Psychology 240 Exam 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
In evaluating Dr. Oswald's study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking?
answer
How reliable is the measure of daily stress?
question
Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Oswald will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because:
answer
The relationship has the largest effect size
question
Dr. Oswald realizes that the women in her study have more friends than the men in her study. This could potentially result in which of the following?
answer
Spurious associations due to subgroups
question
Dr. Oswald creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements IS true?
answer
She should consider the scores outliers
question
Dr. Oswald submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Oswald's study to consider?
answer
The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants.
question
Dr. Oswald finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is therefore a/an:
answer
moderator
question
Which of the following is NOT a question you should ask about the statistical validity of an association claim?
answer
Is random assignment affecting the findings?
question
What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?
answer
Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people
question
What type of study design is Dr. Farah using?
answer
longitudinal design
question
In considering the three causal rules, which of the following rules/questions will Dr. Farah's study NOT be able to address?
answer
Third variable? History threat?
question
Which of the correlations is an autocorrelation?
answer
2 fall hours of homework and spring hours of homework 5 fall GPA and spring GPA
question
Which of the following correlations is a cross-sectional correlation?
answer
1 fall hours of homework and fall GPA 6 spring hours of homework and spring GPA
question
Which of the allowing correlations is a cross-lag correlation?
answer
3 fall hours of homework and spring GPA 4 spring hours of homework and fall GPA
question
Based on her pattern of correlations, which of the following can Dr. Farah safely conclude?
answer
Because correlation 3 is significant but 4 is not, Dr. Farah has evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement.
question
Given Dr. Sparrow's design, which of the following problems is his study best able to overcome?
answer
External validity of his findings
question
Which of the following is NOT a predictor variable in Dr. Sparrow's study?
answer
Marital satisfaction
question
Which of the following is the mediating variable in Dr. Uchida's hypothesis?
answer
Social support
question
Dr. Uchida's finding that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women suggests which of the following?
answer
Participant sex is a moderating variable
question
How many conditions of the independent variable ("levels") were in Dr. Lonsbary's study?
answer
3
question
Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the covariance rule for causality?
answer
Noting that there is a difference between number of words recalled by happy and neutral people
question
Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the temporal precedence rule for causality?
answer
Having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered
question
What type of design did Dr. Lonsbary use in her study?
answer
Independent groups design
question
Dr. Lonsbary's study contains which of the following techniques designed to address a threat to construct validity?
answer
Manipulation check; random sampling
question
Dr. Lonsbary's decision to randomly assign participants to the three groups was done to avoid which of the following?
answer
Selection effect
question
Dr. Lonsbary's study asked participants to report on their mood before completing the memory test. Her decision to include this step was done to address the study's:
answer
Construct validity
question
Dr. Lonsbary is considering doing a follow-up study in which instead of asking participants to listen to music to induce mood, she has them write either a story about a character who just won the lottery or a story about a character who just experienced the death of their spouse. This change in the mood variable is designed to enhance the study's:
answer
Construct
question
Which of the following SHOULD Dr. Lonsbary conclude from her study?
answer
Being in a mood other than neutral causes better memory, music can change mood, happy mood is not much better than sad mood for memory
question
Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. This preliminary study is known as a:
answer
Pilot study
question
Dr. Schulenberg likely designed his study so that neither he nor his students knew which group they were in to address which of the following?
answer
Demand characteristics
question
Which of the following aspects of Dr. Schulenberg's study allows him to prevent observer bias?
answer
Having the person grading the exams unaware of each student's writing group
question
The addition of a control group that does not use the drink additive would help Dr. Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity?
answer
Demand characteristics?
question
The addition of a group that does not use the drink additive but adds a similar-looking substance that they think is the additive would help Dr. Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity?
answer
Placebo effects
question
Imagine that Dr. Bloedorn finds no difference between the calories consumed with the drink additive and without. This is known as:
answer
A null effect
question
Dr. Deveraux conducted a study that resulted in a null effect. Nonetheless, she suspects that there truly is a causal relationship between her independent and dependent variables. Which of the following IS a potential reason for failing to detect this effect?
answer
Weak manipulation, intensive measure, reverse confound
question
In what way does high within-group variance obscure between-groups variance?
answer
It leads to smaller effect sizes; it causes more overlap between experimental/comparison groups
question
Which of the following things CAN be done to reduce the effect of individual differences?
answer
Using matched groups design, use within groups design, collect measurement from more people
question
Why is there a publication bias against null effects (i.e., the file-drawer problem)?
answer
Need to be replicated with the same statistical evidence provided. People are more interested in what was found, rather than what wasn't found
question
To make his study a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design, which of the following would Dr. Elder need to do?
answer
Add a new manipulated variable (time to complete task: 5 minutes vs. 10 vs. 15)
question
Which of the following reasons is the most likely reason Dr. Elder conducted a factorial design?
answer
To test if task type generalizes/interacts with the effect of activity focus
question
In Dr. Elder's study, how many possible main effects exist?
answer
4?
question
Which of the following is the correct factorial notion for Dr. Elder's new study?
answer
2 x 2 x 2. There are 3 independent variables, and each have 2 variables
question
Based on the graphs above, why should Dr. Elder conclude that there is a three-way interaction?
answer
When there are 3 independent variables, there are 3 main effects, 3 two way interactions, and 1 three way interaction
question
Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study?
answer
2
question
Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many cells are in his study?
answer
8
question
An author might use ALL of the following methods to indicate statistical significance:
answer
Using the word 'significant,' including an asterisk in the table, using the notion p;0.05
