Psychology-Chapter 3- Infancy and Childhood – Flashcards
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Developmental psychology
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The study of changes that occur as an individual matures
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Grasping Reflex
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An infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand
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Rooting Reflex
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An infant's response in turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around his or her mouth
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Maturation
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The internally programmed growth of a child
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Telegraphic speech
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The kind of verbal utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear
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Schema
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A specific plan for knowing the world
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Assimilation
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The process of fitting objects and experiences into one's schemeas
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Accommodation
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The adjustment of one's schemas to include newly observed events and experiences
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Object permanence
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A child's realization that an object exists even when he or she cannot see or touch it
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Representational thought
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The intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his or her mind
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Conservation
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The principle that a given quantity does not change when its appearance is changed
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Egocentric
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A young child's inability to understand another person's perspective
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Imprinting
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Inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter new stimuli in their environment
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Critical Period
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A specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned
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Authoritarian family
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Parents attempt to control, shape, and evaluate the behaviors and attitudes of children in accordance with a set of conduct
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Democratic/Authoritative Famiy
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Adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives
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Permissive/Laissez-afire family
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Children have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a non-punishing, accepting attitude towards children
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Socialization
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The process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live
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Identification
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The process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same-sex parent
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Sublimation
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The process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks
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Role taking
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Children's play that involves assuming adult roles; thus enabling the child to experience different points of view
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Two reflexes infants display:
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Grasping reflex and Rooting reflex
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Steps involved in learning language:
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1) Learn to make signs with hands or mouth 2) give them meaning 3) learn grammar
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Questions that developmental psychologists raise concerning nature verses nurture:
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1) How much of development is the result of inheritance/heredity? 2) How much of that is the result of what we have learned?
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How does human language differ from the acquisition of human language by an animal?
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Because animals only use aspects of the human language, but do not apply grammatical rules
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Why do infants construct schemas?
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To try to understand a new object
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Piaget's Stages:
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-Sensorimotor: birth to 1.5 years; simple motor responses -Preoperational: 1.5 to 7 years; lacks operations; egocentric thinking, uses symbols - Concrete operations: 7-11 years; begins to understand conservation, has trouble to abstract ideas -Formal operations: 7 years-on; understands abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
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What does it mean when people say children are egocentric?
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Egocentric is a young child's inability to understand another person's perspective
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How might a child who displays avoidant attachment react when placed alone in a strange room?
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They would be fine when alone in the room but would ignore the mother when she left and returned.
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Describe Fraud's theory of of socialization
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All children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges. Children acquire a sense of right and wrong
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What are the functions of children's games? How do these games illustrate the cognitive-developmental approach?
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They can agree on rules and follow them. It involves role taking, to learn different points of view
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Questions in different stages of moral development:
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1: is my world predictable? 2: can I do things myself or must I rely on others? 3: am I good or bad? 4: am I successful or worthless? 5: who am I? 6: shall I share my life with someone else? 7: will I succeed in life? 8: have I lived a full life?
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Describe capacities newborns display
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Hear, see, smell, and respond to environment
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How does maturation process explain why a 4 month infant cannot be taught to walk?
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As the body matures, it also means that the nerves connected to the muscles have grown....allowing them to walk
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Describe the process by which children learn to talk
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First, they learn to make the signs, then give the signs meaning, and then learn grammar
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Define socialization and explain why it is so important to development
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It is the learning of the rules of behavior of the culture in which you are born and grow up. It's important because it shows the child what behavior is acceptable and unacceptable
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Kohlbergs stages of moral development:
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1) children are egocentric 2) children have a better idea of how to receive awards and avoid punishments 3) become sensitive to what people say/think 4) less concerned with the approval of others 5) concerned with whether a law is just or not 6) acceptance of ethical principles that apply to everyone
