Psychology A - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com

Q: In which of the following does personality psychology specialize? A. researching how people learn in educational settings and develop instructional tools B. studying how one\'s character and temperament develops and changes over time C. focusing on resolving workplace issues to increase job satisfaction and productivity D. developing and implementing several programs to deal with health issues in society

B. studying how one\'s character and temperament develops and changes over time

question

The majority of occupations in psychology only require a bachelor's degree and a license to practice.

answer

false

question

Of the following statements, in which does rehabilitation psychology specialize? A. helping clients clarify goals and handle daily challenges B. helping students handle various learning and emotional problems C. helping patients overcome negative attitudes toward medical advice D. helping people with disabilities manage adjustment issues

answer

D. helping people with disabilities manage adjustment issues

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Psychometric psychology is a subfield that focuses primarily on the development of personality tests.

answer

False

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Which of the following statements is not true about licensure in psychology? A. Licensing requirements for psychologists in the United States vary by state. B. A standardized test is administered by most state licensing boards. C. Psychologists much be licensed or certified to offer any type of patient care. D. Proof of clinical work is required to renew one's license in all 50 states.

answer

A. Licensing requirements for psychologists in the United States vary by state.[!! WRONG !!]

question

In which of the following does personality psychology specialize? A. researching how people learn in educational settings and develop instructional tools B. studying how one's character and temperament develops and changes over time C. focusing on resolving workplace issues to increase job satisfaction and productivity D. developing and implementing several programs to deal with health issues in society

answer

B. studying how one's character and temperament develops and changes over time

question

Which of the following is not considered a behavior? A. heart rate B. thinking C. sleeping D. crying

answer

C. clinical psychologist

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A person who is interested in researching how people learn in educational settings and how motivation and intelligence affect learning would most likely study __________ psychology. A. human-factors B. educational C. cross-cultural D. school

answer

B. educational

question

Life coaches use __________ to teach people life skills, relationship skills, and communication skills. A. telephone interviewing B. standardized tests C. motivational interviewing D. psychological tests

answer

C. motivational interviewing

question

Imagine you have a friend who is interested in math and techniques used to analyze research findings. What subfield of psychology best matches this person's interests? A. psychometric psychology B. developmental psychology C. health psychology D. personality psychology

answer

A. psychometric psychology

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Psychology is considered a science because it uses a systematic method of asking and answering questions.

answer

true

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Which of the following is the most accurate definition of behavior? A. Behavior is an action that can be observed with lab equipment. B. Behavior is an action that is only measurable with medical equipment. C. Behavior is an action that can be observed and measured. D. Behavior is an action that is private but observable and measurable.

answer

C. Behavior is an action that can be observed and measured.

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Karl Popper, a 20th-century philosopher, claimed that genuine scientific theories are __________. A. falsifiable B. reproducible C. verifiable D. confirmable

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B. reproducible [!! Wrong !!]

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Social science is a branch of science that deals with the nature of __________. A. human society B. the physical world C. animal societies D. the medical field

answer

A. human society

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Psychologists only focus on how people think and feel.

answer

False

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Which of the following best describes cognitive processes? A. Cognitive processes are private and unobservable. B. Cognitive processes are theoretical concepts. C. Cognitive processes are observable with lab equipment. D. Cognitive processes are private bodily functions.

answer

C. Cognitive processes are observable with lab equipment. [!! Wrong !!]

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A psychologist has to obtain a medical degree to diagnose and treat people with disorders.

answer

False

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The goals of psychology are the same as the goals of science, except that in psychology, the focus is on __________ and __________. A. behavior . . . biological causes B. prediction . . . thinking C. behavior . . . cognitive processes D. prediction . . . biological causes

answer

C. behavior . . . cognitive processes

question

How many years of residency does a psychiatrist have to complete before being licensed to practice psychiatry? A. two years B. three years C. four years D. five years

answer

C. four years

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One of the goals of psychology is to compile a list of characteristics about the behavior being studied.

answer

False

question

Which of the following statements about psychological constructs is true? A. Psychological constructs are easy to define and measure. B. Psychological constructs represent concepts that cannot be observed or measured directly. C. Psychological constructs cannot be researched in psychology because they are unobservable. D. Psychological constructs represent measurable overt behavior.

answer

B. Psychological constructs represent concepts that cannot be observed or measured directly.

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All of the following are possible occupations for a psychologist with a bachelor's degree except __________. A. high school teacher B. psychologist's assistant C. clinical psychologist D. financial specialist

answer

C. clinical psychologist

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A __________ psychologist helps children with learning problems and works with teachers and parents to create healthy learning environments. A. counseling B. forensic C. school D. personality

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C. school

question

A scientific theory must be supported with empirical evidence.

answer

True

question

Determining which type of research method to use in a study is an important part of developing a research question in the scientific method.

answer

False

question

Scientific observations inspire scientific hypotheses and theories.

answer

True

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Researching known information is an important process of developing a research question.

answer

True

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All of the following are processes used for designing a research question except __________. A. carefully observing behaviors B. researching known information C. collecting data for the study D. establishing questions to guide research

answer

B. researching known information

question

Experimental research focuses on explaining why various phenomena happen.

answer

True

question

Descriptive research attempts to explore cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating data.

answer

False

question

Which of the following statements is a prediction? A. Aggressive chimpanzees should be monitored during meal times or fed separately from other chimpanzees. B. Chimpanzees will behave aggressively when they feel threatened by other individuals. C. A chimpanzee associates food stealing with aggression due to evolutionary pressure. D. Giving better supplies of food to chimpanzees will decrease their aggressive behavior.

answer

D. Giving better supplies of food to chimpanzees will decrease their aggressive behavior.

question

Creating a testable hypothesis comes after which step in the scientific method? A. collecting research data B. designing a research study C. reporting research findings D. developing a research question

answer

D. developing a research question

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When researchers replicate experiments, they are seeking to __________. A. prove the accuracy of the original results B. disprove the accuracy of the original results C. change the experiment to provide new results D. confirm the conclusions of the original results

answer

D. confirm the conclusions of the original results

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A researcher who does not want to manipulate or interfere with the behavior of research subjects would conduct a __________ study. A. cross-sectional B. naturalistic observation C. case D. longitudinal

answer

B. naturalistic observation

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A researcher wants to compare math performance scores of high school juniors who are located in various urban areas. The researcher will most likely conduct the research by using which descriptive research method? A. naturalistic observation B. longitudinal study C. cross-sectional study D. case study

answer

C. cross-sectional study

question

A case study allows a more detailed look at the life of a single subject than any other study.

answer

True

question

Research that explores cause and effect relationships by manipulating data is known as __________. A. descriptive B. quantitative C. experimental D. qualitative

answer

C. experimental

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A researcher studying the most common teacher opinions on student lunch room behavior arranges the opinions in four categories and writes a report to present the descriptive data to the school board. For this study, the researcher is analyzing data by using __________ measures. A. experimental B. qualitative C. quantitative D. naturalistic

answer

[!! WRONG !!] C. quantitative [!! WRONG !!]

question

An anthropomorphic error occurs when researchers __________. A. tell research subjects that they are being observed B. fail to properly manipulate variables in an experiment C. fail to explain behavior of subjects in an objective way D. assign human-like emotions and behavior to animals

answer

D. assign human-like emotions and behavior to animals

question

Qualitative research generally uses numbers to represent research data.

answer

False

question

Some researchers claim that there is not much difference between qualitative and quantitative data.

answer

True

question

A researcher wants to know if the same parenting style used effectively on urban children at a young age will remain as effective as the same children get older. The researcher would most likely conduct the research using which descriptive research method? A. naturalistic observation B. longitudinal study C. cross-sectional study D. case study

answer

[!! WRONG !!] A. naturalistic observation [!! WRONG !!]

question

Naturalistic observation is commonly used for anthropology studies.

answer

True

question

It is best to keep the purpose of the study's research from the subjects in order to keep their involvement private.

answer

False

question

Ethical communication with clients dictates that psychologists will keep their conversations confidential unless required by law.

answer

True

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Ethics is a discussion of how people __________ behave. A. do B. should C. can D. will

answer

B. should

question

An ethical psychologist will __________. A. never make an unethical decision B. always make ethical decisions C. use ethics as an excuse for wrongdoing D. be committed to taking ethical action

answer

D. be committed to taking ethical action

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The American Psychological Association is the only organization that can approve psychological research studies.

answer

False

question

Psychological research has been deemed sexist at times because most psychology researchers and study subjects are male.

answer

True

question

When a psychologist describes a developing culture as "primitive," what bias are they displaying? A. sexism B. ethnocentrism C. racism D. xenocentrism

answer

B. ethnocentrism

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A psychiatrist will establish privacy guidelines with clients near the end of their second diagnostic visit.

answer

False

question

Karen is a psychiatrist at a large hospital. Although she is extremely busy at her job, when making her rounds to see her patients, she takes the time to talk to each of her patients and establishes a rapport with each one. Which of the following principles of psychology or codes of conduct did Karen demonstrate? A. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence B. Fidelity and Responsibility C. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity D. Competence

answer

B. Fidelity and Responsibility [!! WRONG !!]

question

Jane is a psychologist. She submits a study on sleep to a prestigious journal, and the journal publishes the study. Later, Jane notices that the study has a serious flaw, which makes her results meaningless. Select the option in which Jane acts ethically. A. Jane submits a correction and retraction to the journal. B. Jane defends her work, even though she knows it is flawed. C. Jane ignores the flaw and does not respond to criticisms. D. Jane submits the paper to other journals quickly.

answer

A. Jane submits a correction and retraction to the journal.

question

For psychologists, controlling electronic information is important because electronic information is __________. A. harder to organize than physical copies of information B. trivially easy to copy and redistribute C. difficult to share with other researchers and psychologists D. practically impossible to keep confidential

answer

B. trivially easy to copy and redistribute

question

Raw data often appears in published scientific journals.

answer

False

question

In the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, what information did researchers keep from their subjects about their illnesses? A. They were told they had a rare form of syphilis. B. They were not treated for or told they had cancer. C. They were told they had a sexually transmitted infection. D. They were not treated for or told they had syphilis.

answer

D. They were not treated for or told they had syphilis.

question

Which of the following is not a reason psychologists may subject an animal used in research to pain, stress, or hardship? A. When an alternative procedure is unavailable. B. When the goal is justified by its prospective educational value. C.When the goal of the study is justified by its probable scientific value. D. When the goal is justified by the potential for recognition.

answer

D. When the goal is justified by the potential for recognition.

question

One of the major ethical issues with the Tuskegee syphilis experiment was the lack of respect given to the subjects in the experiment.

answer

True

question

Plagiarism is unethical because it implies that __________. A. all of the sources used are only helpful for limited purposes B. the author being plagiarized endorses the plagiarized work C. the work that one has plagiarized is an original creation D. one doesn't care about the confidentiality of the research

answer

A. all of the sources used are only helpful for limited purposes [!! WRONG !!]

question

One of the main arguments that animal rights advocates present is that animals have rights because they __________. A. have moral agency B. are capable of suffering C. cannot defend themselves D. are the property of humans

answer

B. are capable of suffering

question

Animal research is a recent scientific invention.

answer

False

question

What did the lead researcher fail to do in the Stanford Prison experiment? A. He failed to acquire adequate permission from the university institutional review board. B. He failed to adequately separate his psychological duties from his experimental role. C. He failed to aggressively recruit subjects from a diverse enough population. D. He failed to properly advise subjects of their rights before the experiment began.

answer

C. He failed to aggressively recruit subjects from a diverse enough population. [!! WRONG !!]

question

In the "Little Albert" experiment, psychologist John Watson conditioned a(n) ____________. A. lab rat to fear an infant B. infant to fear Santa Claus C. infant to fear a lab rat D. lab rat to fear loud noises

answer

C. infant to fear a lab rat

question

Integrating sensory information and neural functions is a function of the __________. A. forebrain B. cerebrum C. thalamus D. cerebellum

answer

D. cerebellum [!! WRONG !! ]

question

The __________ receives information from the visual and auditory senses. A. forebrain B. midbrain C. hindbrain D. brainstem

answer

C. hindbrain [!! WRONG !!]

question

The outermost layer of the brain, the __________, is housed in the cerebrum. A. reticular formation B. medulla C. thalamus D. cerebral cortex

answer

D. cerebral cortex

question

Information processing is a function of the __________. A. medulla B. reticular formation C. hypothalamus D. cerebral cortex

answer

D. cerebral cortex

question

The __________ is the main control center for the autonomic nervous system. A. forebrain B. thalamus C. hypothalamus D. cerebrum

answer

C. hypothalamus

question

The __________ is the innermost region of the brain. A. forebrain B. midbrain C. hindbrain D. brainstem

answer

D. brainstem

question

The cerebellum helps in moderating both __________ and a person's ability to differentiate between various __________. A. feeling . . . sensations and emotions B. perception . . . sights and tastes C. breathing . . . tastes and smells D. emotion . . . sounds and textures

answer

A. feeling . . . sensations and emotions [!! WRONG !!]

question

Perceiving pain and assisting in regulating muscle reflexes, breathing, and arousal are all functions of the __________. A. cerebral cortex B. medulla C. reticular formation D. pons

answer

C. reticular formation

question

All of the following are regulated by the medulla except __________. A. breathing B. swallowing and vomiting C. coughing and sneezing D. the fight-or-flight response

answer

D. the fight-or-flight response

question

The __________ is a network of nerves located in the brainstem. A. reticular formation B. cerebral cortex C. hypothalamus D. medulla

answer

A. reticular formation

question

The __________ lobe contains the area of the cortex involved in auditory processing called the primary __________ cortex. A. parietal . . . auditory B. temporal . . . motor C. occipital . . . motor D. temporal . . . auditory

answer

D. temporal . . . auditory

question

At the corpus callosum, __________ occurs between the two hemispheres. A. integration B. processing C. thinking D. communication

answer

D. communication

question

The two hemispheres of the brain are divided by the ___________. A. corpus callosum B. longitudinal fissure C. cerebral cortex D. latitudinal fissure

answer

D. latitudinal fissure [!! WRONG !!]

question

The parietal lobe is the portion of the cerebral cortex located below the temporal lobe.

answer

False

question

The cerebral cortex is divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres.

answer

False

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The primary __________ cortex specializes in receiving signals from different parts of the body. A. visual B. motor C. somatosensory D. auditory

answer

D. auditory [!! WRONG !!]

question

Integration of visual input and monitoring the body's orientation in space are functions of the __________ lobe. A. temporal B. frontal C. occipital D. parietal

answer

D. parietal

question

Neurons activated when an individual performs an action or sees another performing the action are __________ neurons. A. imitation B. reflection C. mirror D. emulation

answer

C. mirror

question

Located in the back of the head, the __________ lobe is where most visual signals are sent. A. frontal B. temporal C. occipital D. parietal

answer

C. occipital

question

The areas for speech are found in the _________ and __________ lobes. A. frontal . . . occipital B. temporal . . . frontal C. occipital . . . parietal D. frontal . . . parietal

answer

B. temporal . . . frontal

question

Using _________ permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain. A. TMS B. EEG C. MRI D. ESB

answer

A. TMS

question

A(n) __________ scan maps brain activity over time. A. EEG B. CT C. MRI D. PET

answer

D. PET

question

__________ helps us adapt to our environment. It also generally __________ with age. A. Plasticity . . . decreases B. Development . . . increases C. Plasticity . . . increases D. Development . . . decreases

answer

A. Plasticity . . . decreases

question

The formation of new neurons is called __________. A. neurogenesis B. damage and neural reorganization C. effects of experience on plasticity D. development

answer

A. neurogenesis

question

Found in 1861, __________ area was found during an autopsy, which revealed a lesion on the left __________ lobe of a patient who had an inability to speak. A. Wernicke's . . . frontal B. Broca's . . . temporal C. Broca's . . . frontal D. Wernicke . . . temporal

answer

C. Broca's . . . frontal

question

Language, logic operations, and reading are all tasks primarily associated with the __________. A. cerebral cortex B. right hemisphere C. corpus callosum D. left hemisphere

answer

D. left hemisphere

question

A(n) _________ scan uses radioactive markers in the blood to monitor blood flow and metabolic activity via x-ray. A. PET B. CT C. TMS D. EEG

answer

[!! WRONG !!] B. CT !! A. PET

question

The area of the brain involved in production of speech is __________. A. Broca's area B. Wernicke's area C. the occipital lobe D. the parietal lobe

answer

A. Broca's area

question

Computer-enhanced x-rays are called __________ scans. A. TMS B. PET C. CT D. MRI

answer

C. CT

question

Using EEGs, researchers try to identify __________ while subjects are engaged in different tasks. A. brain patterns B. mental capabilities C. electrical activity D. brain waves

answer

A. brain patterns

question

A(n) __________ involves magnetic fields, radio waves, and computerized enhancement. A. PET B. MRI C. CT D. TMS

answer

B. MRI

question

A(n) __________ monitors blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain. A. CT B. MRI C. TMS D. fMRI

answer

D. fMRI

question

__________ refers to the ability of the brain to change by reorganizing or generating new neural pathways. A. Brain organization B. Neural reorganization C.Brain plasticity D. Neurogenesis

answer

[!! WRONG !!] B. Neural reorganization !! C.Brain plasticity

question

Researchers studying __________ observe behavioral changes in people with damage to specific brain areas. A. shocking B. lesioning C. imaging D. scanning

answer

B. lesioning

question

Historically, the _________ was seen as the dominant __________ of the brain. A. left hemisphere . . . hemisphere B. right hemisphere . . . hemisphere C. occipital lobe . . . lobe D. parietal lobe . . . lobe

answer

A. left hemisphere . . . hemisphere

question

Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) is used on humans during brain surgery to map out ___________. A. nerves and neural pathways B. impulses and nerve functions C. blood flow and mental activity D. the brain and critical structures

answer

D. the brain and critical structures

question

Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) is used mostly on __________. A. plants B. humans C. animals D. inanimate objects

answer

C. animals

question

During EEG measurements, 6-10 electrodes are attached to the scalp and produce line drawings that represent __________. A. brain patterns B. mental activity C. x-rays D. brain waves

answer

D. brain waves

question

Researchers performing __________ insert a weak electric current into the brain to stimulate it. A. lesioning B. ESB C. EEG D. PET

answer

[!! WRONG !!] C. EEG

question

The area of the brain involved with comprehension of speech is __________. A. Broca's area B. Wernicke's area C. the occipital lobe D. the parietal lobe

answer

[!! WRONG !!] A. Broca's area

question

The first step in sensation for some sensory systems is the __________, which modify incoming stimuli. sensory receptors accessory structures absolute thresholds thermoreceptors

answer

[!! WRONG !!] sensory receptors

question

Noise that interferes with the ability to detect stimuli can come from any irrelevant stimuli in the environment.

answer

True

question

The __________ processes sensory information from all the senses (with the exception of smell) before transmitting it to the cerebral cortex. accessory structure sensory nerve brain thalamusterm-116

answer

[!! WRONG !!] Brain

question

The most complex processing of sensory information occurs in the cerebral cortex.

answer

True

question

Many animals rely on their __________ to alert them about changes in temperature. pain receptors mechanoreceptors photoreceptors thermoreceptors

answer

thermoreceptors

question

Which of the following react directly to light, sound, or other stimuli by sending impulses to other neurons and, eventually, to the central nervous system? sensory adaptations absolute thresholds sensory receptors accessory structures

answer

sensory receptors

question

Which of the following is an example of sensory adaptation? not remembering that you have to study for a test in psychology cheering for a college football game in the cold winter weather not realizing how hot the bath water is after soaking in it for a while being more appreciative of a work of art after studying it for an hour

answer

not realizing how hot the bath water is after soaking in it for a while

question

The stimulation of senses results from various sources of energy, such as light and sound, and the presence of chemicals.

answer

True

question

Lucas is a sommelier, or a wine taster, whose task is to taste the slightest flavor differences between two wines. This is an example of __________. absolute threshold sensory limitation subliminal stimulation difference threshold

answer

[!! WRONG !!] subliminal stimulation

question

All of the following are concepts in psychophysics except __________. detection identification discrimination introspection

answer

[!! WRONG !!] discrimination

question

Which of the following is not one of the core concepts of psychophysics? A. identification B. discrimination C. detection D. individualization

answer

D. individualization

question

Stimulation of the senses through the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system is called __________. A. stimuli B. sensation C. psychophysics D. senses

answer

B. sensation

question

The process occurring at the sensory receptors that converts physical energy into coded neural activity that the nervous system can process is called __________. A. thermoreceptor processing B. cerebral cortex control C. sensory transduction D. accessory restructuring

answer

C. sensory transduction

question

Which of the following receptors enable balance and movement? A. mechanoreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. photoreceptors D. thermoreceptors

answer

A. mechanoreceptors

question

Which of the following statements best illustrates Weber's law?

answer

[!! WRONG !!] The size of the different threshold is always the same, regardless of the size or weight of the object.

question

Soothing musical CDs that contain imperceptible messages designed to help people eat more fruits and vegetables is an example of __________.

answer

subliminal stimulation

question

Gustav Theodor Fechner was a German philosopher and physicist who __________.

answer

founded psychophysics and developed techniques to measure sensation

question

Lily asked her husband Joe to tell her what he thought of the perfume she was wearing. In order to spare her feelings, he told her that he really liked it, but the truth is that he couldn't smell the perfume at all. Joe has a __________ than Lily.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] lower difference threshold

question

The __________ processes sensory information from all the senses (with the exception of smell) before transmitting it to the cerebral cortex.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] sensory nerve

question

Research suggests that responsiveness to stimuli decreases in dangerous situations.

answer

False

question

Lucas is a sommelier, or a wine taster, whose task is to taste the slightest flavor differences between two wines. This is an example of __________.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] absolute threshold

question

Many animals rely on their __________ to alert them about changes in temperature.

answer

thermoreceptors

question

Humans and animals are able to detect touch and monitor the position of their muscles due to __________.

answer

mechanoreceptors

question

Top-down processing is often used when one encounters an unfamiliar stimulus.

answer

False

question

Research indicates that inattentional blindness often decreases when people work on tasks that require a great deal of attention.

answer

False

question

The image is an example of how we interpret individual elements of a form and make them into a whole, which is a result of __________ processing. http://media.education2020.com/evresources/2084-02-02-06-00_files/i0300000.jpg

answer

[!! WRONG !!] top-down [!! WRONG !!] top-bottom

question

One's perception depends on the way the brain interprets the stimuli.

answer

True

question

All students perceive poor grades as disappointing.

answer

False

question

People are sometimes able to detect their name being spoken in an alternative conversation even when they are presently engaged in a different conversation. This example demonstrates the ability to hear one's voice among many when encountering meaningful information, which is known as ___________.

answer

the cocktail party effect

question

The brain processes billions of pieces of information every second.

answer

False

question

In order to perceive something, one must first focus attention upon it.

answer

True

question

In experiments testing the cocktail party effect, most participants were unable to do any of the following except _____________.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] identify any phrase associated with the unattended information

question

Three types of inattentional blindness include all of the following except __________.

answer

color blindness

question

One's ability to focus on a specific stimulus among many in the environment is called ___________.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] bottom-up processing

question

One reason individuals often fail to see the grammatical mistake when reading "I love Paris in the the springtime" is because of the influence of __________ processing.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] bottom-up

question

External factors such as prior knowledge and experience influence how incoming information is perceived.

answer

True

question

People are less accurate in correctly perceiving images of their own racial group than those of other racial groups.

answer

False

question

Three types of inattentional blindness include all of the following except __________.

answer

choice deafness

question

A binocular depth cue is a cue that helps detect distance based on the use of either eye.

answer

False

question

Often what one expects to see influences what is perceived in the surrounding environment.

answer

True

question

Square A and square B are the same color. This illusion demonstrates which of the following? http://media.education2020.com/evresources/2084-02-02-07-00_files/i0320000.jpg

answer

[!! WRONG !!] Illusions are influenced by perceptual constancies.

question

Both retinal disparity and convergence increase as an object gets closer to the individual.

answer

True

question

Being able to see a square in the middle of the image despite not having lines to form a square represents the Gestalt principle of __________. http://media.education2020.com/evresources/2084-02-02-07-00_files/i0150000.jpg

answer

[!! WRONG !!] continuity

question

One's motivation can lead people to interpret the same situation differently.

answer

True

question

The Gestalt principle of simplicity represents the tendency for individuals to arrange elements in a way that creates closure or completeness.

answer

False

question

Two types of binocular depth cues are __________ and __________.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] motion parallax . . . pictorial depth cues

question

In regard to terms used in perceptual organization, the part of the picture that represents the part of the photo that one is focused on is called the __________. http://media.education2020.com/evresources/2084-02-02-07-00_files/i0170000.jpg

answer

[!! WRONG !!] ground Figure

question

What type of illusion is represented by the image? http://media.education2020.com/evresources/2084-02-02-07-00_files/i0310000.jpg

answer

[!! WRONG !!] structural illusion

question

According to the signal detection theory, the detection of stimuli involves decision and sensory processes.

answer

True

question

Weber's law states that the just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the magnitude of the original stimulus.

answer

True

question

The phi phenomenon is commonly used by movie makers in an attempt to create the illusion of movement.

answer

True

question

Jacob believed that Aaron's shy behavior was due to lack of confidence until he learned that Aaron was quite talkative and excitable when he began discussing types of computer games he liked to play online. This situation reflects which of the following factors concerning perception?

answer

Perception is influenced by situational outcomes.

question

The type of inattentional blindness that occurs when one fails to detect auditory changes in the environment is ___________.

answer

change deafness

question

Top-down processing occurs when individuals detect and combine specific features of a stimulus into a more complex form in order to gain understanding of the whole stimulus.

answer

False

question

Identify what type of depth cue motion parallax is and describe how it applies to near and far objects as well as what it helps individuals do.

answer

Motion parallax is a monocular depth cue that involves how quickly images move across the retina. It helps individuals detect how fast objects are moving around them. Objects that are farther away appear to move slower than objects that are closer.

question

Saul had a negative experience while visiting his grandfather at a nursing home. An elderly lady yelled at him and hit him with her purse. Soon after, another elderly man stole the present he brought for his grandfather. After his visit, Saul perceived all nursing homes to be homes for unruly and aggressive elderly people and convinced his mother to make other arrangements for his grandfather. This situation reflects which of the following factors concerning perception?

answer

Perception is influenced by situational outcomes.

question

Explain the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing

answer

Bottom-up processing is a process in feature analysis that occurs when individuals detect specific elements or features of a stimulus, combine the features into more complex forms, and then recognize the stimulus as a whole. Top-down processing occurs when individuals determine or recognize the stimulus as a whole, examine or analyze the features, and then recognize the individual elements. Both processes work together in order to interpret our environment.

question

Which of the following statements is not correct in regard to forming perceptions?

answer

Only one's negative experiences can lead an individual to create stereotypes.

question

Which of the following statements is not correct concerning the relationship between attention and perception?

answer

Individuals can easily detect changes in the environment when they are absorbed in a task.

question

Inattentional blindness occurs when individuals do not observe certain objects or events because they are focused on something else.

answer

True

question

Of the following statements, which does not represent variations in one's perception?

answer

What is meaningful to one person is meaningful to another.

question

Which of the following statements concerning bottom-up and top-down processing is correct?

answer

Due to the complexity of the surrounding environment, individuals often use both top-down and bottom-up processing when perceiving.

question

Describe two ways that an individual's perception can change and provide an example of each.

answer

An individual's perception can change as one's knowledge and experience increases. For example, one may label an individual acting aggressively as a bully until realizing that the target of the individual's aggression had been known to provoke people into fighting on a daily basis. An individual's perception can also change as one attempts to reframe personal thoughts. For example, viewing a difficult time period as a temporary challenge rather than as an absolute problem can help change one's perception of similar issues that evoke similar emotional responses.

question

One's consciousness changes as one encounters new experiences.

answer

True

question

Which of the following activities would a person most likely be performing when displaying this EEG pattern? http://media.education2020.com/evresources/2084-02-03-01-00_files/i0240000.jpg

answer

preparing a presentation for an important executive

question

An EEG measures the electrical output of the brain by using sensors that are attached to someone's hands and feet.

answer

False

question

Consciousness is still a controversial issue among psychologists and philosophers.

answer

True

question

One's behavior cannot be affected by one's subconscious.

answer

False

question

Consciousness appears to be an exclusive feature of organisms that develop civilizations.

answer

False

question

According to Freud, the preconscious level of consciousness would be used to __________.

answer

recall one's memories of childhood

question

Freud identified four levels of consciousness.

answer

False

question

A brainwave pattern is caused by the chemical signals sent between the neurons of the brain.

answer

False

question

Many of our basic biological functions, such as breathing, exist at the __________ level.

answer

nonconscious

question

As the sleep cycles continue, the proportion of REM sleep in each cycle decreases.

answer

False

question

Sleep is a kind of temporary coma.

answer

False

question

Sleep is a biological function.

answer

True

question

During which stage of sleep does body temperature begin to fall?

answer

stage 2 sleep

question

Sleep is an universal biological need.

answer

True

question

Which of the following most accurately describes the brain during sleep?

answer

The brain remains active and emits brain waves.

question

The group that needs the most sleep during a 24-hour cycle is __________.

answer

Infants

question

Recovery sleep is necessary when sleep is put off for a while.

answer

True

question

Sleep stages are defined in terms of the __________.

answer

occurrence of brainwave patterns

question

According to the energy conservation theory of sleep, sleep is an adaptive behavior because sleep __________.

answer

allows organisms to consume fewer resources

question

During stage 2 sleep, most of the brain waves will be measured as __________ waves.

answer

theta

question

Hypnotic jerks are usually found in stage _____ of the sleep cycle.

answer

1

question

According to restorative theory, sleep repairs and restores the body's __________.

answer

energy

question

The amount of sleep needed for infants __________ as they age.

answer

decreases

question

In order to sleep, insects enter a state of __________.

answer

torpor

question

All living creatures have some form of sleep that they engage in at regular periods, making sleep a(n) __________ function.

answer

biological

question

Going without sleep is actively harmful for every creature that needs sleep.

answer

True

question

The brain remains active during sleep.

answer

True

question

Sleep could be best described as a __________.

answer

car with the engine started, but parked and idling

question

A psychological condition that can lead to poor sleep is __________.

answer

anxiety

question

Narcolepsy is a parasomnia.

answer

false

question

Sleep problems are fairly common among both adults and children.

answer

true

question

A nightmare differs from a night terror in that generally the subject remembers __________.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] the duration of a nightmare, but not a night terror episode

question

Driving while sleep impaired is much safer than driving while intoxicated.

answer

False

question

There are both environmental and food stimuli that can disrupt sleep.

answer

True

question

Sleeping in very cold temperatures improves the restful effects of sleep.

answer

False

question

Getting regular exercise is part of good sleep hygiene.

answer

True

question

Missing one night of sleep to go to a concert several towns over makes one an insomniac.

answer

False

question

Going to bed earlier tends to reduce the amount of sleep the body needs to feel rested.

answer

False

question

According to Freud, dream symbols are typically erotic in nature.

answer

True

question

Dreams may involve many senses including taste, touch, and smell.

answer

True

question

All neural activity during sleep is directed toward dreaming.

answer

False

question

In general, dreams are considered to be important in Western society.

answer

False

question

During REM sleep, brain activity greatly decreases when compared to other stages of sleep.

answer

False

question

The Egyptians and the Greeks both shared which belief about preparing for important dreams?

answer

Dream preparation increased the likelihood of getting the right dream.

question

Dreams only occur during REM sleep.

answer

False

question

Western and Eastern cultures tend to view dreams in the same ways.

answer

False

question

Research indicates that dreaming may be responsible for inspiring creativity by __________.

answer

allowing for the emergence of old data in useful, new patterns

question

Which of the following is a type of commonly remembered dream?

answer

being chased

question

How long does a dream typically last near the end of the sleep cycle, just before waking?

answer

about 30 minutes

question

When a creature or person practices an activity during the day, what is the typical effect on their dreams?

answer

They dream about the activity.

question

__________ is the theory of dreaming that suggests dreams are caused by biological processes.

answer

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

question

According to the idea of __________, dreams may be useful in forming and rehearsing memories.

answer

memory consolidation

question

A universal human symbol that can be seen in a dream is a(n) __________.

answer

archetype

question

Freud viewed dreams as ___________.

answer

windows into the unconscious mind

question

Carl Jung believed that dreams could be indicators of both past and future behaviors.

answer

True

question

The longest dreams occur just as we are falling asleep.

answer

False

question

Reports from dream studies indicate that most dreams are positive.

answer

False

question

Hypnotic suggestion has been shown to help patients prep and recover from surgery.

answer

true

question

Hypnosis is commonly used by athletes to control their performance anxiety.

answer

True

question

Some believe that the effects of hypnosis may not be from hypnosis but from people believing that hypnosis works.

answer

true

question

Which of the following people was one of Sigmund Freud's instructors and believed that hypnosis could cure hysteria?

answer

Jean Martin Charcot

question

Everyone can be hypnotized.

answer

False

question

Patients generally report conscious awareness of posthypnotic suggestions.

answer

False

question

Franz Mesmer believed that his ability to heal people was based on his manipulation of which force?

answer

magnetism

question

Posthypnotic suggestion can create a trigger in a person that causes them to react violently.

answer

False

question

The CIA investigated hypnosis as a possible tool for interrogating prisoners. Why did they decide it was unsuitable for that purpose?

answer

Hypnosis requires a trusting relationship between the hypnotist and subject.

question

Those seeking professional hypnotherapy should look for professionals holding medical degrees from accredited and trusted institutions.

answer

True

question

Even if you have actually taken a placebo, it is possible to suffer from the effects of the drug you believe you have taken.

answer

True

question

A drug like cocaine causes more dopamine to be produced in the brain.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is the most common pharmacological treatment for addiction?

answer

methadone

question

Alcohol and tobacco are legal drugs, but have some restrictions as to their usage.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is not a possible consequence of a first-time drug use?

answer

[!! Wrong !!] no notable sensation at all

question

The physical and cognitive suffering that may cause a drug user to relapse after trying to quit is called __________.

answer

withdrawal

question

Hallucinogens distort an individual's perceptions of reality.

answer

True

question

Drugs are substances that cause a change in a person's physical, not mental, state.

answer

False

question

Why are drugs like sleeping pills described as the opposite of amphetamines?

answer

Stimulants increase breathing and heart rate, while depressants slow these functions.

question

Prescription medicine may be safely taken by any person.

answer

False

question

How does advertising use classical conditioning to help sell products?

answer

It trains people to associate the product with positive emotions.

question

One of the implications of John B. Watson's work was that human phobias might be the result of classical conditioning.

answer

True

question

A neutral stimulus causes no response.

answer

True

question

When a response becomes generalized, then someone will react to things that remind them of the first stimuli that caused a response.

answer

True

question

Spontaneous recovery is usually a permanent reappearance of a conditioned response.

answer

False

question

A vervent monkey is in a tree eating bugs that are crawling along the branches. The vervent monkey sees a hawk circling overhead. The hawk is a predator of the monkeys. The vervent monkey cries out, warning the other monkeys to descend to the ground below the trees. In this scenario, what is the unconditioned stimulus for the vervent monkey's behavior?

answer

[!! WRONG !!] the vervent monkey crying out

question

Higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned response acts as an unconditioned response.

answer

False

question

Classical conditioning occurs when the unconditioned stimulus evokes a response from a neutral stimulus.

answer

False

question

Watson's "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated which of the following pairs of classical conditioning processes?

answer

generalization and acquisition

question

Behaviors never come back once they have been extinguished.

answer

False

question

Which B. F. Skinner invention allowed him to train subjects through operant conditioning?

answer

operant chamber

question

In operant conditioning, the consequence shapes the behavior.

answer

True

question

The discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning is one that predicts the probability of a consequence occurring.

answer

True

question

Glen is attempting to use operant conditioning to train his dog, Thor, to fetch a ball upon command. To test Thor's understanding, Glen throws the ball and yells, "Pineapple!" Thor does not fetch the ball. Which process of operant conditioning has Thor demonstrated?

answer

stimuli discrimination

question

All of the following factors influence the effectiveness of reinforcement in operant conditioning except __________.

answer

extinction

question

Reinforcement attempts may not work if the reinforcer is not important or valued by the subject.

answer

True

question

In operant conditioning, many complex behaviors are learned through shaping.

answer

True

question

In classical conditioning, a stimulus is used to provoke or elicit a response that __________.

answer

it didn't elicit naturally before conditioning occurred

question

A discriminative stimulus is a cue that the reward may be forthcoming for a certain behavior.

answer

True

question

B. F. Skinner is responsible for establishing the law of effect.

answer

False

question

Negative punishment is a type of punishment used in operant conditioning in which the __________ of a rewarding stimulus decreases the tendency of a particular response.

answer

removal

question

In negative reinforcement, the reinforcement for the target behavior can most accurately be described as __________.

answer

pleasant

question

Positive and negative reinforcement can be used to __________ wanted behavior.

answer

strengthen

question

The reinforcer is presented on an inconsistent basis in a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

variable

question

A reinforcement that occurs when a behavior or response is reinforced after every demonstration is __________ reinforcement.

answer

continuous

question

Research indicates that all of the following except __________ are part of using punishment effectively.

answer

delaying punishment

question

Justine starts yelling in the store when she wants something. Her parents buy her a toy in order to get Justine to stop yelling.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] positive reinforcement

question

Molly catches her dog chewing on her favorite slippers. Molly swats the dog on the nose so that it will not chew her slippers again. Which type of operant conditioning in occurring in the scenario?

answer

positive punishment

question

One example of a fixed-interval reward schedule is the biweekly paycheck many workers earn.

answer

True

question

Both positive and negative reinforcement serve to strengthen wanted behavior.

answer

True

question

Molly is eating red and black jellybeans from a paper bag. She is not looking at the jellybeans as she eats them. She likes red jellybeans, but she does not like black jellybeans. The amount of jellybeans she has to take from the jar before she gets a red one is never the same. Which of the following statements is true?

answer

[!! WRONG !!] Molly is on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.

question

When a behavior is highly resistant to extinction, the organism takes longer to stop responding after a reinforcement is no longer given.

answer

True

question

Harrison sends an e-mail to his boss. Harrison expects a response within five minutes, but he can't help himself and checks every 30 seconds. After five minutes, a replying e-mail is delivered just as he expected. Which of the following statements is true?

answer

Harrison is on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.

question

Positive punishment occurs when a pleasant stimulus is removed after demonstration of a behavior.

answer

False

question

When punishment is applied after every instance of an unwanted target behavior, it is generally more effective.

answer

True

question

Receiving an electrical shock when you forget to turn off the power before working on an electrical socket is an example of a negative punishment.

answer

False

question

Cognition and learning are the same thing.

answer

False

question

Which of the following explanations represents why taste aversion breaks the rules of conditioning?

answer

[!! WRONG !!] Taste aversion cannot be explained by using conditioning processes.

question

Psychologist B. F. Skinner believed that superstitions were caused by __________ reinforcement of __________ behavior.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] continuous . . . accidental

question

A stimulus with a low predictive value means that __________.

answer

it is harder to predict when a consequence of a stimuli will occur

question

Cognitive psychologists believe cognition occurs between the stimulus and response in classical conditioning.

answer

True

question

Currently, there is general agreement in the scientific community that cognition has some effect on learning.

answer

True

question

A superstition is usually based on rational thinking.

answer

False

question

The layout of one's home can be represented with a cognitive map.

answer

True

question

Cognitive maps allow organisms to __________.

answer

mentally represent their environment

question

In the past, behaviorists were not likely to view cognition as a part of learning because cognition __________.

answer

is unobservable

question

Modeling therapy involves mimicking productive ways to solve problems after observing another model a specific behavior.

answer

True

question

A organism must purposefully model a behavior in order for others to learn from it.

answer

False

question

The theory stating that knowledge acquired through observation is influenced by behavior, personal factors, and environment is the __________.

answer

social cognitive theory

question

Which of the following statements best describes the importance of attention in social learning?

answer

Without attention, a behavior cannot be remembered.

question

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when observing the behavior of others are called __________.

answer

mirror neurons

question

Social learning theory takes into account the influence of reinforcement on behavior.

answer

True

question

Observation is an important part of learning and replicating many human behaviors.

answer

True

question

An observer must know that social learning is occurring for it to be effective.

answer

false

question

All behaviors are simple enough to replicate.

answer

False

question

Betty is watching her older sister play a video game. Betty's older sister demonstrates a particular technique in the game that makes her character do a backflip. Betty watches carefully, noting the exact technique her sister uses. After a few hours, Betty's older sister allows her to play the game and she attempts the technique her sister showed her earlier. Even though Betty is usually very good at video games and remembers how her sister did the move, she can't quite make it work like her sister did, even after practicing for an hour. Betty seems to be missing some important detail. Which process best explains why Betty is unable to make her character do a backflip?

answer

lack of reproduction

question

Stereotype threat tends to improve one's self-effica cy.

answer

False

question

Teacher expectations generally impact the level of academic achievement a student can obtain.

answer

True

question

All of the following represent possible positive effects of problem-centered instruction except __________.

answer

increased tendency to rely on others to solve problems

question

Collaborative learning focuses on the learning of an individual.

answer

False

question

What is the likely effect on the performance of Caucasian students who are told that Asian students usually outperform Caucasians on the assessment they are taking?

answer

[!! WRONG !!] The Caucasian students will most likely not be affected by the information.

question

Someone can learn something fully but not demonstrate that knowledge effectively through performance.

answer

True

question

The effects of stereotype threat usually impact those who are high achievers.

answer

True

question

Peer teaching is a type of collaborative learning.

answer

True

question

Susan was in her algebra class preparing to take a test. Her instructor, Mrs. Williams, tells Susan, "Try hard, even though math can be difficult for women to succeed in." What is the most likely effect of Mrs. Williams' comment on Susan's test performance, and why?

answer

reduced performance due to stereotype threat

question

Rewards for individual achievement are often determined by cultural standards.

answer

True

question

Riding a bike is an example of a procedural memory.

answer

True

question

The memory process of transferring information into one's memory system is called __________.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] storing

question

Two ways to transfer a memory into long-term memory are maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.

answer

True

question

Short-term memory holds an unlimited amount of information.

answer

False

question

Long-term memory can be categorized as __________ or ___________.

answer

implicit . . . explicit

question

Some studies have shown that children with a "weak" memory are more likely to engage in __________ activities.

answer

[!! WRONG !!] short-term

question

What are the two types of long-term memory?

answer

explicit and implicit

question

By imagining where she was when she last walked in the door, Marla retraced her steps to find her keys. This is an example of a __________ dependent memory.

answer

context

question

What does iconic memory store?

answer

mental traces of things we see

question

Eliza remembers her grandfather telling the story of how he met her grandmother 50 years ago. Eliza's grandpa has these memories stored in his __________ memory.

answer

long-term

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