Question 1

In evaluating Dr. Oswald\'s study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking?

Accepted Answer

How reliable is the measure of daily stress?

Question 2

Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Oswald will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because:

Accepted Answer

The relationship has the largest effect size

Question 3

Dr. Oswald realizes that the women in her study have more friends than the men in her study. This could potentially result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Spurious associations due to subgroups

Question 4

Dr. Oswald creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements IS true?

Accepted Answer

She should consider the scores outliers

Question 5

Dr. Oswald submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Oswald\'s study to consider?

Accepted Answer

The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants.

Question 6

Dr. Oswald finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is therefore a/an:

Accepted Answer

moderator

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a question you should ask about the statistical validity of an association claim?

Accepted Answer

Is random assignment affecting the findings?

Question 8

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?

Accepted Answer

Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people

Question 9

What type of study design is Dr. Farah using?

Accepted Answer

longitudinal design

Question 10

In considering the three causal rules, which of the following rules/questions will Dr. Farah\'s study NOT be able to address?

Accepted Answer

Third variable? History threat?

Question 11

Which of the correlations is an autocorrelation?

Accepted Answer

2 fall hours of homework and spring hours of homework 5 fall GPA and spring GPA

Question 12

Which of the following correlations is a cross-sectional correlation?

Accepted Answer

1 fall hours of homework and fall GPA 6 spring hours of homework and spring GPA

Question 13

Which of the allowing correlations is a cross-lag correlation?

Accepted Answer

3 fall hours of homework and spring GPA 4 spring hours of homework and fall GPA

Question 14

Based on her pattern of correlations, which of the following can Dr. Farah safely conclude?

Accepted Answer

Because correlation 3 is significant but 4 is not, Dr. Farah has evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement.

Question 15

Given Dr. Sparrow\'s design, which of the following problems is his study best able to overcome?

Accepted Answer

External validity of his findings

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a predictor variable in Dr. Sparrow\'s study?

Accepted Answer

Marital satisfaction

Question 17

Which of the following is the mediating variable in Dr. Uchida\'s hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Social support

Question 18

Dr. Uchida\'s finding that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women suggests which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Participant sex is a moderating variable

Question 19

How many conditions of the independent variable (\"levels\") were in Dr. Lonsbary\'s study?

Accepted Answer

3

Question 20

Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the covariance rule for causality?

Accepted Answer

Noting that there is a difference between number of words recalled by happy and neutral people

Question 21

Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the temporal precedence rule for causality?

Accepted Answer

Having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered

Question 22

What type of design did Dr. Lonsbary use in her study?

Accepted Answer

Independent groups design

Question 23

Dr. Lonsbary\'s study contains which of the following techniques designed to address a threat to construct validity?

Accepted Answer

Manipulation check; random sampling

Question 24

Dr. Lonsbary\'s decision to randomly assign participants to the three groups was done to avoid which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Selection effect

Question 25

Dr. Lonsbary\'s study asked participants to report on their mood before completing the memory test. Her decision to include this step was done to address the study\'s:

Accepted Answer

Construct validity

Question 26

Dr. Lonsbary is considering doing a follow-up study in which instead of asking participants to listen to music to induce mood, she has them write either a story about a character who just won the lottery or a story about a character who just experienced the death of their spouse. This change in the mood variable is designed to enhance the study\'s:

Accepted Answer

Construct

Question 27

Which of the following SHOULD Dr. Lonsbary conclude from her study?

Accepted Answer

Being in a mood other than neutral causes better memory, music can change mood, happy mood is not much better than sad mood for memory

Question 28

Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people\'s moods really did change after listening to the music. This preliminary study is known as a:

Accepted Answer

Pilot study

Question 29

Dr. Schulenberg likely designed his study so that neither he nor his students knew which group they were in to address which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Demand characteristics

Question 30

Which of the following aspects of Dr. Schulenberg\'s study allows him to prevent observer bias?

Accepted Answer

Having the person grading the exams unaware of each student\'s writing group

Question 31

The addition of a control group that does not use the drink additive would help Dr. Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity?

Accepted Answer

Demand characteristics?

Question 32

The addition of a group that does not use the drink additive but adds a similar-looking substance that they think is the additive would help Dr. Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity?

Accepted Answer

Placebo effects

Question 33

Imagine that Dr. Bloedorn finds no difference between the calories consumed with the drink additive and without. This is known as:

Accepted Answer

A null effect

Question 34

Dr. Deveraux conducted a study that resulted in a null effect. Nonetheless, she suspects that there truly is a causal relationship between her independent and dependent variables. Which of the following IS a potential reason for failing to detect this effect?

Accepted Answer

Weak manipulation, intensive measure, reverse confound

Question 35

In what way does high within-group variance obscure between-groups variance?

Accepted Answer

It leads to smaller effect sizes; it causes more overlap between experimental/comparison groups

Question 36

Which of the following things CAN be done to reduce the effect of individual differences?

Accepted Answer

Using matched groups design, use within groups design, collect measurement from more people

Question 37

Why is there a publication bias against null effects (i.e., the file-drawer problem)?

Accepted Answer

Need to be replicated with the same statistical evidence provided. People are more interested in what was found, rather than what wasn\'t found

Question 38

To make his study a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design, which of the following would Dr. Elder need to do?

Accepted Answer

Add a new manipulated variable (time to complete task: 5 minutes vs. 10 vs. 15)

Question 39

Which of the following reasons is the most likely reason Dr. Elder conducted a factorial design?

Accepted Answer

To test if task type generalizes/interacts with the effect of activity focus

Question 40

In Dr. Elder\'s study, how many possible main effects exist?

Accepted Answer

4?

Question 41

Which of the following is the correct factorial notion for Dr. Elder\'s new study?

Accepted Answer

2 x 2 x 2. There are 3 independent variables, and each have 2 variables

Question 42

Based on the graphs above, why should Dr. Elder conclude that there is a three-way interaction?

Accepted Answer

When there are 3 independent variables, there are 3 main effects, 3 two way interactions, and 1 three way interaction

Question 43

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study?

Accepted Answer

2

Question 44

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many cells are in his study?

Accepted Answer

8

Question 45

An author might use ALL of the following methods to indicate statistical significance:

Accepted Answer

Using the word \'significant,\' including an asterisk in the table, using the notion p;0.05

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