psychology chapter 8 – Flashcards
Flashcard maker : Maddison Bailey
Human Development
the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death.
longitudinal design
research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied by a group of participants is studied over a long period of time.
cross- sectional design
research design in which several different age- groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time.
cross sequencial design
research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed longitudenally.
cohort effet
the impact on development occurring when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience.
nature
the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectural growth, and social interactions.
nurture
the environment of personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.
genetics
the science of heredity.
dominant
referring to the gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.
recessive
referring to a gene that influences the expression of a trait only when paired with an identical gene.
germinal period
first two weeks after fertilization during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.
embryo
name of the developing organism from two weeks to eight weeks after fertilization.
embryonic period
the period from eight to twelve weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structure of the organisms develop.
critical periods
times during which certain environmental influences can have impact on the development of the infant.
teratogen
any factor that can cause a birth defect.
fetal alcohol system
the physical and mental defects caused by consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.
fetal period
the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child.
cognitive development
the development thinking, problem solving, and memory.
scheme
in this case, a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events.
sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment.
object permanence
the knowledge that an object exists even when its not in sight.
preopperational stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development in which the preschool child learns to use language as a use of the world.
egocentrism
the inability to see the world through soneone else’s eyes.
centration
in Piaget’s theory the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other realevent features.
conservation
in Piaget’s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the subjects nature.
irreversability
in Piaget’s theory, the inability of a young child to mentally reverse an action.
concrete operations stage
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking.
formal operations stage
Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking.
scaffolding
process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner.
zone of proximal development
Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what the child had done and what the child can do.
temperament
the behavioral characteristics that are very well established at birth, such as easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.
attatchment
the emotional bond between the infant and the primary caregiver.
self-concept
the image of one self that develops from interactions from important significant people in ones life.
gender
the behavior associated with being male or female.
gender roles
the cultures expectations for masculine or feminine behavior including attitudes, actions, and personality traits.
gender identity
the individuals sense of being male or female.
gender schema theory
theory of gender identify acquisition to which a child develops a mental pattern.
androgyny
describes a gender role characteristic of people whose personalities reflect the characteristics of both males and females.
adolescence
the period of life from about age 13 to early 20s to which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet independent.
puberty
the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak.
personal fable
type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique.
imaginary audience
type of thought common to adolescents in which younger people believe that older people are just as concerned.
identity verses role confusion
fifth stage of personality development in which adolescent must find a consistent sense of self.
menopause
the cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman’s reproductive capability.
andropause
gradual changes in sexual hormones and reproductive system of middle aged males.
intimacy
an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust.
generativity
providing guidance to ones children or the next generation, or contributing to the well being of the next generation through career or volunteer work.
authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child.
permissive parenting
style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any, demands on a child’s behavior.
permissive neglectfull
permissive parenting in which parents are uninvolved with a child or child’s behavior.
permissive indulgent
permissive parenting in which parents are so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits.
authoritative parenting
style of parenting in which parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits on a child’s behavior.
integrity
sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets.
activity theory
theory of adjustment of aging that appears older people are happier if they remain active in some wy.
When the mass of cells does not completely split apart, the result is:
conjoined twins.
Dizygotic twins ___________________________
are more likely to occur in women taking fertility drugs
During the embryonic period, the embryo _____________________________
becomes vulnerable to diseases the mother may have
A researcher spends her entire career comparing the relative influences of heredity and environment on the development of alcoholism in men. This researcher works in the field of:
behavioral genetics.
Which of the following describes the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development?
Genes and experience can affect each other.
Down syndrome is:
a chromosome disorder.
A ______ will always be expressed in the observable trait.
dominant gene
Sixteen-year-old Esmerelda often drinks several glasses of beer and then drives herself home. When her parents express worry that her drinking and driving will lead to an accident, Esmerelda responds, “That won’t happen to me. It only happens to other people.” Esmerelda’s thinking reflects:
the personal fable.
Seeing a dog for the first time, Kenetra—whose family owns a cat—points and says “cat.” Piaget would say this is an example of:
assimilation.
Olivia is in peak physical health. Her senses are sharp and her cognitive abilities are mature. Olivia is most likely in which of the following age groups?
20s
Regarding attachment styles in infancy, secure and ambivalent babies are similar in behavior in that they both:
get upset when mom leaves the room.
Lizzie, age 12, regularly asks questions, such as, “What if everyone just got along?” and, “If I became a medical researcher, could I find a cure for cancer?” According to Piaget’s theory, these questions suggest that Lizzie has acquired the ability to _____.
think abstractly
A 4 year old watches her father pour liquid from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin glass. She believes that there is now more liquid in the tall glass than there was in the short glass. This is known as:
centration.
Dr. Drew believes that boys and girls learn appropriate gender behavior through observation and imitation. Dr. Drew appears to subscribe to the ______ theory of gender-role development
social learning
The primary task of individuals facing Erikson’s stage of identity versus role confusion is to:
develop values in life and beliefs concerning things such as political issues and career options.
The Hindu and the Cheyenne both believe:
in reincarnation.
Dr. Austin is studying the effects of aging on memory. She gives an initial test of memory to a group of 20 year olds and a group of 40 year olds. Then she follows both groups of participants for a period of 5 years, regularly giving them memory tests during that time. Which research design is Dr. Austin using?
cross-sequential
Debra found out two weeks ago that her father was dying from cancer. Unlike her brother, who yelled angrily at God for making his father terminally ill, Debra decided to visit her father as much as she could, reassuring him that even in death, everything would be okay. Debra appears to be in the ____ stage of Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying.
acceptance
The ______ theory proposes that gender identity is acquired as a child develops a mental pattern for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that mental pattern.
gender schema
_______ is the culture’s expectations for either masculine or feminine behavior, including actions, attitudes, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture.
Gender role
_______ are sexual organs present at birth and are directly involved in human reproduction.
Primary sex characteristics
Which of the following is true about reflexes
Some reflexes help infants to survive until they are capable of learning more complex means of interaction
In studies published by British gastroenterologist Dr. Andrew Wakefield, the _____ vaccine was insufficiently linked to autism and bowel disease in children.
MMR
During the intimacy versus isolation stage, Erikson saw the primary task to be
finding a mate.
In the ______ theory of aging, cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage.
cellular clock
The first stage in Kübler-Ross’s theory is:
denial.
The changes that women experience 5 to 10 years prior to menopause are
perimenopause.
One theory suggests that the effects of aging are produced by oxygen molecules with unstable electrons bounding around and damaging structures inside our cells. This is called ________ theory.
free-radical
Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social interactions in cognitive development, whereas ________ stressed the importance of the child’s interactions with objects.
Piaget
Harry Harlow’s work represents one of the earliest investigations into the importance of_____ in the attachment process.
touch
A little boy protected his sister from a strange dog when they were out for a walk. The parents praised him profusely for his bravery and his “manly” behavior. This is an example of the ______ of gender identity.
social learning theory
Dr. Drew believes that boys and girls learn appropriate gender behavior through observation and imitation. Dr. Drew appears to subscribe to the ______ theory of gender-role development.
social learning
The placenta begins to form during the ________ period.
germinal
The impulsive and often risky behavior that can still be seen in adolescence is partially the result of:
incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex of the brain.
Which of the following is true about reflexes?
Some reflexes help infants to survive until they are capable of learning more complex means of interaction.
