Question 1

Jacob, a sixth grader, entered the middle school academic bowl. According to Erikson, by entering the competition, Jacob shows

Accepted Answer

industriousness.

Question 2

According to Erikson, a sense of __________ can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children\'s self-confidence with negative responses.

Accepted Answer

inferiority

Question 3

Erikson\'s sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates.

Accepted Answer

industry

Question 4

Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks. She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments. According to Erikson, Leah has

Accepted Answer

positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood.

Question 5

During the school years, children refine their __________, organizing their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions.

Accepted Answer

self-concept

Question 6

Beginning in middle childhood, children\'s self-descriptions start to emphasize

Accepted Answer

both negative and positive traits.

Question 7

School-age children use frequent __________ in their self-descriptions

Accepted Answer

social comparisons

Question 8

Sociologist George Herbert Mead proposed that a __________ emerges when children adopt a view of the self that resembles others\' attitudes toward the child.

Accepted Answer

well-organized psychological self

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the development of self-concept is true?

Accepted Answer

Perspective-taking skills are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits.

Question 10

As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in

Accepted Answer

feedback from close friends.

Question 11

Sam is an American sixth grader. Compared to his Asian agemates, when asked to describe himself, Sam is more likely to say which of the following?

Accepted Answer

\"I like hockey.\"

Question 12

Compared to his Western agemates, Chao, who lives in China, will most likely describe himself by referencing his

Accepted Answer

group memberships and relationships.

Question 13

By age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least __________ broad self-evaluations.

Accepted Answer

4

Question 14

Self-esteem takes on a __________ structure in the mid-elementary school years.

Accepted Answer

hierarchical

Question 15

During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor.

Accepted Answer

physical appearance

Question 16

Which of the following statements about self-esteem in elementary school is true?

Accepted Answer

It declines during the first few years of elementary school and then, from fourth grade on, rises for the majority of young people.

Question 17

Andrew has high academic self-esteem. Andrew is probably

Accepted Answer

willing to try hard.

Question 18

Raylynne is well-liked by all of her classmates. She probably has high

Accepted Answer

social self-esteem.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about cultural influences on self-esteem is true?

Accepted Answer

Asian children score lower in self-esteem than U.S. children.

Question 20

Compared to his Caucasian-American agemates, Leonard, an African-American fourth grader, is more likely to have

Accepted Answer

higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride.

Question 21

Children whose parents use a(n) __________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.

Accepted Answer

authoritative

Question 22

Nadia\'s parents are repeatedly disapproving and insulting. As a result, Nadia probably __________ and relies heavily on __________ to affirm her self-worth

Accepted Answer

needs constant reassurance; peers

Question 23

__________ parenting is correlated with unrealistically high self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

Indulgent

Question 24

Compared with previous generations, American youths are

Accepted Answer

achieving less well.

Question 25

Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez want to foster a positive, secure self-image in their son. Which of the following would you suggest?

Accepted Answer

Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals because his eventual achievement will foster his self-esteem.

Question 26

Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make __________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________.

Accepted Answer

mastery-oriented; ability

Question 27

Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.

Accepted Answer

learned helplessness

Question 28

Over time, the ability of __________ children no longer predicts how well they do.

Accepted Answer

learned-helpless

Question 29

When John succeeds, his father says, \"You\'re so smart!\" However, when he fails, his father says, \"You can\'t do that, can you? It\'s OK if you quit.\" John\'s father\'s messages could play a key role in John\'s adoption of a

Accepted Answer

fixed view of ability.

Question 30

Teachers who are __________ and emphasize __________ tend to have mastery-oriented students.

Accepted Answer

helpful; learning over getting good grades

Question 31

Despite their higher achievement, __________ often blame poor performance on __________.

Accepted Answer

girls; lack of ability

Question 32

Asian parents and teachers are more likely than their American counterparts to view __________ as key to success.

Accepted Answer

effort

Question 33

Attribution research shows that

Accepted Answer

well-intended messages from adults sometimes undermine children\'s competence.

Question 34

Marlena is enrolled in an intervention program that encourages learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort. This approach is known as

Accepted Answer

attribution retraining.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about attribution retraining is true?

Accepted Answer

It is best begun early, before children\'s views of themselves become hard to change.

Question 36

Which of the following fosters a mastery-oriented approach to learning?

Accepted Answer

small class size and cooperative learning

Question 37

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true?

Accepted Answer

Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.

Question 38

Excessive guilt is linked to

Accepted Answer

C) depressive symptoms.

Question 39

Compared to preschoolers, school-age children are more likely to explain emotion by referring to __________ rather than to __________.

Accepted Answer

internal states; external events

Question 40

Between the ages of 6 and 12, children become more aware

Accepted Answer

of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions.

Question 41

Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that

Accepted Answer

people\'s expressions may not reflect their true feelings.

Question 42

Danielle saw a man carrying a sign that said \"I\'m hungry.\" She took the man\'s perspective, imagined how he felt, and asked her mom if she could give her allowance to the man so that he could buy some food. Danielle has developed

Accepted Answer

empathy.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about emotional self-regulation in middle childhood is true?

Accepted Answer

By age 10, most children shift adaptively between problem-centered and emotion-centered coping.

Question 44

In __________ coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.

Accepted Answer

problem-centered

Question 45

When Erica\'s best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to ten. Erica is using

Accepted Answer

emotion-centered coping.

Question 46

By third grade, most school-age children justify their preference for verbal strategies for coping with negative emotion by

Accepted Answer

emphasizing concern for others\' feelings.

Question 47

Amelia has well-developed emotional self-regulation. She feels that she is in control of her emotional experience. Amelia has acquired

Accepted Answer

a sense of emotional self-efficacy.

Question 48

Fernando\'s parents respond sensitively and helpfully when he is distressed. Fernando is probably

Accepted Answer

prosocial.

Question 49

When Sayuri is distressed, her father is dismissive and her mother is hostile. Sayuri is probably

Accepted Answer

overwhelmed by negative emotion.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about moral development is true?

Accepted Answer

By middle childhood, children have had time to internalize rules for good conduct, which leads them to become considerably more independent and trustworthy.

Question 51

By age 7 or 8, children

Accepted Answer

consider prosocial and antisocial intentions for truthfulness.

Question 52

Compared to Canadian agemates, Chinese schoolchildren are more likely to rate lying favorably when

Accepted Answer

the intention is modesty.

Question 53

Which of the following statements about children\'s understanding of individual rights is true?

Accepted Answer

As early as age 6, children view freedom of speech and religion as individual rights.

Question 54

Studies in diverse Western nations confirm that by age 5 or 6, __________ children generally evaluate their own racial group favorably and other racial groups less favorably or negatively

Accepted Answer

white

Question 55

After age __________, both majority and minority children express in-group favoritism.

Accepted Answer

7 to 8

Question 56

Children who believe that people\'s personality traits are __________ rather than __________ often judge others as either \"good\" or \"bad.\"

Accepted Answer

fixed; changeable

Question 57

Children and adults with __________ are more likely to hold racial and ethnic prejudices.

Accepted Answer

very high self-esteem

Question 58

The more adults highlight __________, the more likely white children will express in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice.

Accepted Answer

group distinctions

Question 59

Principal Allen wants to reduce prejudice at his middle school. Which of the following interventions should he use?

Accepted Answer

assign children to cooperative learning groups with peers of diverse backgrounds

Question 60

Which of the following children is most likely to believe in racial and ethnic equality?

Accepted Answer

Yaowu, a child who attends an ethnically diverse school and shares feelings with close, cross-race friends

Question 61

Children who believe in the changeability of human attributes

Accepted Answer

spend more time volunteering to help the needy.

Question 62

By the end of middle childhood, children display a strong desire for

Accepted Answer

group belonging.

Question 63

Maddy spends most of her time with a particular set of girlfriends. Within this group, there are specific standards of behavior, a specialized dress code, and identified leaders. Maddy is most likely

Accepted Answer

part of a peer group.

Question 64

Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that

Accepted Answer

within peer groups, children learn cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals.

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