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an area of the brain that coordinates info coming in + out of the spinal cord

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hindbrain

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part of the hindbrain; controls basic functions such as respiration, blood pressure, digestion, heart rate, reflexes: respiratory, gagging, pupil dilation (involuntary)

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medulla oblongata

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part of the hindbrain, inside the medulla; regulates sleep, wake + alertness levels

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reticular formation

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part of the hindbrain; control of motor function, motor memory

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cerebellum

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part of the hindbrain;relays info from the cerebellum to rest of brain, sleep process

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pons

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contains the tectum and tegmentum

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midbrain

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part of midbrain; orients an organism in its environment, receives stimulus input from eyes, ears, skin + moves organism tpwards the stimulus

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tectum

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part of midbrain; involved in movement

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tegmentum

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highest level of brain: complex, cognitive, emotional, sensory + motor processes occur here, divided into left and right hemispheres, each hemisphere controls opposite sides of the body

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forebrain

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Since each hemisphere controls opposite sides of the body, the body operates with ___________ control.

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contralateral

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part of forebrain; massive bridge of millions of axons that allow the hemispheres to communicate with each other

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corpus callosum

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part of forebrain; outermost layer of forebrain, divided into two cerebral hemispheres

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cerebral cortex

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areas of the forebrain housed under cerebral cortex

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subcortical structures

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subcortical structure; receives almost all incoming sensory info, organizes it to all parts of the cortex, filters info, omits smell however

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thalamus

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subcortical structure; master regulatory structure, indispensable for survival, maintains body temperature, proper blood sugar level, keeps metabolism in an optimal range, regulates motivational behaviors: thirst, hunger, aggression, lust; part of limbic system

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hypothalamus

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border between older and newer, more advanced parts of the brain

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limbic system

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subcortical structure; critical for creating new memory and getting these memories into permanent retention; part of limbic system

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hippocampus

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subcortical structure; "alarm system of the brain" serves a vital role in learning to associate things with emotions, intensifies memory during a time of emotional arousal, plays a specific role in responding to stimuli that elict fear

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amygdala

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subcortical structure; plans and produces movement, receives inputs from entire cerebral cortex and projects that input to the motor cortex

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basal ganglia

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lobe of the forebrain; rear of brain; devoted to processing visual info

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occipital lobe

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lobe of the forebrain; processes all touch into in the somatosensory cortex

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parietal lobe

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lobe of the forebrain; contains primary auditory cortex where all sounds processed

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temporal lobe

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lobe of the forebrain; planning and movement, primary motor cortex in back areas that have fine motor control (hands, mouth) have more space

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frontal lobe

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part of the forebrain; 30% of the brain; responsible for directing and maintaining attention, keeping thoughts in mind when you're distracted, developing and acting on plans, indispensable for ration activity

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prefrontal cortex

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groups of neurons of the prefrontal cortex that help produce sense, give meaning to registered info in the primary areas of the brain

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association areas

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contains language functions for nearly all right-handers

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left hemisphere

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68% of lefties have language functions in the

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left hemisphere

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20% of lefties have language functions in the

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right hemisphere

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within the dominant ____ ___________ there are 2 key language areas and damage to these areas is likely to cause aphasia

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left hemisphere

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difficulty in producing and comprehending language

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aphasia

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located in left temporal lobe; involved in language comprehension; damage leads to Wernicke's Aphasia

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Wernicke's Area

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leads to difficulty in produce speech that makes sense

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Wernicke's Aphasia

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left frontal lobe; involved in production of spoken or signed language

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Broca's Area

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speech in short, staccato sentences, usually missing some words

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Broca's Aphasia

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brain's ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience, restructuring, (more when we are young)

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brain plasticity

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hemispheric specialization

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lateralization

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first neurosurgeons to sever corpus callosum

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Philip Vogel and Joseph Brown

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studied split-brain patients

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Mike Gazzaniga and Roger Sperry

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____ ________ more active when a person deliberates over decisions

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left hemisphere

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more active in perceiving objects, copying drawings, recognizing faces, perceiving emotions

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right hemisphere

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When a person speaks or calculates, activity increases in ____ _______.

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left hemisphere

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the interpreter, wants to make sense of the world and explain things

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left hemisphere

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mainly controls language

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left hemisphere

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mainly controls emotional perception

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right hemisphere

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control logic and creativity/intuition

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both hemispheres

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study of brain activity linked with mental processes

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cognitive neuroscience

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brain does multiple things at a time

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parallel processing

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brain operates on 2 levels at once

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dual processing

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normal activity in areas of the brain concerned with recognizing objects, consciousness working on two levels

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blindsight

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selective destruction of brain tissue

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lesioning

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measuring the brain's electrical activity by using an EEG (electro-electroencephalogram)

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electrical stimulation

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CAT Scan- examines brain by taking x-ray photos which can reveal brain damage

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neuroimagery

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form of neuroimagery; depicts brain activity by showing each brain area's consumption of glucose

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PET scan

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form of neuroimagery; gives detailed pictures of the soft tissue of the brain

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MRI

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functional MRI; gives detailed picture + tells about brain functions

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fMRI

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