question

Public Administration

answer

The implementation of public policy by government employees

question

What are the approaches of Public Administration?

answer

1. Pluralist Approach 2. Humanist Approach 3. Structural Approach

question

Pluralist Approach

answer

Emphasizes the responsiveness of a government organization to society's politically active interest groups Person:

question

Humanist Approach

answer

Emphasis on the individual workers in the organization Person: Frederick Taylor

question

Structural Approach

answer

Distinction made between positions and the persons who occupy them. - Hierarchy - Authority Person: Daniel Katz and Robert Kahn

question

System Theory

answer

an approach to organizations that focus on how they translate inputs into out puts

question

Bureaucratic Model

answer

the traditional approach to bureaucracy,based on hierarchy and authority. , Max Weber, maximum division of labor, achieving goal efficiently

question

Max Weber

answer

a German sociologist, is the intellectual father of the Bureaucratic Model. He focuses his work on why people feel obligated to obey commands without asking whether they agree with each one. 1.Traditional Authority 2. Charismatic Authority 3. Rational Legal Authority

question

Traditional Authority

answer

Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice

question

Charismatic Authority

answer

Authority based on exceptional individual abilities and characteristics that inspire devotion, trust, and obedience.

question

Rational Legal Authority

answer

power made legitimate by law, power legitimated by formal rules and regulations

question

Organizational culture

answer

stresses variation among agencies; generalizations about structure of authority are problematic

question

Brown-low Committee

answer

1937, associated with expansion of White House staff under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed six new presidential assistants

question

Expansion of White House Staff...

answer

1. White House Office 2. Executive Residence staff 3. Office of Vice President 4. Office of Management and Budget (largest) 5. Office of Policy Development 6. National Security Council 7. Others: Trade, Drug

question

Presidents Involved

answer

1. Roosevelt 2. Eisenhower 3. Carter

question

Inner Cabinet

answer

the four original departments State, Defense, Treasury, and Justice whose secretaries typically have the closest ties to the president

question

Department of Health and Human Services

answer

Federal Executive Branch Department concerned with health and social serves needed

question

Horizontal coordination

answer

draws related agencies together in common purpose

question

Vertical coordination

answer

requires intervention by a coordinator

question

Interagency conflict

answer

Conflict occurs when mismatch of organization bases identified by classical organization Conflict occurs when all relevant organizations have the same purpose Theory: purpose versus clientele, or function versus area

question

Neutral competence

answer

the PA principal that administrators ought to perform their jobs to the highest possible level, w/out political favoritism.

question

Horizontal Activity

answer

Interagency Coordination?

question

Vertical Activity

answer

A person with formal authority imposes a decision and monitors agencies' compliance with it

question

Horizontal Cooperation

answer

depends on the willingness of agencies to come to an agreement with one another.

question

Vertical Cooperation

answer

Two warring agencies are brought together by organizational superior of both

question

Line activities

answer

operating activities, command of line officials

question

3 different staff roles:

answer

pure, auxiliary, and control

question

Pure-staff

answer

staff that provide general support to agency's line activities. EXAMPLE: identifying issues likely to require presidential action, assure due process among interested departments, ensure affected parties are clearly informed of decisions once taken

question

Auxiliary staff:

answer

staff that provide a housekeeping function or administrative support. EXAMPLE: accounting, research, public affairs, publishing

question

Control staff:

answer

staff that help top officials secure leverage over the organization. EX: monitoring performance and enforcing compliance with standards and procedures

question

Organizational criteria

answer

check list for assessing what makes a good organization.

question

Interagency agreements

answer

treaties negotiated between the concerned agencies to establish specific boundaries and to clarify which agency will do what without interference from the others

question

Clearance procedures

answer

requires that an agency's proposed decisions in a subject-matter area be reviewed, whether for comment or for formal approval or veto, by other interested agencies

question

Herbert Kaufman

answer

3 Basic Organizational Values: 1. Neural Competence 2. Executive Leadership 3. Representativeness

question

Iron triangle

answer

interest groups, congressional committees, and departments or bureaus that share interest in an issue area. May resist reorganization efforts if threatened

question

Executive leadership

answer

strategic direction provided by the top officials of an organization. EX: strong elected executive—president, governor, mayor—and strong and loyal department heads all politically chosen.

question

Interest groups

answer

Groups of people who work together for similar interests or goals

question

Interagency committees

answer

cabinet, subcabinet, and bureau levels exist to promote collaboration in jointly occupied areas

question

1.The major components for governments' structure may include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

Capacity to generate profit

question

2. The organizational concern that emphasizes horizontal and vertical activity is?

answer

Interagency Coordination

question

3. Line activities are responsible for?

answer

Operating Activities

question

4. Neutral competence restructuring efforts in government have focused on all of the following EXCEPT

answer

Creating Interest group panels

question

5. ______ seeks to bring two warring agencies before a person with the formal authority to make a decision.

answer

Vertical Coordination

question

6. _______ are created to establish specific boundaries and to clarify agencies' tasks.

answer

Interagency Agreements

question

_______ require that an agency's proposed decisions in a particular subject-matter area be reviewed by other interested agencies.

answer

Clearance procedures

question

This was NOT one of the basic organizational values developed by Herbert Kaufman

answer

Coordination

question

What is the term for those support units (such as personnel or budgeting) that promote the functioning of an agency?

answer

Staff Activities

question

What is an iron triangle?

answer

a theory that suggest agency managers, congressional committees ad subcommittees and interest groups work closely to shape policy and that their shared work is more important than other forces in the process

question

_______________ depends on the willingness of agencies to come to agreement with one another.

answer

Horizontal Cooperation

question

Vertical coordination is sometimes associated with warring agencies.

answer

TRUE

question

Horizontal cooperation may include agencies coming together on the basis of coercion.

answer

FALSE

question

Four methods cited by the author for achieving horizontal cooperation include _________, _________, ______________, and _____________.

answer

1. Interagency Agreements 2. Interagency Committees 3. Lead Agency Formula 4. Clearance Procedure

question

Three staff roles include core, auxiliary staff, and ________

answer

Control

question

Auxiliary staff provide basis housekeeping functions.

answer

TRUE

question

Staff and line activities are synonymous.

answer

FALSE

question

Auxiliary units inevitably exercise specialized control functions, especially because top executives rarely want to invest their scarce time in housekeeping disputes.

answer

TRUE

question

Actual reorganization of government is common.

answer

FALSE

question

The president's power to reorganize government was ___________ by a ___________ Supreme Court ruling on the legislative veto.

answer

Disadvantages; 1983

question

The politics-administration dichotomy protects against tyranny by

answer

Separating political decision making from admin policy implementation

question

Performance accountability involves all of the following elements EXCEPT

answer

Procedural

question

According to the text, accountability is best described as a relationship between

answer

people and actions

question

One theme in the study of public administration relates to the need to balance "lofty expectations" with:

answer

Distrust of the Gov.

question

Clear chains of accountability for the actions of administrators ensure high performance.

answer

False

question

The Progressives of the 20th Century preferred that administrators should have little discretion to carry out the will of elected policymakers.

answer

False

question

Delegation of power to administrators from elected officials and hierarchical control through authority controlled the use of power within administrative agencies.

answer

True

question

The Progressives believed that a stronger government, equipped to manage to new programs, would prevent the country from driving forward.

answer

False

question

Progressives such as Woodrow Wilson wrote that ____________ would serve as a check to safeguard citizens from a tyrannical bureaucracy.

answer

Rule of Law

question

Rule of Law became and even more effective tool or safeguard to ensure accountability as government took on more relationships with third-party interests.

answer

False

question

The concept of ____________Accountability ensures that agency officials spend money on the programs they are charged with managing—and only on those programs.

answer

Fiscal

question

Process accountability is concerned with how agencies perform their tasks.

answer

True

question

Agencies such as ____________ help to ensure that government programs are achieving purposes as defined in statute as part of the concept of Program Accountability.

answer

Government accountability office

question

According to the author, an ethical government should begin with

answer

Ethical Public Servants

question

The branches of the American government operate in a way that produces ____ controller(s) of bureaucratic accountability.

answer

Many

question

Gaus likely concluded that in instances where external forces to the administrator cannot adequately shape the exercise of discretion, then democracy must necessarily rely on administrators'

answer

Professional norms

question

Carl J. Friedrich argued that __________ were critical for ensuring accountability; Herman Finer argued in favor of ____________.

answer

Professional norms; Legal Standards

question

Since the 1960s the growth of government employees at the state and local level has

answer

Grown Rapidly

question

________ argues that different levels of government concentrate on different services.

answer

Kettl

question

______ spends the most on defense, space, and veterans' services.

answer

The federal government

question

_______ spends the most on elementary and secondary education, and health and welfare.

answer

Local government

question

Government by proxy includes

answer

Contracts

question

_______ are the way one level of government can provide financial assistance to another level.

answer

Grants

question

Police and fire protection, food safety inspection and air traffic control are all examples of

answer

direct administration

question

Recent _______ spending is mostly in a few categories.

answer

Federal Government

question

The use of third-party agents to deliver programs that the government funds is called

answer

Government by proxy

question

Marble cake federalism is a theory of intergovernmental regulation that holds that the responsibilities of federal, state, and local governments

answer

Can't be easily separated, and instead tend to mix

question

Red tape is generally considered a positive characteristic of public administration because it helps to ensure efficient execution of public provisions.

answer

False

question

Regulation is considered to be a/an _________ tool of government action.

answer

Indirect

question

According to the author, as of 2008, there were ____ contractors for every U.S. Soldier supporting the United States in the Afghanistan War.

answer

2.2

question

Public administration rarely involves the inclusion of contract to oversee the carrying out of activities that produce the results that contractors produce. This is because contractors are the experts and do not require oversight.

answer

False

question

Local governments tend to concentrate tend to focus on__________, state governments tend to focus on _________, and the federal government tends to focus on __________

answer

Goods and service, being the intermediary, national defense and the transfer function

question

Governments at each level perform the same basic tasks.

answer

False

question

The growth of transfer functions emphasizes that different kinds of governmental programs require ________administrative approaches.

answer

Different

question

Government by _________ uses third-party agents to deliver programs that the government funds.

answer

Proxy

question

Government by proxy and transfer programs are synonymous.

answer

False

question

Since the 1950s, trust in government has

answer

Sharply declined

question

According to the text, hospital care is primarily a __________ responsibility.

answer

Mixed

question

Since the 1950s, the number of individual local governments has ______; most of these local governments are considered __________

answer

decreased; special districts

question

Since 1901, the absolute number of federal employees has grown from ________ to _______ in 2014.

answer

231,000 to 2.1 million

question

Total government employment has grown in proportion to the growth of the population.

answer

True

question

The study of _____ is the study of government bureaucracy.

answer

Public administration

question

Since WWII citizens' demands have resulted in each of the following EXCEPT

answer

Less entitlement Spending

question

Bureaucracy is considered inefficient and at the same time ____ to get much done.

answer

Too powerful

question

Public organizations administer law, which makes them different from

answer

Private Organizations

question

The rule of law differentiates _______ from _______ more than oversight and performance management.

answer

Public organizations and Private Organizations

question

______ is more important to public organizations than to private organizations.

answer

Implementing the Law

question

Dwight Waldo coined the term "the administrative state" in

answer

1948

question

What is administrative responsibility?

answer

The process of holding specific individuals ultimately responsible within the bureaucracy for specific actions

question

_____ considered public administration to be neutral.

answer

Woodrow Wilson

question

What term best describes the process of translating public policies into results?

answer

Public administration

question

According to scholar Nicholas Henry ______ was the period where the Politics-Administration Dichotomy was rejected and there was a loss of confidence in the principles of public administration.

answer

1938-1950

question

All of the following are complicating factors that must be taken into account when studying large-scale organizations EXCEPT

answer

Simple model

question

By 1980, Waldo argued that the distinctions between "public" and "private" had become even more ____________ since government entities were becoming even more involved in ________ and the private sector was taking on more ___________

answer

Blurred, private interests, Public services

question

Dwight Waldo and Woodrow Wilson were the earliest public administration scholars, each writing around the 1890s.

answer

False

question

According to the text, Gortner et al. argued that public and private managers are most similar because they each can "manage" in any way that they wish so long as the activity is not prohibited by law.

answer

False

question

Efficiency and equity are ____________ competing concepts that should be ___________

answer

Sometimes, balanced

question

Public administrators must answer not only to their superiors but also to legislators and the courts.

answer

True

question

Policy formulation and policy execution are so similar that public administration scholars have often argued that the two concepts should be combined.

answer

False

question

Public administration is the study of politicians.

answer

False

question

Congress broadly forbids "unfair methods of competition . . . and unfair or deceptive acts in commerce," leaving the administrative agency and the courts to refine those vague terms _________ and ______________

answer

Unfair and deceptive

question

In writing about a Politics-Administration Dichotomy, Woodrow Wilson was mostly arguing that public administrators were basically the same as members of Congress.

answer

False

question

An organization is both a top-down system of authority, conformity, and compliance and a bottom-up system for the flow to the top of innovative ideas, proposed solutions to problems, claims on resources, and reports of trouble signs in program execution and content.

answer

False

question

Efficiency has great value for the scientific management movement as well as for

answer

The Classical model

question

The pluralist approach emphasizes interest groups whereas the humanist approach emphasizes

answer

Employees

question

_______ places value on interactions with the environment.

answer

Systems theory

question

The scientific management movement placed too much emphasis on efficiency and too little emphasis on

answer

Workers Satisfaction

question

The structural approach and systems theory fail to account for

answer

Workers happiness

question

"Individuals are self-interested" is an assumption of

answer

Principal-agent theory

question

Weber and ________ represent the structural approach.

answer

Gulick

question

Authority and _______ are important to the structural approach.

answer

Hierarchy

question

Which traditional approach to bureaucracy is based on authority and hierarchy?

answer

Bureaucratic model

question

What is organizational culture?

answer

The ethos and philosophy that shape the behavior of individuals within an organization

question

The delegation of authority from officials at the top to individuals at the bottom is

answer

Hierarchy Bureaucracy

question

Scholars debate whether networks constitute an approach, a theory, a method, or prescription, but there is but there is rising recognition of the power of ____________ approaches to public administration.

answer

Collaborative

question

Some networks connect different agencies within a single department

answer

True

question

Compared with traditional hierarchical authority, network analysis is _____________

answer

In its relative infancy

question

Gulick argued that any executive can effectively oversee an infinite number of immediate subordinates as long he is trained.

answer

False

question

Gulick argued that line and staff workers are interchangeable and should be rotated regularly.

answer

False

question

Generally, Weber would argue that a stable system of authority cannot depend purely on appeals to subordinates' ___________________, nor on ______________ of their superior, nor on their sense of ____________.

answer

Sense of self-interest, liking or admiration, the ideal

question

________________________ rests on the belief in the sacredness of immemorial traditions

answer

Traditional Authority

question

Rational-legal authority is most closely associated with _________________.

answer

Max Webber

question

_______________________ rests on the personal devotion to an individual because of the exceptional sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character of this person.

answer

Charismatic Authority

question

Weber wrote that officials should be __________, salaried, and selected on the basis of _______________.

answer

fulltime, technical qualifications

question

Weber's scholarship became widely studied by U.S. public administration scholars in the _____________.

answer

1940's

question

The ____________________ rooted in the dynamics of human relations, condemns the impersonality of bureaucratic hierarchies and so pleads for the humanizing of organizations

answer

Humanist Approach

question

The formal approach relates to a structural perspective.

answer

True

question

_______________ notes that government delegates authority to other governments, to private organizations, and to mixed public-private enterprises.

answer

Government by proxy

question

Independent agencies, bureaus, and field offices are all components of the

answer

Federal Executive Branch

question

According to the text, interdepartmental friction is one problem of

answer

Implementing effective executive management

question

According to the figures released from the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, the Department of Defense accounts for _______of all federal civilian employees.

answer

a third

question

Which of the following units is responsible for foreign policy recommendations?

answer

The national security council

question

Renewing motor vehicle registration online is most associated with

answer

e-government

question

During the first stage of administrative development, the executive branch was concerned with

answer

Foreign affairs

question

The text notes that President Franklin D. Roosevelt was primarily responsible for the

answer

Expansion of White House staff

question

Outer cabinet departments includes all of the following EXCEPT

answer

State

question

"Areal" is a categorization system within which part of the executive branch?

answer

Field Offices

question

The Department of Health and Human Services accounts for more federal spending than

answer

Agriculture, defense, and labor

question

The last federal government agency to be created was the Department of _________ in ________

answer

Homeland Security in 2002

question

Independent Agencies account for about __________ of the federal government's employees.

answer

one-tenth

question

Independent Agencies account for about __________ of the federal government's spending.

answer

one-fifth

question

"Regulatory Commissions" champion and defend major features of transportation, communications, power production and distribution, banking, the issuing of corporate securities, commodities and securities exchanges, the prosecution of unfair and deceptive business practices, the safety of consumer products, and labor-management relations.

answer

False

question

Federal departments are the operating organizations within federal bureaus.

answer

False

question

Because the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is primarily focused on agencies' budgets, it does not have much power.

answer

False

question

The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is an agency within __________________

answer

The Executive office of the President

question

Hugh Heclo (1975) observed that OMB's job requires ______________

answer

Neutral Competence

question

The National Security Council was established ____________

answer

In 1947

question

Over time, the National Security Council has gradually become the focus of foreign policy making

answer

True

question

The IRS is mostly against citizens filing taxes online.

answer

False

question

E-government can enhance the ability of citizens to connect more easily with government.

answer

True

question

One drawback of the "prefectoral system" is that it places all administrators under one roof

answer

False

question

According to the author, e-government allows agencies to operate in a __________ even, ___________ network, which offers the chance for creating new virtual strategies.

answer

Loose, Invisible

question

Government corporations are engaged in lending, insurance, and other business-type operations.

answer

True

question

Remaining in their positions and fighting for what is right when receiving conflicting signals from controllers is an example of

answer

Voice

question

Fiscal Accountability is

answer

The most traditional and widespread approach to accountability

question

An examination of the founding of the American system of Government, reveals that even from the beginning, American Public Administration was rooted in

answer

Politics

question

_____Is one major approach to understanding ways to ensure that admins are accountable

answer

Legal Boundaries

question

The main components of bureaucratic responsibility are

answer

Ethical Behavior and Accountability

question

By not maximizing control over admin policymakers may

answer

Impede Bureaucratic accountability

question

What is comprised of accountability and ethical behaviors?

answer

Bureaucratic Responsibility

question

When evaluating how government works, what are the 3 elements of accountability that we examine?

answer

Fiscal, Process, and Program

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