Psychology Exam 3 Study Guide

Q: Modern intelligence tests calculate an IQ score by:

comparing a participant\'s score against the average score of other participants of the same age.

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_____ skills include language, literacy, and concepts of money, time, and numbers.

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Conceptual

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_____ is a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

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Stereotype threat

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Robert Sternberg suggests that there are _____ intelligences.

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three

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A test which yields consistent results is said to be:

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reliable

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Brain scans reveal that identical twins have very similar _____ and _____ matter volume.

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gray; white

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Generational group differences are attributed to:

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environmental factors

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If intelligence is a single mental ability rather than a group of separate abilities, _____ should reveal a single cluster of mental abilities.

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factor analysis

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The first modern test of intelligence was developed in:

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France

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Sandra has been told that her infant has an extra chromosome 21 in his genetic makeup. This suggests that the infant will suffer from _____ syndrome.

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down

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The scientific meaning of bias hinges on a test's _____.

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validity

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The theory of multiple types of academic intelligence is LEAST related to the idea that:

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there is a general intelligence known as a g factor.

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If an exam assesses a student's mastery of a representative sample of course material, it is said to:

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have content validity

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_____ conditions can override genetic influences on cognitive development, especially among children raised in poverty.

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Environmental

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Feng et al. (2007) found that playing action video games boosts _____ abilities.

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spatial

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According to Sternberg, _____ is often required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill-defined, with multiple solutions.

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practical intelligence

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Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon originally wanted to measure the intelligence of French schoolchildren in order to:

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identify students with special needs in order to better educate them.

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A person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly is referred to as _____ intelligence.

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fluid

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Women have been found to score lower on math tests when they are tested alongside men. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

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stereotype threat

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People who score very high on emotional intelligence scales are likely to:

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experience high-quality interactions with friends.

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Modern intelligence tests calculate an IQ score by:

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comparing a participant's score against the average score of other participants of the same age.

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Monica has an IQ of 60. While she needs to live at home with her parents, she does get out and see movies with her friends. By doing this, Monica is displaying:

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social skills

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Stereotype threat is MOST likely to depress female students' performance on a _____ test and to decrease male students' performance on a(n) _____ test.

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math problem solving; spelling

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_____ intelligence refers to one's ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use one's emotions.

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Emotional

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The American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was called the:

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Stanford-Binet

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Although Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her anger and responds to her sister's frustration with empathy. Her behavior BEST illustrates:

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emotional intelligence

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The _____ is the most widely used intelligence test for adults. It includes subtests for verbal comprehension and processing speed.

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

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Environmental conditions can override _____ influences on cognitive development, especially among children raised in poverty.

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genetic

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Although he has been diagnosed with autism and is unable to speak coherently, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricately detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as _____ syndrome.

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savant

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Similar intelligence test scores for identical twins reared apart are taken as evidence for:

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the importance of genetic influences on intelligence test scores.

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People who score very high on _____ intelligence tests are likely to experience high-quality interactions with friends.

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emotional

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When he was very young, William took an intelligence test as part of a research study. Decades later, William is asked if he would be willing to take another intelligence test in order to test the stability of intelligence. By agreeing to take another intelligence test, William is engaging in a(n) _____ study.

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longitudinal

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According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for recognition and respect from others is an _____ need.

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esteem

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A starving rat will lose all interest in food if its arcuate _____ is destroyed.

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nucleus

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Not only are we humans _____ by our need to reduce drives, we also are _____ by incentives.

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pushed; pulled

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Many 9-month-old infants will investigate every accessible corner of the house out of curiosity. This is an example of:

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arousal theory

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In addition to orexin, which is secreted by the hypothalamus, _____ is a hormone secreted by an empty stomach that sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain.

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ghrelin

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In general, _____ mostly explain(s) why one person is heavier than the other, while _____ explain(s) why people are heavier today than their counterparts were 50 years ago.

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genes; environment

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Whenever physiological need increases, such as when we get thirsty or hungry, psychological drive also goes up. This is an example of _____ theory.

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drive-reduction

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A group of protesters went on a hunger strike and drastically lowered their caloric intake. It is likely that in response to this semi-starvation their basal metabolic rate _____ and they lost weight.

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decreased

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_____ is an example of a human infant instinct.

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Rooting

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According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to live up to one's unique and fullest potential is a(n) _____ need.

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self-actualization

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As compared to the concept of a set point, the concept of a(n) _____ point is less rigid.

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settling

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When stressed, people crave carbohydrates. Carbohydrates help raise levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a calming effect. This is an example of taste preferences being influenced by _____ factors.

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biological

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_____ arises from the interplay between nature (the bodily "push") and nurture (the "pulls" from our thought process and culture).

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Motivation

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According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to avoid loneliness and separation is a(n) _____ need.

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belongingness and love

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When your blood glucose level drops, your _____ increases.

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hunger

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Which alternative correctly labels a potential variable in an experimental investigation of the Yerkes-Dodson law?

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level of arousal = independent variable

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Denise went through gastric bypass surgery for her severe obesity. This has helped to lessen her appetite and lose weight because her remaining stomach produces less _____.

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ghrelin

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Carl, a successful businessman in his late fifties, has decided that he wants to "retire from work." While he is in a position to earn a lot more money, he knows he has more than enough. Instead, Carl wants to put his skills to work helping the charities that he supports. In addition, Carl and his wife want to take an active part in raising their grandchildren. Carl is motivated by _____ needs.

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self-actualization

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Armaghan lives in a small Afghan village. She desperately wants to go to school. However, since other girls in the village have been attacked for attending school, her parents do not want to send her. Her parents are motivated by _____ needs.

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safety

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Insulin influences hunger by controlling blood sugar. Many other hormones also affect hunger. Hunger is "counteracted" by leptin and _____.

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pyy

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By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to:

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maintain homeostasis

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The goal of drive reduction is:

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homeostasis

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_____ is the tendency to maintain a balanced internal state, regulating any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level.

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Homeostasis

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Insulin influences hunger by controlling blood sugar. Many other hormones also affect hunger. Hunger is "stimulated" by orexin and _____.

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ghrelin

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The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need is known as:

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drive-reduction

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Jim just entered high school. After a few weeks, his parents notice that he wants to get some new clothes and change his hair style so that he can impress other kids. Jim is most likely motivated by _____ needs.

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belongingness and love

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The perspective on motivation that focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors is known as _____ theory.

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instinct

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An instinct is a complex behavior that is a _____ throughout all members species and is _____.

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fixed pattern; unlearned

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Which part of the brain has been found to show increased activity in response to a sense of being ostracized?

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anterior cingulate cortex

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A desire for accomplishment and for mastery of things, people, and ideas, is called _____ motivation.

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achievement

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When our need for _____ is balanced with our need for _____ and _____, we experience a deep sense of well-being.

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relatedness; autonomy; competence

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In one study, college students were randomly assigned to explain either their MySpace page, or a Google Maps routing. The students' narcissism scores were then measured. In this study, narcissism scores were a(n) _____ variable.

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dependent

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Our _____ is said to be a gauge of how socially accepted we feel.

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self-esteem

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In one study cited in your text, Bonezzi et al. (2011) followed more than 1500 gifted California schoolchildren for 40 years. Because the same sample was tested over an extended period, this study represents a(n) _____ research design.

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longitudinal

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When he described the human "urge to community," personality psychologist _____ echoed the thoughts of the Greek philosopher Aristotle.

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Alfred Adler

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Eliot Aronson's book, "The Social Animal" is one of the classic texts in social psychology. Its title pays homage to the Greek philosopher _____.

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Aristotle

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Sarah is a 13-year-old girl who is unpopular with her classmates. They often taunt her by calling her a freak, and generally will have nothing to do with her. According to the text, these experiences will probably cause Sarah to show _____ empathy towards others.

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less

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Your best friend is applying to graduate school, but only at the best schools in the country. He has always had high standards and a great desire to attain significant accomplishments. According to Henry Murray, he would be classified as someone with:

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high achievement motivation

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Based on the text's discussion, narcissism scores are probably _____ correlated with time spent on social networking sites.

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positively

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Janna keenly desires close relationships with other people, but she is always worried that she might be rejected or abandoned. Janna displays insecure _____ attachment.

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anxious

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According to Angela Duckworth and Martin Seligman, which of the following distinguishes extremely successful individuals?

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grit

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_____ conceded that our brains process and react to vast amounts of information without our conscious awareness.

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Richard Lazarus

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In a positive mood, a person will experience increased activity in his or her _____ frontal lobe.

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left

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The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates:

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spillover effect

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Izzy's pupils are dilated and her heart is racing. Most specifically, her _____ nervous system is active.

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sympathetic

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According to the behavior feedback phenomenon, what could you do to improve a depressed mood?

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Walk briskly while swinging your arms and looking forward.

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Evidence that emotion follows physiological arousal would be most consistent with the ____ theory. Evidence that emotion follows the placement of a cognitive label on physiological arousal would be most consistent with the _____ theory.

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James-Lange; Schachter-Singer

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Julie is competing in a basketball free throw contest. Based on the Yerkes-Dodson law, Julie is likely to perform _____ if her sympathetic nervous system is _____ aroused.

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well; moderately

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You look down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. You immediately feel your heart start to pound and you simultaneously experience fear. The theory that best explains this emotional response is the _____ theory.

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Cannon-Bard

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Contemporary researchers suggest that Izard's list of basic emotions may be incomplete. They have argued that love and _____ may be similarly basic.

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pride

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The fact that blind children show the same six basic facial expressions as sighted children lends support to the theory that the expressions are:

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innate

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According to Carrol Izard, people experience _____ basic emotions, most of which are present at infancy.

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ten

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Kyra is competing in a basketball free throw contest. She is likely to perform well if the activity of the sympathetic nervous system during the performance is _____.

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moderate

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Sigmund Freud suggested that there are three interacting systems that can explain the dynamics of the human mind: the _____, the _____, and the _____.

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id; ego; superego

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As theorists, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and Karen Horney are all considered to be _____.

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neo-Freudians

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Defense mechanisms, according to psychological researcher Roy Baumeister, are motivated less by seething impulses than our need to protect our _____.

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self-image

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In Sigmund Freud's theory, id is to _____ as ego is to _____.

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pleasure; reality

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This projective test seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of a certain type of abstract pictorial representation.

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Rorscharch test

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Many researchers believe that the unconscious is not a repository of seething emotions, but rather a cooler information-processing center. This notion best reflects the _____ perspective in psychology.

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cognitive

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Bruce has been smoking since he was 15-years-old. His doctor tells him that he needs to quit for his health. Bruce tells the doctor, "Look, smoking is the only bad thing I do, and besides, you have to die of something." This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:

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rationalization

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Steve struggles with feelings of inferiority that in turn drive him to seek superiority and power. Which of the following theorists was most concerned with cases like Steve's condition?

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Alfred Adler

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Recent research seems to indicate that high stress and associated stress hormones _____ memory.

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enhance

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Stu is someone who always needs to be in control. As a young child, he had a difficult time with toilet training. On which psychosexual stage would psychoanalysts say Stu is fixated?

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anal

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According to your text, evidence confirms unconscious mechanisms that defend self-esteem. One such mechanism is:

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reaction formation

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Recent research suggests that the unconscious involves the _____ that activate(s) instantly, before conscious analysis.

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emotions

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Although Alex is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. Alex most clearly demonstrates a(n):

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weak superego

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In the memory chapter you learned that people retrieve information from long-term memory into short-term or working memory. In Freud's theory, long-term memory corresponds to the _____ mind, whereas short-term memory corresponds to the _____ mind.

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preconscious; conscious

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Roy Baumeister found that people tend to see their foibles and attitudes in others, a phenomenon that Sigmund Freud called _____.

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projection

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Jorge was reprimanded for an accounting error by his boss in front of his co-workers. Jorge gets home from his job and yells at his wife for not having dinner ready. His wife then yells at the children for leaving their toys all over the house. This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:

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discplacement

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Of the neo-Freudians, _____ placed the LEAST emphasis on social influences during childhood.

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Carl Jung

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Many of today's researchers refer to _____ as the false consensus effect.

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projection

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Eight-year-old Jacob picks up a hammer and begins pounding on the board just as his father is hammering nails into the wall. Jacob's actions are best explained by:

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identification

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When people openly express their own feelings, drop their facades, and practice self-disclosure, they are displaying:

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genuineness

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According to Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck, the individual variation that is apparent across people can be reduced to several dimensions, including:

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extraversion-introversion

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The Big Five personality factors are reported to have a heritability of approximately _____ percent for each dimension.

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50

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What did humanistic psychology share with the psychodynamic perspective?

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a substantial impact on the field

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Starke Hathaway is to _____ measurement as Alfred Binet is to _____measurement.

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personality; intelligence

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With respect to the Big Five theory, careless is to low _____ as helpful is to high_____.

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conscientiousness; agreeableness

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A psychology instructor asks his class to write down all of their thoughts and feelings about themselves. This exercise is a way to describe:

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self-concepts

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According to research, personality traits rival _____ and _____ as predictors of mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment.

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socioeconomic status; cognitive ability

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Kenya works as a school counselor for an inner-city school. She is very popular with the kids. They believe that they can share anything with her and that she will listen and take the time to understand what is going on with them. Carl Rogers would argue that Kenya would score highly on a scale for _____.

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empathy

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Jim is taking a personality test assessing the fundamental dimensions of extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability. Jim is most likely taking the:

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Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

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The Eysencks' two personality dimensions appear in the Big Five theory as Extraversion and _____ (emotional instability).

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neuroticism

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Your friend asks you to see the tarot card reader at the carnival. The "psychic" tells you that you have many abilities, much to offer others, and enjoy the company of your girlfriend. You girlfriend is amazed, but you are not because this reading best illustrates:

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Barnum effect

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Marnie is organized, careful, and disciplined. She would likely score very highly on a personality test that measures _____.

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conscientiousness

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Personality inventories are to _____ scoring as projective tests are to _____ scoring.

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objective; subjective

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Psychologists would use _____ to assess whether a single personality trait is reflected in a cluster of characteristics (e.g., ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance).

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factor analysis

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Recall Eysenck and Eysenck's (1963) two personality dimensions. Which of the following individuals is probably introverted and emotionally stable?

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reliable person

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Al is applying for a new job with a large company. As part of the application process, Al will need to take a personality test. The test has 10 scales, including a scale that assesses depressive tendencies. Al is most likely taking the:

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

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Dr. Nguyen sees his own therapist in order for him to be at his emotional best for seeing patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Rogers refers to this attitude as _____.

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genuineness

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In a psychology class debate on the humanistic perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which is a valid criticism of the humanistic perspective?

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The descriptions of self-actualizing people reflect Abraham Maslow's personal values.

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Reciprocal determinism is associated with the _____ perspective.

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social-cognitive

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People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Thomas Gilovich termed this the _____ effect.

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spotlight

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Which alternative is NOT a social-cultural influence on the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality?

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learned responses

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Your 5-year-old niece loves to pretend she is a scientist. She also enjoys pretending she is a horse trainer. These pretend games allow children to:

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try out many possible selves

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The _____ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations; the way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.

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social-cognitive

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Albert Bandura's social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of:

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reciprocal determinism

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Which option is NOT a psychological influence on the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality?

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childhood experiences

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The humanistic perspective is to the social-cognitive perspective as _______ is to _______.

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self-actualization; reciprocal determinism

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Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as _____.

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reciprocal determinism

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Tim attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude illustrates a(n) _____ bias.

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self-serving

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Lately, Harold and Grant cannot get along. Harold often expects the worst of people, and yesterday he thought Grant was mad at him. As a result, Harold ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. However, in truth, Harold created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of:

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reciprocal determinism

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When a physiological need such as hunger creates an aroused tension state, this:

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drives the organism to reduce the need.

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When the blood glucose level drops, _____ increases.

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hunger

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According to research by _____, one reason a person feels hungry is because of stomach pangs.

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L. Washburn and Walter Cannon

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A friend is feeling very edgy about an upcoming test and is consuming large quantities of starchy, carbohydrate-laden foods. However, she is also surprised by how much of this type of food she is eating. What can explain her eating behavior?

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Carbohydrates help to increase levels of serotonin, which can have calming effects.

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Assessing the impact of different management styles on the motivation and productivity of employees illustrates the professional concerns of _____ psychologists.

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organizational

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Who suggested that very similar physiological reactions are associated with a variety of different emotions?

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Walter Cannon

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Which theory of emotion emphasizes the simultaneous experience of body response and emotional feeling?

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Cannon-Bard

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William James would suggest that people feel sorry because they _____ and feel afraid because they _____.

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cry; tremble

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Nina was almost hit by a bus. However, she is okay and her parasympathetic system is responding accordingly. It is:

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slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion.

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Exuberant infants and alert, energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the:

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left frontal lobe.

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In a positive mood, a person will experience increased activity in her:

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left frontal lobe.

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During a job interview, the prospective employee laughs at the interviewer's jokes and seems to feign his smiles. The interviewer does NOT know this from which of these?

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The smiles last for seven to eight seconds.

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In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used _____ test.

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projective

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Bryce often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce BEST illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:

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reaction formation.

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Critics complain that the humanistic perspective fails to appreciate:

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the human capacity for evil.

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The humanistic perspective has been criticized for promoting an excessive degree of:

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individualism.

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According to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:

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genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

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The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) has been translated into more than _____ languages and groups the questions into _____ clinical scales.

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100; 10

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The "Big Five" personality factors include: [CANOE]

answer

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.

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_____ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait.

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Factor analysis

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In a psychology class debate on the social-cognitive perspective, the students are asked to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which criticism of the social-cognitive perspective can they cite?

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This perspective focuses too much on the situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits.

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Some psychologists believe that human _____ is influenced by people's biology, social experiences, and cognition and personality.

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behavior

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People with high self-esteem have feelings of high self-worth and tend to:

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persist when faced with a difficult task.

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Defensive self-esteem is to _____ as secure self-esteem is to _____.

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fragility; sturdiness

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School smarts; traditional academic problem solving

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analytical intelligence

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The ability to react adaptively to new situations and generate novel ideas.

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creative intelligence

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Street smarts; skill at handling everyday tasks, which may be defined, with multiple solutions.

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practical intelligence

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The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

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emotional intelligence

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A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

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algorithm

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A mental image or best example of a category.

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prototype

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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people.

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concept

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The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.

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reliability

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The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

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validity

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The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.

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content validity

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The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior (criterion-related validity).

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predictive validity

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Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

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crystallized intelligence

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Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

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fluid intelligence

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A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

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confirmation bias

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According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psycho-sexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

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fixation

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Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.

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availability heuristics

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The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

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creativity

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Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

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language

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A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.

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heuristics

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In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

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phoneme

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In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix).

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morpheme

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_____ guides us in deriving meaning from words, while _____ guides in correctly stringing words together to form sentences.

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semantics; syntax

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Psychological "pull"

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incentive

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Biological "push"

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need

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A positive or negative stimulus that motivates behavior

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incentive

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The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need.

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drive-reduction theory

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The principle that performance increases with arousal up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

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Yerkes-Dodson law

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Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

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hierarchy of needs

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A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for rapidly obtaining a high standard.

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achievement motivation

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The basic components of emotion are:

answer

bodily arousal; expressive behaviors; conscious experience

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The theory that emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

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James-Lange

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The theory that emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and SIMULTANEOUS subjective experience.

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Cannon-Bard

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An individual's characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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personality

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View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

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psychodynamic theories

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View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

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humanistic theories

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Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits, thinking, and social context.

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social-cognitive perspective

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In psychoanalysis, a method of of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and saids whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

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free association

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A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

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id

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Operates on the "pleasure principle" demanding immediate gratification.

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id

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The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality.

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ego

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Operates on the "reality principle" satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

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ego

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The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideas and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

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superego

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According to Freud, a boy's sexual drives toward his mother and feelings of jealously and hatred for the rival father.

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Oedipus complex

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In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories.

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repression

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According to Maslow, the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

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self-actualization

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A questionnaire (often true-false/agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess personality traits.

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personality inventory

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A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

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unconditional positive regard

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The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

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reciprocal determinism

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Excessive self-love and self-absorption.

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narcissism

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Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

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individualism

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Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly.

answer

collectivism

Psychology Exam 3 Study Guide

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