question

develop a hypothesis

answer

Which step of the scientific method involves making a specific prediction?

question

environmental influences.

answer

In the science of human development, "nurture" refers to:

question

is between ages 1 and 3.

answer

A sensitive period for learning a language:

question

middle school students

answer

The people in which group are members of a cohort?

question

multidisciplinary

answer

Human development includes insight and information from diverse disciplines referred to as:

question

plasticity.

answer

The story about the author's nephew David illustrates:

question

scientific observation.

answer

Elsa wants to research preschoolers' eating habits. She is reviewing video footage taken during snack and lunch at four preschools. Her method of study is:

question

People refuse to answer or falsely answer questions.

answer

According to the text, what is one of the main problems with surveys?

question

cross-sectional research.

answer

In order to determine how clothing preferences change with age, Dr. Zavala interviewed girls ranging from 6 years of age to 12. This would be an example of:

question

a negative correlation.

answer

As we age, we tend to sleep fewer hours. This relationship is an example of:

question

qualitative research.

answer

Research that asks open-ended questions and obtains answers that are not easily translated into numbers is called:

question

obtaining consent from both the children and the parents.

answer

One of the ethical standards for research with children includes:

question

Replication

answer

____________ permits science to advance by allowing old findings to be refined, refuted, and replicated.

question

genetic influences.

answer

In the science of human development, "nature" refers to:

question

between the ages of 15 and 25.

answer

If a person is going to kill someone he or she is most likely to do so:

question

multidirectional

answer

As we age, losses occur in some domains, while gains are made in others. This is consistent with the ____________ nature of development.

question

cohort effects.

answer

According to the text, parental choice for a child's first name reveals:

question

an experiment.

answer

The only research method that can establish a cause-and-effect relationship is:

question

dependent variable.

answer

In a study of the effects of nutrition on school performance, test scores would be a likely:

question

changing the data to support the hypothesis

answer

Which is unethical research behavior?

question

a code of ethics

answer

Developmental researchers are required to follow ________ that protect(s) the integrity of research.

question

humanistic

answer

A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate observations that have been made about human growth is referred to as a ____________ theory.

question

Developmental

answer

_________theorists try to make sense out of observations and construct a story of the human journey from infancy to adulthood.

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hypothesis; discoveries

answer

According to your text, theories produce __________ and generate _________.

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personalities are developed in the early years.

answer

With regard to development, Freud believed that:

question

sublimation.

answer

Transforming energy from the libido to create something acclaimed by others, such as a musical masterpiece, is called:

question

latency stage.

answer

Freud believed that sexual needs were quiet and that psychic energy was put into schoolwork and sports during the:

question

mechanisms of human thought.

answer

Information processing theory seeks to explore:

question

social experiences

answer

According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be MOST influential on a child's learning?

question

the zone of proximal development.

answer

In sociocultural theory, the "zone" that includes all the skills, knowledge, and concepts that a person is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help is:

question

evolutionary

answer

A theory that studies the evolving foundations of human nature is the ________ theory.

question

survival hierarchy.

answer

Maslow believed that all people had the same basic needs and drives. He arranged those into what was called:

question

uses several theoretical perspectives.

answer

psychologist who uses an eclectic approach during therapy:

question

developmental

answer

A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate observations that have been made about human growth is referred to as a ____________ theory.

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behavioral

answer

Which theory answers the following: Does learning depend on specific instruction, punishment, and examples?

question

superego.

answer

Our morals and values learned from our parents are driven by the:

question

instrumental conditioning.

answer

Operant conditioning is also called:

question

concrete operational

answer

Which of Piaget's periods of cognitive development highlights thinking that is limited to what can be personally seen, heard, touched, and experienced?

question

information processing.

answer

An updated version of Piaget's cognitive theory is called:

question

surrounding society and culture.

answer

According to sociocultural theory, human development is the result of an interaction between developing persons and their:

question

Lev Vygotsky

answer

Which theorist stressed the role of culture and society?

question

Maslow.

answer

A prominent figure in the development of the humanistic theory was:

question

unconditional positive

answer

Carl Rogers believed that we should see each other with appreciation without conditions. He referred to this as giving each other __________ regard.

question

selectively use all the theories.

answer

Most developmentalists prefer an eclectic perspective so they can:

question

chromosome.

answer

Each molecule of DNA is called a(n):

question

23 pairs

answer

The typical human cell contains how many chromosomes?

question

the birth rate of girls to boys was 83:100.

answer

When the "one child" policy was initiated in China in 1990:

question

multifactorial.

answer

Traits affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, are referred to as:

question

methylation

answer

During the first few hours of life, biochemical elements silence certain genes in a process called _______.

question

it is hard to figure out where one gene starts and another stops.

answer

Human genome research cannot pinpoint the exact number of genes because:

question

influenced by heredity.

answer

Alcoholism is:

question

more time indoors.

answer

Nearsightedness in the United States increased from 25 to 42 percent. A possible reason may be:

question

set priorities and act on them.

answer

Awareness of genetic risks helps parents:

question

Alzheimer disease

answer

A person with one APOE4 allele has eight times the risk of developing ___________.

question

PKU

answer

A genetic disorder in which a child's body is unable to metabolize an amino acid is called:

question

A. allow them to make their own decisions. B. ensure confidentiality. C. provide them with information about odds.

answer

A genetic counselor's ethical responsibility to a couple is to:

question

9 months

answer

How long is a full-term pregnancy, as measured in months?

question

60 percent

answer

What percentage of natural conceptions fail to implant properly?

question

brain functioning

answer

Advances in which area are CRITICAL in attaining the age of viability?

question

12 hours.

answer

In a first birth, the average length of ACTIVE labor is:

question

crowning.

answer

When the head first appears through the vaginal opening it is referred to as:

question

the onset was rapid and unexpected.

answer

About one half of all home births occur because:

question

is not a problem so long as it is used in moderation.

answer

According to the text, the use of caffeine during pregnancy:

question

spina bifida

answer

In the United States and Canada, folic acid is now added to many foods. The rate of __________ has decreased.

question

heart

answer

Exposure to teratogens during weeks 3 to 4 of pregnancy may result in birth defects to which of the following parts of the body?

question

an involuntary response to a particular stimulus.

answer

A reflex is:

question

parent-infant bond.

answer

The strong loving connection between a parent and newborn is called the:

question

Babinski

answer

which of the following reflexes is seen when an infant's foot is stroked?

question

doubles.

answer

By the fourth month, an infant's weight typically:

question

atrophy.

answer

At 12 months, Toni was malnourished. His body stopped growing, but his brain did not. This supports the concept of:

question

decreases.

answer

Over the first few months of infancy, the amount of time spent in REM (dreaming) sleep:

question

billions of neurons

answer

At birth, the brain has ____________________.

question

the cortex.

answer

The six outer layers of the brain are referred to as:

question

prefrontal cortex.

answer

The area of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control is the:

question

gross motor skills.

answer

Large body movements, such as walking and jumping, are:

question

fine motor skills.

answer

Sam was sitting in his high chair and his mom gave him some cereal to eat on his own. Sam looked at the small pieces of cereal and was able to coordinate his fingers in order to pick up one piece and put it in his mouth. This is an example of:

question

social interaction and comfort

answer

According to your text, early sensation appears to be organized toward which two goals?

question

stunting

answer

Which term refers to the consequence of severe and chronic malnutrition in which children fail to grow to a normal height?

question

six months.

answer

International health organizations recommend that mothers exclusively breast-feed for the first:

question

Smallpox

answer

_____________ was once the most lethal disease for children.

question

above average height.

answer

Parents are told that their newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that their child is:

question

triples.

answer

By his or her first birthday, a newborn's weight typically:

question

REM sleep

answer

Which sleep stage is characterized primarily by dreaming and rapid brain waves?

question

the cortex.

answer

The six outer layers of the brain are referred to as:

question

experience-dependent.

answer

Brain functions that develop in response to an infant's unique experiences can be described as:

question

Certain experience-expectant developments may suffer if the eyesight goes unrepaired.

answer

It is discovered that a newborn has significantly impaired eyesight. Why would it be important to recognize and mitigate this impairment at an early age?

question

sensorimotor

answer

Recalling an earlier chapter, Piaget's first period of intelligence in which both coordinated motion and perceptual skills are developed is called the __________ stage.

question

crawling

answer

Which of the following is a gross motor skill?

question

6

answer

Fifty percent of all babies master sitting unsupported by ____ months.

question

The risks of disease are far greater than the risks associated with immunization.

answer

Which of the following statements regarding problems with immunizations is true?

question

A. cancer. B. asthma. C. diabetes.

answer

Breast-feeding reduces the risk of:

question

secondary circular reactions involve the infant responding to people and objects.

answer

The difference between primary and secondary circular reactions is that:

question

stage six.

answer

Using mental combinations to anticipate and solve simple problems takes place in Piaget's sensorimotor:

question

repeated exposures.

answer

Habituation involves:

question

visual cliff.

answer

The experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop-off is referred to as a:

question

A. motivation is high. B. special measures are taken to aid memory retrieval. C. situations or events are similar to real life.

answer

Most developmentalists agree that very young infants can remember if:

question

explicit memory.

answer

Sonia has realized that when her daughter gets out of her crib in the morning she goes right to the same toy to play every morning. This could be an example of the daughter's:

question

hybrid theory.

answer

Scholars have attempted to integrate theories of language development (social-pragmatic theory, innate abilities, and behaviorism) into one theory known as:

question

child-directed speech.

answer

The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way in which adults speak to infants is sometimes called:

question

reflexive communication.

answer

Cries, movements, and facial expressions are examples of:

question

social smile; laughter

answer

A __________ is expressed at 6 weeks and __________ between 2 and 4 months.

question

stranger wariness.

answer

When an infant is fearful of strangers, he or she is exhibiting:

question

emotions.

answer

Excessive stress during infancy impairs the brain, particularly in areas associated with:

question

oral.

answer

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development is:

question

Erikson's first crisis of life.

answer

Satisfying a child's basic needs with care and consistency relates to:

question

cognitive theory.

answer

The idea of a working model is from:

question

fathers; mothers

answer

According to the text, _________ encourage infants to explore, whereas _______ tend to be more cautious.

question

social referencing.

answer

When 12-month-old Nicholas looked at his mother to see her expression as a stranger entered the room, he was demonstrating:

question

willing to explore.

answer

Secure attachment (type B) makes a toddler:

question

is lower at age 5 than at any other age in the life span.

answer

The body mass index (BMI, the ratio of weight to height):

question

between ages 2−6

answer

When does a child's appetite decrease in childhood?

question

obsessive-compulsive behavior in adults.

answer

The hazards of the rigidity the "just-right" phenomenon DO NOT include:

question

lateralization.

answer

The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is:

question

use both sides of the brain for all cognitive functions.

answer

Most people:

question

hippocampus

answer

Which of the following is a central processor of memory, especially of memory for locations?

question

hands; two; brain

answer

Fine motor skills require two ________ and thus ________ sides of the _________.

question

reduced motor skills.

answer

Exposure to high levels of lead does not cause

question

early childhood

answer

All forms of artistic expression blossom during ____________.

question

average three placements before finding a permanent home.

answer

Most foster children:

question

kinship care.

answer

A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes his or her foster parent is:

question

secondary

answer

Flashing lights on stopped school buses are an example of ___________ prevention.

question

young children are significantly limited by their own perspective.

answer

According to Piaget, one of the reasons that logic is beyond young children is that:

question

scaffolding

answer

Which Vygotsky term refers to temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and is aimed at helping him or her master a new skill?

question

can perform this activity with guidance from a more skilled person.

answer

A color-matching activity is within Cleo's zone of proximal development. In other words, Cleo:

question

children want explanations of various things.

answer

According to theory-theory:

question

most questions were about human behavior, such as "Why do people kiss?"

answer

A study of Mexican American children and the questions that they asked found that:

question

autism.

answer

Theory of mind is slow to develop in children who have:

question

language sponges

answer

Children could be referred to as _____________ in early childhood.

question

expressive

answer

The ability to speak or write is called _________ language.

question

20

answer

In the United States in 2010, what percentage of children spoke a language at home other than English?

question

a quality preschool is especially beneficial.

answer

In terms of early childhood learning, research has found that if the home educational quality is poor, then:

question

behavioral theory

answer

Teacher-directed early-education programs are based on which developmental theory?

question

teachers.

answer

When early childhood programs are compared, the most important variable is the:

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