psychology exam 2 review – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
separation anxiety
answer
the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
question
stranger anxiety
answer
the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person
question
social referencing
answer
the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events
question
ainsworth strange situation
answer
a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and his or her mother
question
self-awareness
answer
knowledge of oneself, begins abour the age of 12 months
question
secure attachment
answer
children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns
question
avoidant attachment
answer
children do not seek proximity to the mother
question
ambivalent attachment
answer
children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers
question
disorganized-disoriented attachment
answer
children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior towards parent
question
reciprocal socialization
answer
process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from infants
question
trust-versus-mistrust stage
answer
the period which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers
question
temperament
answer
patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
question
easy babies
answer
babies who have a positivie disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable
question
difficult babies
answer
babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations; when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw
question
slow-to-warm babies
answer
babies who are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment; their moods are generally negative, and they withdraw from situations, adapting slowly
question
dimensions of temperament
answer
activity leve, approach-withdrawal, adaptability, quality of mood, attention span and persistance, distractibility, regularity, intensity of reaction, threshold of responsiveness
question
autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
answer
the perioduring which toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected
question
goodness-of-fit
answer
the notion that delopment is dependent on the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised
question
preschool health threats
answer
accidents (falls, burns, drowning, suffocation, auto accidents, poisoning),
question
preschool brain development
answer
2-year-olds: brain is 75% of adult size and weight, 5-year-olds: brain is 90% of adult size and weight
question
lateralization
answer
process in which certain cognitive functions are located in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other
question
preschool cognitive processing
answer
myelination increases attention and concentration, more sophisticated cognitive processing
question
preoperational stage
answer
the stage from 2 to 7 in which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases
question
operations
answer
organized, formal, logical mental processes
question
symbolic function
answer
the ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for, or represent, something that is not physically present
question
centration
answer
process of concentrating on one limited aspect of stimulus and ignoring other aspects
question
conservation
answer
the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
question
egocentric thought
answer
thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others
question
intuitive thought
answer
thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world
question
scripts
answer
broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur
question
zone of proximal development
answer
the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent
question
scaffolding
answer
the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth
question
autobioraphical memory
answer
memory of particular events from one's own life, not always accurate, more accurate to open-ended questions
question
functionality
answer
the idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns
question
identity
answer
the understanding that certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance
question
private speech
answer
speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves
question
pragmatics
answer
the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others
question
social speech
answer
speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person
question
initiative-versus-guilt stage
answer
the period during which children aged 3 to 6 experience conflict between independence of action and the someties negative results of that action
question
self-concept
answer
a person's identity, or set of beliefs about that one is like as an individual
question
race dissonance
answer
the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people
question
gender identity
answer
the perception of oneself as male or female
question
gender schema
answer
a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender
question
gender constancy
answer
the belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors
question
functional play
answer
play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds
question
constructive play
answer
play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something
question
parallel play
answer
action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other
question
onlooker play
answer
action in which children simply watch otheres at play, but do not actually participate themselves
question
associative play
answer
play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing although they do not do the same thing
question
cooperative play
answer
play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests
question
authoritarian parents
answer
parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law. they value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement
question
permissive parents
answer
parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children
question
authoritative parents
answer
parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way
question
uninvolved parents
answer
parents who show almost no interst in their children indifferent, rejecting behavior
question
children of authoritarian parents
answer
tend to be withdrawn, showing relatively little sociability, not very friendly, behaving uneasily around their peers
question
children of permissive parents
answer
tend to be dependent and moody, low in social skils and self-control
question
children of authoritative parents
answer
independent, friendly with their peers, self-assertive and cooperative; strong motivation to achive and are typically successful and likable
question
children of uninvolved parents
answer
have disrupted emotional development, they feel unloved and emotionally detached, impedes their physical and cognitive development
question
causes of inadequate fitness
answer
genetics, bad eating habits, poor diets, lack of exercise
question
gross motor skills
answer
riding a bike, running, jumping, swim
question
find motor skills
answer
typing, writing, drawing, tying shoes
question
psychological disorders
answer
20% of children have a psychological disorder (depression, anxiety)
question
visual impairment
answer
a difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness
question
auditory impairment
answer
a special need that involves the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing
question
speech impairment
answer
speech that deviates so much from speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communications, or produces maladjustment in the speaker
question
stuttering
answer
substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment
question
learning disabilities
answer
difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities
question
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
answer
a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity
question
concrete operation stage
answer
the period of cognitive develobetween 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic
question
decentering
answer
the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account
question
reversibility
answer
the notion that presses transforming a stimulus can be reversed, returning it to its original form
question
cultural assimilation model
answer
model that fostered the view of american society as the perverbial melting pot
question
pluralistic society model
answer
concept that american society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features
question
industry-versus-inferiority stage
answer
the period from age 6 to 12 characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and other complexities of the modern world
question
social comparison
answer
the desire to evaluate one's own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them to those of others
question
self-esteem
answer
an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation
question
preconventional morality
answer
people follow rigid rules based on punishment or rewards; no internalization, behavior controlled externally
question
conventional morality
answer
people approach moral problems in terms of their own position as good, responsible members of society; right is what other say it is, partial internalization
question
postconventional morality
answer
unirsal moral principles that are considered broader than the rules of the particular society in which they live; justice is highest principle, act according to conscience
question
orientation toward individual survival
answer
concentration is on what is practical and best for self
question
goodness as self-sacrafice
answer
view is that a woman must sacrafice her own wishes to what other people want
question
morality of nonviolence
answer
moral equivalence is established between self and others; hurting anyone is seen as immoral
question
status
answer
the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group
question
higher-status children
answer
form friendships with others like them, more likely to be views as friends by other children, form cliques, interact with a greater number of children
question
lower-status children
answer
form friendships with others like them, more likely to play with younger or less popular children
question
social competence
answer
the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New