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drug therapy

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Control of psychological disorders through the use of drugs.

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antipsychotic drugs

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Drugs that temporarily reduce psychotic symptoms such as agitation, hallucinations, and delusions.

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antidepressant drugs

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Medications that improve a severely depressed patient's mood and feeling of well-being.

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mood stabilizers

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Drugs used to to treat mood disorders characterized by intense mood swings, especially manic episodes in bipolar disorder.

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antianxiety drugs

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Drugs that reduce the level of anxiety a person experiences essentially by reducing excitability and increasing feelings of well-being.

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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A procedure used in the treatment of severe depression in which an electric current of 70-150 volts is briefly administered to a patient's head.

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transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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A depression treatment in which a precise magnetic pulse is directed to a specific area of the brain.

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psychosurgery

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Brain surgery once used to reduce the symptoms of mental disorder but rarely used today.

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community psychology

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A branch of psychology that focuses on the prevention and minimization of psychological disorders in the community.

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deinstitutionalization

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The transfer of former mental patients from institutions to the community.

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humanistic therapy

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Therapy in which the underlying rationale is that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems.

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person-centered therapy

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Therapy in which the goal is to reach one's potential for self-actualization.

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interpersonal therapy (IPT)

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Short-term therapy that focuses on the context of current social relationships, helping patients to control their moods and emotions.

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group therapy

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Therapy in which people meet in a group with a therapist to discuss problems.

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family therapy

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An approach that focuses on the family and its dynamics.

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spontaneous remission

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Recovery without formal treatment.

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psychotherapy

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Treatment in which a trained professional—a therapist—uses psychological techniques to help a person overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth.

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biomedical therapy

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Therapy that relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological functioning.

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psychodynamic therapy

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Therapy that seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively.

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psychoanalysis

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Freud's psychotherapy in which the goal is to release hidden thoughts and feelings from the unconscious part of our minds in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior.

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transference

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The transfer of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patient's parents or other authority figures.

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behavioral treatment approaches

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Treatment approaches that make use of the basic processes of learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.

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aversive conditioning

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A form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior.

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systematic desensitization

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A behavioral technique based on classical conditioning in which exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with deep relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety.

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flooding

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A behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are suddenly confronted with a stimulus that they fear.

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cognitive treatment approaches

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Treatment approaches that teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves.

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cognitive-behavioral approach

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A treatment approach that incorporates basic principles of learning to change the way people think.

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rational-emotive behavior therapy

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A form of therapy that attempts to restructure a person's belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior.

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clinical psychologists

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Psychologists with a Ph.D. or Psy. D. with about five years of training and who have also completed a postgraduate internship. They specialize in assessment and treatment of psychological difficulties, providing psychotherapy and, in some U.S. states, can prescribe drugs.

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counseling psychologists

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Psychologists with a Ph.D. or Ed.D. who typically treat day-to-day adjustment problems, often in a university mental health clinic.

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psychiatrists

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M.D.s with postgraduate training in psychological disorders. Because they can prescribe medication, they often treat the most severe disorders.

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psychoanalysts

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Either M.D.s or psychologists who specialize in psychoanalysis, the treatment technique first developed by Freud.

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licensed professional counselors / clinical mental health counselors

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professionals with a master's degree who provide therapy to individuals, couples, and families and who hold a national or state certification.

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clinical / psychiatric social workers

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professionals with a master's degree and specialized training who may provide therapy, usually regarding common family and personal problems.

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Resistance

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An inability or unwillingness to discuss or reveal particular memories, thoughts, or motivations.

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free association

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Patients say aloud whatever comes to mind, regardless of its apparent irrelevance or senselessness, and the analysts attempt to recognize and label the connections between what a patient says and the patient's unconscious.

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dream interpretation

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Therapists examine dreams to find clues to unconscious conflicts and problems.

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manifest content

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The surface description of a dream.

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latent content

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The underlying meaning of a dream.

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token system

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A systematic application of operant conditioning principles which rewards a person for desired behavior with a token such as a poker chip or some kind of play money that can later be exchanged for an actual reward, such as real money or for the purchase of food.

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contingency contracting

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The therapist and client (or teacher and student or parent and child) write a written agreement, known as a contract. The contract states a series of behavioral goals the client hopes to achieve and specifies the positive consequences for the client if the client reaches goals—usually an explicit reward such as money or additional privileges. Contracts frequently state negative consequences if the client does not meet the goals.

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observational learning

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The process in which the behavior of other people is copied, to systematically teach people new skills and ways of handling their fears and anxieties.

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self-actualization

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The term that clinical psychologist Abraham Maslow used to describe the state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way.

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evidence-based psychotherapy practice

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Seeks to use research findings to determine the best practices for treating a specific disorder.

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eclectic approach to therapy

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Therapists use a variety of techniques, thus integrating several perspectives, to treat a person's problems.

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atypical antipsychotics

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The newest generation of antipsychotics that has fewer side effects; they include risperidone, olanzapine, and paliperidone.

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chlorpromazine

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The most popular and successful treatment for schizophrenia.

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lithium

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A form of mineral salts, has been used very successfully in patients with bipolar disorders.

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prefrontal lobotomy

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Consisted of surgically destroying or removing parts of a patient's frontal lobes, which surgeons thought controlled emotionality.

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Antipsychotic drugs have provided effective, long-term, and complete cures for schizophrenia. True or false?

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False; schizophrenia can be controlled but not cured by medication.

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One highly effective biomedical treatment for a psychological disorder that is used mainly to arrest and prevent manic-depressive episodes, is ____. a. Chlorpromazine b. Lithium c. Librium d. Valium

answer

b. Lithium

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Psychosurgery has grown in popularity as a method of treatment as surgical techniques have become more precise. True or false?

answer

False; psychosurgery is now used only as a treatment of last resort.

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Match each of the following treatment strategies with the statement you might expect to hear from a therapist using that strategy. a. Group therapy b. Unconditional positive regard c. Behavioral therapy d. Nondirective counseling 1. "In other words, you don't get along with your mother because she hates your girlfriend, is that right?" 2. "I want you all to take turns talking about why you decided to come and what you hope to gain from therapy." 3. "I can understand why you wanted to wreck your friend's car after she hurt your feelings. Now tell me more about the accident." 4. "That's not appropriate behavior. Let's work on replacing it with something else."

answer

1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a

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_____ therapies assume that people should take responsibility for their lives and the decisions they make.

answer

Humanistic.

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One of the major criticisms of humanistic therapies is that a. They are too imprecise and unstructured. b. They treat only the symptom of the problem. c. The therapist dominates the patient-therapist interaction. d. They work well only on clients of lower socioeconomic status.

answer

a. They are too imprecise and unstructured.

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In a controversial study, Eysenck found that some people go into_____ , or recovery without treatment, if they are simply left alone instead of treated.

answer

Spontaneous remission.

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Match the following mental health practitioners with the appropriate description. 1. Psychiatrist 2. Clinical psychologist 3. Counseling psychologist 4. Psychoanalyst a. PhD specializing in the treatment of psychological disorders b. Professional specializing in Freudian therapy techniques c. MD trained in abnormal behavior d. PhD specializing in the adjustment of day-to-day problems

answer

1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b

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According to Freud, people use _____ _____ as a means of preventing unwanted impulses from intruding on conscious thought.

answer

Defense mechanisms.

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In dream interpretation, a psychoanalyst must learn to distinguish between the _____ content of a dream, which is what appears on the surface, and the _____ content, its underlying meaning.

answer

Manifest, latent.

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Which of the following treatments deals with phobias by gradual exposure to the item producing the fear? a. Systematic desensitization b. Partial reinforcement c. Behavioral self-management d. Aversion therapy

answer

a. Systematic desensitization

Psychology Chapter 16. Treatment of Psychological Disorders – Flashcards

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