question

A psychologist collects data from a large number of people. She places each person on a continuum ranging from high to low conscientiousness and makes predictions about how people in the high range will act compared to those in the low range. This psychologist is using which approach to understanding personality?

answer

Nomothetic approach

question

Compared to most of us, individuals who score high on Openness are more likely to

answer

consider new ideas.

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Which of the following is true about the trait approach to personality?

answer

Trait researchers generally are not interested in understanding and predicting the behavior of a single individual.

question

Of the following statements, which best coveys what Allport meant by the term "proprium"?

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One's sense of self as a unified concept is called their proprium.

question

According to Allport, people with traits that dominate their personality can be described as having a

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cardinal trait.

question

Psychologists often use personality traits to predict behavior in the workplace. This research has benefited recently by looking at

answer

the Big Five personality dimensions.

question

"If asked why Carol hugged Tom, we say it is because Carol is affectionate; however, if asked how we know Carol is affectionate, we say it is because she hugged Tom." This type of 'circular thinking' is often a point of criticism of which approach to personality?

answer

trait

question

A researcher compares speeches of American presidents to determine the presidents' needs for Achievement. The researcher's research was influenced by which personality theorist's work?

answer

Henry Murray

question

Recently, many researchers using factor analysis have uncovered what they believe to be the number of basic personality factors. How many of these factors do researchers find?

answer

five

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Which of the following is true about the five-factor model?

answer

Hypotheses about the origin of the Big Five factors were generated after the results of the research were seen.

question

Alicia has an active imagination and a strong intellectual curiosity. She likes new and ideas and unconventional ways of looking at problems. Alicia probably is high in

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openness.

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The idiographic approach to personality has advantages. For example,

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the person rather than the researcher determines what traits to examine.

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To determine the basic structure of personality, researchers often use

answer

factor analysis

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Critics of the trait approach have argued that the correlations typically found between personality trait measures and measures of behavior

answer

indicate that only a small percentage of variance in behavior can be accounted for by personality traits.

question

According to the "person by situation" or "interactionist" approach,

answer

behavior is determined by an interaction of personality and the situation.

question

A "Type" approach to personality (as opposed to a "Trait" approach) makes each of the following assumptions except one. Which one?

answer

Not all people can be classified into a type category, but most of them can

question

According to Cattell, which of the following traits are traits that ultimately constitute the human personality?

answer

source

question

Which approach to personality has relatively little to say about why people behave the way they do?

answer

trait

question

According to Murray, we need to know all of the following pieces of information except one in order to predict a woman's achievement behavior. Which one?

answer

her fear of failure

question

Rather than examine a large number of personality variables that may or may not be related to how well people perform in the workplace, many researchers now address the questions of job performance and personality

answer

by using the personality dimensions identified in the Big Five Model.

question

Which of the following statements is true about the trait approach?

answer

No major schools of psychotherapy have evolved from the trait approach.

question

If Susan is high on the personality trait of 'impulsivity', we would expect that Susan will act impulsively

answer

more often than someone low in impulsivity

question

People high on the __________ dimension are helpful and sympathetic to others.

answer

agreeableness

question

In his quest to understand the basic structure of personality, Cattell relied heavily on

answer

factor analysis.

question

Tonya often becomes upset over daily stressors. More than most people, she experiences such emotions as sadness, anger and anxiety. This description of Tonya is best accounted for by which of the factors in the Big Five Model?

answer

neuroticism

question

Which of the following assumptions underlies the trait approach to personality?

answer

Personality characteristics are relatively stable over time.

question

Which theorist identified psychogenic needs as the basic elements of personality?

answer

Henry Murray

question

Traits were introduced into the field of personality psychology by

answer

Gordon Allport

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One team of researchers improved its ability to predict behavior from personality measures by dividing participants into those for whom the trait is and is not relevant. This approach is similar to that advocated earlier by

answer

Gordon Allport

question

Recent research on the "Big Five" personality factors uses an approach to understanding personality similar to that advocated by

answer

Raymond Cattell.

question

Many researchers fail to produce strong links between personality traits and behavior. Some researchers argue that the reason for this failure is because

answer

researchers don't measure behavior correctly.

question

According to Murray, which of the following is not a psychogenic need?

answer

safety

question

it is clear that Simon ( teen idol) falls score very low in which trait?

answer

agreeableness

question

as seen by his abundant 'alarm behavior' it is likely that our "scare Tactics" guy scores very high on what trait?

answer

neuroticism

question

two photographers creat zebra costume in order to approach and photograph wildlife is high in what trait?

answer

openness

question

fail!! two wildlife photogaphers dressed like a zebra are getting eaten by two bears this is a sign of low

answer

conscientiousness

question

Jimbo follows politics on T.V he watches with great interest. he can speak at length and in detail about each party's basic platform. Jimbo is high in what trait?

answer

openness

question

every year Pat plants a vegetable garden, every year the plants are dead by June. pat may be on the extreme on what trait?

answer

conscientiousness

question

you are a bank manager, you need to hire someone who is comfortable with forcing families out of their foreclosed homes which person do you hire

answer

Henry which is low in agreeableness

question

what is Eysenck's Extroversion of stability ?

answer

Test- retest reliability

question

in Eysenck's Test re-test reliability when did numbers fall below normal?

answer

during adolescents

question

Eysenck's Extroversion cross culture studies what did he find?

answer

similarities were strongly biological

question

True of False extraverts are under aroused and need arousal

answer

true

question

True or false introverts have to much arousal and look for quieter places

answer

True

question

what happened in Eysenck's Lemon drop test

answer

introverts salivated more them extraverts

question

what happened in Eysenck's Preferred stimulation studies with light and noise?

answer

introverts turned down the lights and noise, extraverts turned up the light and noise. both were calm but needed different arousal techniques

question

According to evolutionary personality theory, psychological mechanisms

answer

helped the species survive and reproduce

question

Hans Eysenck's approach to personality research is similar to Cattell's approach in that

answer

both are concerned with identifying the basic structure of personality

question

Critics have pointed to several weaknesses in the research used to make a case for the role of genetics on personality development. Their criticisms include each of the following points except one. Which one?

answer

Dizygotic twins may share an environment more alike than the environment shared by monozygotic twins.

question

Research suggests that inhibited children are especially anxious about

answer

novelty.

question

Researchers have difficulty determining genetic influences on personality when they simply compare children with their parents. This is because

answer

genetic and environmental influences on personality are confounded when using this method.

question

A psychologist shows participants films designed to make them either happy or sad. She measures the participants' brain activity levels with an electroencephalograph (EEG) during the films. This psychologist probably is conducting research on

answer

cerebral asymmetry

question

Which of the following hypothetical research findings would present a problem for researchers trying to interpret results from a twin-study design?

answer

Parents of monozygotic twins treat the two twins more alike than do parents of dizygotic twins.

question

A woman likes to spend her time with others, enjoys loud music, often acts impulsively, and does not like to be alone. According to Eysenck's model of personality, this woman is

answer

extraverted.

question

In Eysenck's model of personality, which of the following is correct about extraversion

answer

It is one of two basic personality dimensions

question

Eysenck points to each of the following except one as evidence for a biological basis of personality. Which one?

answer

research on brain-wave activity

question

A researcher reports that men in this country tend to marry younger women and women tend to marry older men. This finding might be used to support which theory?

answer

evolutionary personality theory

question

Which of the following is false about childhood differences in temperament patterns?

answer

Differences are related to intelligence.

question

Which of the following is true about parental investment?

answer

Males of many species are free to mate with as many females as they can.

question

A psychologist purchases an electroencephalograph (EEG) for use in his research. The psychologist is interested in measuring

answer

brain electrical activity

question

According to evolutionary personality theory, men prefer physically attractive women because

answer

the attributes we call beautiful are associated with youth and fertility.

question

Many generations ago, our ancestors were more likely to survive if they lived in groups than if they tried to live by themselves. This argument is used by advocates of evolutionary personality theory to explain

answer

anxiety.

question

Recent research challenges one aspect of Eysenck's original theory. This newer research suggests that extraverts and introverts differ in terms of their

answer

sensitivity to stimulation

question

For extraverts, friends often serve as an important buffer against stress. This finding supports the idea that extraverts

answer

have higher positive affect due to greater social activity.

question

A fiveboy is controlled and gentle. He is reluctant to play with new children and hesitates when entering new situations. Temperament researchers probably would identify this child as

answer

Inhibited.

question

Which assumption is made by researchers using the twinmethod?

answer

Dizygotic twins share an environment that is just as similar as the environment shared by monozygotic twins.

question

Theorists give many arguments for the evolution of anxiety. Each of the following is an argument except one. Which one?

answer

We all have a need to dominate others

question

Which of the following kinds of data provides the weakest scientific evidence for a genetic influence on personality?

answer

similarity between personalities of parents, and children raised by those parents

question

Researchers use the twin-study method to

answer

separate environmental from genetic influences. determine how much of our personality is inherited from our parents. determine how much of our personality is the result of experience. all the above

question

Which of the following is a problem for the assumption that MZ and DZ twins are raised in equally similar environments?

answer

MZ twins may share more of their environment than DZ twins.

question

Using factor analysis, Eysenck found that people who score high on the dimension of psychoticism tend to be

answer

egocentric and aggressive. impulsive. not generally concerned with the rights and welfare of others. all of the above

question

Some psychologists argue that we should utilize different learning procedures to meet the needs of each student's temperament. This approach is based on which model?

answer

The "Goodness of Fit" Model

question

Behavior genetics researchers have taken their data from twin studies and used formulas to estimate that about _________ of the stability in adult personalities can be attributed to genetics.

answer

40%

question

Those twins we commonly call "identical twins" are more technically called

answer

monozygotic.

question

Cross-cultural studies find similar patterns of what men and women look for in their spouses across many different cultures. These findings support evolutionary personality theory because they suggest that mate preferences do not merely reflect differences in

answer

social learning patterns

question

According to your readings, the growing acceptance of the several biological influences on personality is

answer

a reflection of behaviorism's decline in academic psychology.

question

The twinmethod is used by researchers to get around which methodological problem?

answer

a confound between genetic and environmental influences

question

Those acquaintances of yours who prefer quiet and perhaps isolated rooms in which to study are, according to research, more likely to be

answer

introverts

question

One reason twin studies produce higher estimates of heritability than some other methods may be that the twin studies

answer

capture nonadditive effects of genetics.

question

How do most personality researchers phrase the "nature" question today?

answer

To what extent and how do both genetics and the environment influence personality?

question

Research has found that extraverts are not always happier than introverts. Why not?

answer

Extraverts are more likely to be impulsive.

question

Compared to 30 or 40 years ago, personality psychologists today generally are more likely to acknowledge that

answer

personality cannot be separated from our biology.

question

Researchers have examined cerebral asymmetry in depressed people. The results of this research suggests that

answer

some people may be born with a greater likelihood to become depressed than others.

question

One team of investigators examined where extraverts and introverts sat in the library. They based their predictions on which of the following notions?

answer

Extraverts and introverts have different levels of preferred arousal and different sensitivity to stimulation.

question

Research indicates that a child's temperament is related to how well he or she performs in school. Researchers explain this finding with each of the following reasons except one. Which one?

answer

Temperament is related to intelligence.

question

Which of the following has been found by researchers examining cerebral asymmetry?

answer

Differences in hemispheric activity levels can be detected in children as young as 10 months old.

question

According to Eysenck's original model, which of the following is true about extraverts?

answer

They generally have a low level of cortical arousal.

question

According to the widely accepted temperament model presented in the text, how many general temperaments are there?

answer

three

question

One limitation of evolutionary personality theory with regard to mate selection is that

answer

researchers cannot manipulate the variables they study.

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