Psychology Test 4 Test Answers – Flashcards
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health psychology
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how psychological being can affect your over all health
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biomedical model
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A perspective that explains illness solely in terms of biological factors.
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biopsychosocial model
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abnormal behavior seen from combining biological, psychological, and social influences
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stress
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term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging
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catastrophe
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unpredictable event that happens on a large scale and creates tremendous amounts of stress and feeling of threats
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Social Readjustment Rating scale
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an assessment that measure the amount of stress resulting from major life events, over a one year period.
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hassels
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irritating, frustrating, distressing demands that to some degree characterise everyday transactions with the environment
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pressure
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occurs when people feel that they must work harder, faster, or do more, as when meeting a deadline or studying for a final exam
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uncontrolability
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the more control= less stress, the less control= more stress
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frustration
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occurs when people are blocked or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need
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aggession
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actions meant to harm or destroy, is unfortunately another typical reaction to frustration
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escape/ withdawl
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can take form of leaving, dropping out of school, quitting a job, or ending a relationship
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conflict
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approach-approach conflict: two pleasant options; win win avoidance-avoidance conflict: two unpleasant options; lose lose approach-avoidance conflict: one option with positives and negatives(marriage) double approach-avoidance conflict:way pros and cons between two options multiple approach-avoidance conflicts: many options with pros and cons(college search)
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general adaptation syndrome
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alarm resistance exhaustion
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effects of stress on body
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weakens immune system
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stress' contribution to physical illness
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heart disease: when your stressed your liver doesn't work, which leads to clogged arteries affecting the heart cancer: hurts immune system which makes it more likely not to detect cancer diabetes: type 2 stress causes over eating which causes diabetes
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psychoneuroimmunology
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the study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thinking, learning, and behavior on the immune system
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primary appraisal
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involves estimating the severity of the stressor and classifying it as a threat, and challenge, or a harm or loss that has already occurred.
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secondary appraisal
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people who have identified a threat or harmful effect must estimate the resources that they have available for coping with the stressor
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Type A, B, & C behavior patterns
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Type A: control freak (neuroticism: worry, moody, emotionally intense) Type B: easygoing; takes what's given Type C: passive and like to keep the peace, but non confrontational
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hardy personality
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similar to type A but with a deep sense of commitment; stress doesn't get to them
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optimism & pessimism
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optimist: people who always tend to look at the positive outcome pessimist:expect the worse to happen
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social support
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the network of friends, family members, neighbors, co workers, and others who can offer help to a person in need
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locus of control
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tendency to think you do or don't have control of your life
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coping
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actions people can take to master, tolerate,reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors
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problem-focused coping
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focused coping: when people try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through their own actions (get rid of problem)
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emotion-focused coping
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a strategy that involves changing the way a person feels or emotionally reacts to a stressor (change the reaction)
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concentrative mediation
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the goal is to focus the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus
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receptive mediation
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you take everything in to focus. "in tune" with surroundings
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cultural and religious effects of coping
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how you deal with stress due to religious and cultural beliefs... more or less stress
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Personality
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the unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life
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Character
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value judgments made about a person's morals or ethical behavior
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temperament
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the enduring characteristics with which each person is born(irritability or adaptability
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psychodynamic perspective
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A branch of psychology that studies how internal conflicts and unconscious drives influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.
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freud's theory
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everything relates to sexual feelings
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levels of conciousness
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id, ego, and superego
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id/ego/superego
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Id:completely unconscious, pleasure seeking, amoral part of the personality that exist at birth Ego: mostly conscious and far more rational, logical, and cunning than the id superego: developed at preschool age, learns the rules, customs, and expectations of society
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primary process of thinking
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id, illogical wish fulfillment
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secondary process of thinking
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more sophisticated conscious thought. Reason to back up actions
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pleasure and reality principles
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pleasure principle: "if it feels good, do it" reality principle: the need to satisfy the demands of the id only in ways that will not lead to negative consequences
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defense mechanisms
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ways of dealing with anxiety through unconsciously distorting one's perception of reality
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stages of development
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oral stage: erogenous zone of the mouth (over weaning problem) anal stage: pleasure from withholding and releasing fetus phallic stage: awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in genitals latency stage: from 6 to puberty where sexual feelings are hidden genital stage: once puberty is hit those sexual feelings cannot be repressed
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libido
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(psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire
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erogenous zones
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parts of the body that are especially sensitive to sexual or pleasurable stimulation
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fixation
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According to Freud, failure to move forward from one psychosexual stage to another as expected.
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anal-retentive
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A fixation that develops during the anal stage if a child's freedom to have bowel movements is restricted that can result in obsessively organized and meticulous personality traits
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anal-expulsive
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a fixation that develops during the anal stage if a child is allowed to have bowel movements too freely that can result in cruel, overemotional, and disorganized personality traits
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identification
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trying to become like someone else to deal with anxiety
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Oedipus complex
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According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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behavioral perspective
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thinks consequences strengthen behavior
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social-cognitive perspective
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Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
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reciprocal determination
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what someone does for you, you reciprocate (give and take) environment, behavior, and personal/cognitive factors effect eachother
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self-efficacy
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expectancy of how effective your efforts will be
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locus of control
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the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives
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expectancy
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A theory of motivation based on the belief that people's efforts to achieve depend on their expectations of reward.
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humanistic perspective
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An explanation for behavior which suggests that humans strive for self-fulfillment and are motivated by a basic goodness. Developed originally by Carl Rogers.
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current thoughts on Freud's pyschodynamic theory
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while his original doesn't apply, but he provides a basis for others
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current thoughts on behavioral and social cognitive perspectives
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some people think its too complex to explain and some people say it helps develop theories to change undesirable behavior
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self-actualizing tendency
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The human motive toward realizing our inner potential.
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self-concept
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A sense of one's identity and personal worth
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real and ideal selves
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real self: a person's actual perception of traits and abilities ideal self: the perception of what a person would like to be or thinks he or she should be. When the ideal self and the real self are very similar (matching), the person experiences harmony and contentment. When there is a mismatch between the two selves, the person experiences anxiety and may engage in neurotic behavior. - Rogers
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conditional positive regard
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positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
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unconditional positive regard
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according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
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fully functioning person
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A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings
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current thoughts on humanistic perspective
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ignores bad traits in people. doesn't have much background research. serves as a basis
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trait perspective
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Perspective of personality that focuses on durable aspects of an individual's disposition and consistent ways of behaving.
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lexical analysis
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Examining each element of the source code to to ensure it is a valid part of the language. Converting multi-character source code words into single tokens.
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factor analysis
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A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
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Big 5 model
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openness: persons willingness to try new things conscientious: persons organization and motivation extroversion: extrovert vs introvert agreeableness: easygoing,friendly, and likable neuroticism: emotional instability or stability
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trait-situation interaction
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particular circumstances of any given situation are assumed to influence the way in which in which a trait is expressed
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Behavioral genetics
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An interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits.
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twin studies
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A research design in which hereditary influence is assessed by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait.
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adoption studies
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Research studies that assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive parents.
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heritability
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A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
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social psychology
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looks at behavior and mental processes but includes as will the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by others to whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in so many ways
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social influence
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The effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior
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norm
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Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group's members.
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conformity
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changing ones own behavior to more closely match the actions of others
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normative v. informative social influence
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normative: the need to act in a way that makes us feel accepted by others informative: take ques from others on how to behave
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Asch's line study
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conducted the first of his classic studies on conformity. He had lines and had people compare size, one person was in on it and see if the subject would give in a pick the wrong line size
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situational causes of conformity
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perceived causes of behavior that are based on environmental factors
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personal causes of conformity
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Skills/Abilities, Personalities, Perceptions, Values/Ethics, Emotions, Communication Barriers, Cultural Differences
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group think
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occurs when people within a group feel it is more important to maintain the groups cohesiveness than to consider the facts realistically
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compliance
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occurs when people change their behavior as a result of another person or group asking or directing them to change
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consumer psychology
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devoted to figuring out how to get people to buy things that someone is selling
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compliance techniques
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foot-in-the-door technique: the first small request acts as an opener door-in-face technique: the larger request comes first, which is usually denied lowball technique: once a commitment is made, the cost of that commitment is increased
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norm of reciprocity
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A mutual exchange between what we give and receive-liking those who like us.
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obedience
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changing one's behavior at the direct order of an authority figure
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Milgram's experiment
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teacher or learner experiment
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social cognition
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Mental processes associated with people's perceptions of, and reactions to, other people.
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attitude
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a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain idea, person, object, or situation
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components of attitudes
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Affective Component: the way a person feels toward the object, person, or situation Behavior Component: the action that a person takes in regard to the person, object,, or situation Cognitive Component: the way a person thinks about him or herself, an object, or a situation
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attitude formation
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Direct contact, direct instruction, and vicarious conditioning
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internal attributions
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Ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings
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external attributions
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ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints
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persuasion
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the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation
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elaboration likelihood model
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it is assumed that people either elaborate or they do not elaborate at all, preferring to pay attention to the surface characteristics of the message
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cognitive dissonance
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emotional discomfort
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self-persuasion
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a long-lasting form of attitude change that results from attempts at self-justification
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Festinger & Carlsmith cognitive dissonance study
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students performed boring task, paid to tell others it was interesting, paid either 1 or 20 bucks.
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person perception
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the process of forming impressions of others
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impression formation
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the forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person
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attribution theory
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(fritz Heider) a way of not only explaining why thing happen but also why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do
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fundamental attribution error
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the tendency for people observing someone else's actions to overestimate the influence of that person's internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the situation
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actor-observation effect
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tend to explain the actions of others based on the observation. look at the person instead of the factors that lead them to do what they did
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self-serving bias
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attribute success to internal factors, but attribute failure to external factors
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self-fullfilling prophecy
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ex)if you decide you're going to fail you will fail
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"bloomers" study
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told teacher some kids will do well in class and some wont. teacher focused more on the kids that were tld they were gonna do well. (results: kids told they were gonna do well= did well, kids told they werent gonna do well= didnt do well)
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prejudice
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A rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think or act in a negative way toward another person or group.
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stereotype
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a belief that a set of characteristics is shared by all members of a particular social category
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discrimination
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Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.
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in-group
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A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty
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out-groups
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groups of people with which a person does not identify
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realistic conflict theory
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The idea that competition over scarce resources leads to intergroup hostility and conflict
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scapegoating
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conflicts between groups are usually greater when there are other pressures or stresses going on
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social identity theory
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Perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups
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social comparison
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Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.
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stereotype threat
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anytime a person is in a certain group that has implications for themselves
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stereotype vulnerability
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result of stereotype threat that causes more anxiety
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elliots blue eyed/brown-eye study
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Jane Elliot created prejudice in her classroom within minutes by having one eye color be better than the other
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Aronson's Jigsaw Classroom
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educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, causing the separate individuals to be forced to work together to find the solution
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social roles
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Shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave
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Zimbardo's prison experiment
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separated into either prisoner or prison guard. (had to end early because guards were too harsh)
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media violence and aggression
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laboratory studies: many studies with children and adolescents have found a positive correlation between the amount of TV they watch and their level of aggressiveness in everyday life; not always true.
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prosocial behavior
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Behavior that benefits someone else or society but that generally offers no obvious benefit to the person performing it and may even involve some personal risk or sacrifice.
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altruism
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A display of genuine and unselfish concern for the welfare of others
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Latane & Darley's helping study
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an abuse victim was stabbed, raped, and left to died. this was heard by 38 people, but no one reported it
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bystander effect
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refers to the finding that the likelihood of a bystander to help someone in trouble decreases as the number of bystanders increases
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diffusion of responsibility
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the phenomenon in which a person fails to take responsibility for either action or inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility
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helping decision tree
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notice, interpret as emergency, assume responsibility-- try to help
