Test Answers on Psychology Exam 3
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When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used?
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Recall
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Which memory tests would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?
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Recognition
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Jeremy can accurately process and store new information, but when he is tested on what he has learned, he becomes so anxious that he can't easily recall the new information. Jeremy most clearly demonstrates difficulty with what?
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Retrieval
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Some information in our fleeting ___________ is encoded into short-term memory.
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Sensory memory
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Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. During this time their names were stored in her ____________ memory.
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Short-term
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Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates _____________ memory.
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Implicit
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A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________________ memory
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Explicit
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Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n) ___________ memory.
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Implicit
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Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of:
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Acronyms
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Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats and Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography". Tim is using what?
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A mnemonic technique
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Students who study throughout the term and then restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates what?
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The spacing effect
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Episodic memory is best described as _______ memory of ______.
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Explicit; personally experienced events
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Consciously recalling an event that you experienced during your last year of high school best illustrates what?
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Episodic memory
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Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn what?
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The names of newly introduced people
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After recovering from a stroke, Farina was able to learn how to hit a tennis ball. She is unable, however, to learn and remember the name of the rehabilitation therapist who has been working with her each day to develop her tennis swing. Farina is most likely to have suffered damage to her what?
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Hippocampus
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The process in which memories registered in the hippocampus are transferred for long-term storage to other regions of the brain is called what?
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Memory consolidation
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A good night's sleep is most likely to improve exam grades by supporting the process of what?
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Memory consolidation
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Hearing the word rabbit may lead to people to spell the spoken word hair as h-a-r-e. This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as what?
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Priming
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After hearing the sound of an ambulance, you may be momentarily predisposed to interpret a friend's brief coughing spell as a symptom of serious illness. This best illustrates the impact of what?
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Priming
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Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of what?
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Priming
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Recall of what you have learned in often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates what?
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Context-dependent memory
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It's harder for Alonso to recall the name of a workplace colleague when he sees her in a grocery store rather than in the hallway outside his workplace office where he was first introduced to her. This best illustrates what?
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Context-dependent memory
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After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates what?
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Context-dependent memory
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After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates what?
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State-dependent memory
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Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates what?
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A recency effect
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After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a(n) ___________ effect than is their later recall of the items.
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Recency
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After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures. Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced prior to the surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories. Molaison's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates what?
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Anterograde amnesia
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The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by what?
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Retrieval failure
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Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be what?
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Distorted by our current expectations
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After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of what?
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The misinformation effect
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People should avoid back to back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize what?
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Interference
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Professor Pegler's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences the way people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent?
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Cognitive psychology
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When we use the word automobile to refer to a category vehicles, we are using this word as a(n) what?
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Concept
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Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish:
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Prototype
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Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called what?
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Heuristics
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A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving my means of what?
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An algorithm
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As he attempted to spell the word receive, Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c." Tim's self reminder best illustrates the use of what?
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A heuristic
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Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem illustrates what?
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Divergent thinking
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A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates of what?
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Divergent thinking
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Convergent thinking is to academic aptitude as divergent thinking is to what?
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Creativity
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Morphemes are what?
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The smallest distinctive sound units of a language
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The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a "t" and an "n" produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different what?
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Phonemes
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At some point during the babbling stage, babies begin to what?
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Lose their ability to discriminate and produce sounds they never hear
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The earliest stage of speech development is called ________ stage.
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Babbling
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Four month old Piper makes a series of repetitive consonant vowel sounds such as ba ba ba ba. This best illustrates what?
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Babbling
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Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2 year old's telegraphic speech?
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"eat apple"
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To a child, "You follow me" and "Me follow you" communicate different ideas. A chimpanzee well trained in sign language might use the same sequence of signs for both phrases because it is incapable of what?
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Appropriate syntax
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People's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of what?
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A mental image
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Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that what?
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Words shape the way people think
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Experts would most likely agree that intelligence is what?
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Mental ability to learn from experience
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Howard Gardner is most likely to agree that the concept of intelligence includes:
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Spatially analyzing visual input
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The triarchic theory of intelligence was advanced by who?
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Robert Sternberg
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Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and __________ intelligence.
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Creative
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When Professor McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Professor McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates what?
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Emotional intelligence
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To determine whether a child's intellectual development was fast or slow, Binet and Simon assessed the child's what?
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Mental age
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A 12 year old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9 year old was was to have an IQ of what?
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75
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The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is called what?
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A normal curve
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Terman's studies of 1500 California children with IQ scores over 135 indicated that these high-scoring children what?
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were well-adjusted
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Older children's capacity to understand the meaning of words does not decline as much as their capacity to engage in abstract reasoning. This best illustrates the stability of what?
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Crystallized intelligence
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Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's what?
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Ability to reason speedily and abstractly
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The ability to learn a new computer software program is to _______ as knowledge of state capitals is to __________.
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Fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence
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Intelligence tests are "biased" in the sense that what?
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Test performance is influenced by cultural experiences
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The belief that intelligence is changeable facilitates what?
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A growth mind-set
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Motivation is defined by psychologists as what?
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A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal
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Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and what?
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Drive reduction
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For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce what?
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A drive
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According to drive-reduction theory, a need refers to what?
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A physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal
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Our body's temperature cools, our blood vessels constrict (to conserve warmth), and we feel driven to put on more clothes or seek a warmer environment. Our cooling body is an example of a(n) what?
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Physiological need
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An aroused, motivated state is often triggered by a physiological need is called what?
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A drive
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Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?
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Drive-reduction theory
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On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice best illustrates the use of what?
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Incentives
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Two year old Jada is bored. She has been stuck in her car seat for 30 minutes, has played with every toy available to her, and has looked at everything in the car. She wants desperately to escape. She is motivated to escape the car seat to what?
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Increase her arousal to an optimum level
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Randy is a bold person who enjoys stimulating and risky activities. His latest activity involved skydiving off mountainous cliffs. Randy is likely to be what?
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A sensation-seeker
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Thaddeus will perform in a band concert at his school tomorrow. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, his musical performance is likely to be _________ if his physiological arousal during the performance is _________.
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Best; moderate
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According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, the level of physiological arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be what?
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Lower on tasks that are difficult
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Manny is a goalie for his college soccer team. The day of his team's first match Manny was so anxious about his upcoming performance that he could not eat breakfast or lunch. His performance was indeed very poor, so much so that he had to be replaced at halftime. Which of the following theories would have best predicted Manny's performance?
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The Yerkes-Dodson law
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The most basic or lowest level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for what?
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Religious fulfillment
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According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for_____.
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Adequate clothing; self-esteem
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Monica is motivated to reach her unique potential in both her personal and professional life. According to Maslow, Monica is motivated by what?
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Self-actualization needs
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Children who are neglected or who grow up in institutions without a sense of belonging are especially at risk for what?
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Having difficulty developing deep attachments
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Foolish conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by _______ needs.
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Affiliation
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Walter Cannon challenged the James-Lange theory, criticizing it on several grounds. Which of the following is one of those criticisms?
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Cannon pointed out that bodily reactions are similar for many emotions, yet our subjective experience of various emotions is very different
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Tranquilizing drugs that inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity often reduce people's subjective experience of intense anxiety. Which theory of emotion would have the greatest difficulty explaining this effect?
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Cognitive appraisal
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Cassandra's mother told her, "You know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside." This remark best illustrates the:
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Two-factor theory
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Paul insists that the sight of guns always leads him to experience the same intense level of fear regardless of whether he is physically aroused or physically calm. Paul's reported experience is most consistent with?
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Cognitive appraisal
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The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of __________ than does the James-Lange theory.
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Cognitive activity
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Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was "anxious". Noticing that his heart was pounding and this his palms were sweaty, what theory was Harley doing?
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Two-factor theory
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A therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevators that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear but is a natural consequences of too little oxygen in a small, enclosed space. With this new interpretation of his arousal, the patient no longer dreads elevators. The reduction in the patient's fear is best understood in terms of what?
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The Cannon-Bard theory
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After being physically aroused by his daily 3 mile run, Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. Martin's experience can best be explained by the what?
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James-Lange theory
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Julie surprised her unsuspecting roommate Jan by yelling "boo" as Jan walked into their darkened bedroom while Julie was hiding. Before she consciously recognized the "boo" as a silly prank, Jan experienced an immediate surge of fear, resulting from the routing of the unexpected sensory input through her thalamus directly to the what?
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Hippocampus
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Research on nonverbal communication indicates that what?
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Children learn the facial expressions associated with emotion by observing adults
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People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to what?
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How they interpret hand gestures, such as the "A-OK" sign
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The fact that facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion most clearly serves to support the what?
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Nonverbal communication effect
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Whenever he is feeling gloomy, Juan sings the song "Put on a Happy Face." According to the facial feedback effect, if he follows the advice of the song, Juan is likely to what?
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Experience an elevation in his mood
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Imitating another person's facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate what?
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The facial feedback effect
