Psychology: Human Growth & Development Topic Test – Flashcards
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Which of the following statements is not true about genes?
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A. Genes consist of hormones that regulate bodily functions.
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All of the following are environmental influences except ____________.
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B. genes
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If the ability to roll one's tongue is dominant (R) and the inability to roll one's tongue is recessive (r), what are the possible genotypes for someone who can roll their tongue?
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RR and Rr
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The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce refers to __________.
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C. fitness
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Nature refers to __________, while nurture refers to __________.
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B. heredity . . . environment
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What does Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection state about traits?
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D. Traits that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to be passed on to future generations.
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A Punnett square is used to determine the __________.
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A. probable outcome of a genetic cross
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Read the example below and answer the question that follows. Susan has made some friends at her new high school who offer her cigarettes during their lunch break. She does not want to smoke but does so in order to fit in. Susan is most likely being influenced by __________.
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IS NOT A. physical environment
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Which theorist conducted an experiment in which a rat was conditioned to press a bar in order to receive a reward, illustrating how nurture influences behavior?
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D. B. F. Skinner
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Researchers use all of the following to study the impact of heredity on behavior except __________ studies.
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IS NOT D. twin
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__________ refers to the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce, whereas __________ is any inherited characteristic that increases one's chance of survival.
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C. Fitness . . . adaptation
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All of the following are examples of stage theories in development except __________.
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Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development
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Personality appears to _________ as individuals age.
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gradually stabilize
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Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Jim, who believes in stage theories of human development, is reading a paper on famous psychologist Erik Erikson. In Erikson's psychosocial development theory, children aged 3 to 5 years old struggle with becoming responsible for beginning tasks. Since Jim believes that human development often occurs in distinct stages, which of the following statements would he agree with?
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D. Children will complete their struggle with responsibility before they move onto the next stage.
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Personality is most malleable before __________.
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D. adulthood
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Which of the following is an assumption of continuity theories?
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Developmental milestones may be achieved gradually.
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Which personality trait appears to be stable over the course of a person's life?
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A. neuroticism
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Which of the following is not an assumption of stage theories?
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A. Stages are cultural.
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When a psychologist claims that experience and learning are key elements in initiating developmental changes, the psychologist most likely supports which theories of development?
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IS NOT A. stable
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If development does not occur in stages, then it is likely that development can be described as __________.
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IS NOT B. discontinuous
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Which of the following is an assumption of stage theories of development?
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A. A person's age is good indicator of what period of development one is in.
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Which of the following statements concerning personality stability is not correct?
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D. Personality is often more malleable after one reaches adulthood.
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Over the course of an individual's life, personality is __________.
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D. capable of both change and stability
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Severe malnutrition of the mother affects the development of the fetus with all of the following problems except __________.
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psychological disorders
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When a mother's immune system reacts to the fetus' blood due to an incompatibility in blood cell type, it is called __________.
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Rh incompatibility
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Neural tube defects are birth defects of the __________ and __________.
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B. brain . . . spinal cord
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During weeks 17-20, quickening occurs, which is when the __________.
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D. mother is able to feel the fetus move inside her womb
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The __________ stage is the third stage of development and lasts from two months through birth.
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B. fetal
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Major organs form and cells continue to divide in the __________ stage.
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C. embryonic
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The organ that provides oxygen and nutrition to the fetus and filters out bodily wastes is the __________.
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D. placenta
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All of the following are possible causes of preeclampsia except __________.
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C. low birth weight
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A fetus is said to reach full term around _____ weeks.
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C. 37-40
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Which of the following does not occur during the embryonic stage?
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A. The bones become fully developed.
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Infants are born with billions of __________ at the time of birth.
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C. nerve cells
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The __________ reflex occurs when infants turn their head toward the side of the face that was touched and open their mouth.
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rooting
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The proximodistal trend can be described as the __________ direction of motor development.
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center-to-outward
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An infant will begin __________ when the area around the mouth is stimulated.
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D. sucking
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The average age at which an infant can sit unattended is approximately __________ months.
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D. five to six
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Mark and Sansa are playing hopskotch outside on the sidewalk. What type of motor skill is being illustrated through this game?
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IS NOT simple
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The reflex that causes an infant to suck when the roof of the mouth is touched is called the ___________ reflex.
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sucking
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Sometimes an infant will seem startled and will fling their arms out and possibly cry. This is known as the __________ reflex.
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IS NOT D. grasping
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Infants will often reach for things by __________ before they learn to reach with their arms.
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C. twisting their entire body
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The images above demonstrate a progression in __________ motor skills in regard to drawing.
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A. fine
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Which of the following statements concerning childhood brain development is not true?
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IS NOT B. Infants can make cause and effect associations before the age of three.
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According to the theory of psychosocial development, adolescents are focused on __________.
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realizing what role they want to play in society
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Which of the following statements does not represent a benefit of peer relationships?
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C. Erin teased her friend Jared constantly about his haircut even though Jared tried to explain why he liked it.
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Children associated with the insecure-avoidant attachment type most likely have caregivers who are __________.
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A. insensitive and unresponsive
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What type of attachment is displayed when a child actively explores the environment but seeks out the caregiver for reassurance or comfort?
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secure
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Children of __________ parents tend to be happy and well adjusted with high self-esteem.
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A. authoritative
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According to Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, children learn to trust and eventually form a close attachment to those who fills their needs.
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IS NOT B. initiative versus guilt
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Children of permissive parenting have a tendency to be __________.
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D. aggressive, immature, and perform poorly in school
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The crisis in Erikson's identity versus role confusion stage of psychosocial development is that the individual must __________.
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C. realize who or what one wants to be
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When Marc was an infant, he did not adapt well to change, but as a preadolescent, he will eventually accept changes if they are introduced gradually. Marc is most likely __________.
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C. slow-to-warm-up
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Which of the following is not a parenting style?
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B. disorganized
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Piaget's belief that children form mental pictures according to new stimuli or experiences is known as __________.
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C. schemas
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According to Jean Piaget, in what stage of cognitive development are children able to understand conservation tasks?
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preoperational
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__________ refers to using prior knowledge and skills to interpret new information.
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Assimilation
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According to Piaget's theory on cognitive development, individuals construct knowledge mainly through __________.
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interaction with the environment
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During __________, frequently used synaptic connections in the brain strengthen while rarely used connections tend to thin.
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D. synaptogenesis
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A child's intellectual capacity is most likely to reach its fullest potential in a home where __________.
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D. there is strong emotional support and security
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When new understandings are achieved but the range of information able to be understood does not change, a learner's zone of proximal development __________.
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C. is smaller
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__________ who have been raised apart are typically more similar in intelligence level than biological siblings raised together because they have been born with the same genetic code.
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C. Identical twins
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Which of the following is not one of the four basic principles underlying the Vygotskian framework?
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B. Growth is independent of cultural skills.
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Which of the following choices is an accurate example of how the use of cultural tools is important in the development of one's cognitive developmental process?
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C. The use of an abacus to solve a mathematical equation is useful in helping the brain form a mental picture of the problem.
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In which of Piaget's stages would a child be if the child has just developed object permanence?
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B. sensorimotor
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__________ is when one relates similar objects to schemas one is already familiar with.
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D. Assimilation
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Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning was criticized by Carol Gilligan due to Kohlberg's claim that __________.
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women are at a lower level of moral reasoning than men
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Which of the folllowing statements concerning assumptions and findings of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is not accurate?
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Research indicates that Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning are universal.
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Children who avoid behaviors that might result in punishment are in the __________ stage of Kohlberg's preconventional level.
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obedience and punishment
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According to Carol Gilligan, which of the following best represents justice reasoning? Please select the best answer from the choices provided
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One's focus in on individual rights and rules.
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__________ are inappropriate behaviors that are discouraged because they typically violate the rules of society.
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C. Social transgressions
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Which of the following represents an aspect of Carol Gilligan's theory on moral development?
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B. Women and men often differ in reasoning about moral issues.
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Shifting focus on personal needs and wants to gaining approval from others is the transition from the __________ to the conventional stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.
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C. preconventional stage
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Lawrence Kohlberg felt that one of the only ways individuals will accomplish the objectives in each of his six stages was to participate in __________ in small group settings.
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IS NOT C. law and order
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Read the following scenario and answer the question that follows. After watching the morning news, roommates Kelly and Rob argued about whether or not a man on trial should have been sentenced to prison for robbind goods and giving to those on welfare. Rob argued that the man should not have been convicted because he broke the law for a good cause while Kelly argued that the man should be convicted because it is against the law to steal so the man's behavior was wrong. Based on Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning which of the following statements would Kohlberg agree with?
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B. Rob is at a higher level of moral reasoning than Kelly.
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One who believes that wrong behavior is the behaviors that are punished is in the ___________ of moral reasoning.
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C. preconventional
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Lawrence Kohlberg's research involved __________ of different ages and basing his theory on their reactions and responses.
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C. posing hypothetical moral dilemmas to individuals
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Lawrence Kohlberg theory of moral reasoning consists of __________ levels of moral development and __________ stages.
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A. three . . . six
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Read the following scenario and answer the question that follows. Marley and Soncy witnessed their classmate, Josh, get into trouble by their fourth grade teacher. Marley claimed that Josh's behavior was wrong because he hurt another student and Soncy claimed that Josh's behavior was wrong because he broke the class rules. Based on Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning which of the following statements would Kohlberg agree with?
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IS NOT C. Soncy and Marley are at the same level of moral reasoning.
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The __________ approach to moral development consists of identifying different ways one can behave in situations that will benefit oneself without harming others.
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D. utilitarian
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Which of the following statements concerning moral development is not true? Please select the best answer from the choices provided
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What is determined as right or wrong is universally defined and agreed upon.
