Psychology 202 1 – Flashcards

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mind
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Our private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings
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nativism
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The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn
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behavior
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Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals
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consciousness
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A person�s subjective experience of the world and the mind
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introspection
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The subjective observation of one�s own experience
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natural selection
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Charles Darwin�s theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations
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functionalism
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The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment
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psychology
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The scientific study of mind and behavior
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phrenology
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A now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain
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philosophical empiricism
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The philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience
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physiology
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The study of biological processes, especially in the human body
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reaction time
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The amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus
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structuralism
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The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind
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stimulus
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Sensory input from the environment
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hysteria
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A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences
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psychoanalytic theory
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Sigmund Freud�s approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
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psychoanalysis
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A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders
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humanistic psychology
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An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings
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unconscious
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The part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions
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behaviorism
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An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior
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reinforcement
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The consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again
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response
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An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus
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gestalt psychology
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A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
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cognitive psychology
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The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning
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behavioral neuroscience
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An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes
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cognitive neuroscience
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A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity
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evolutionary psychology
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A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection
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illusions
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Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality
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cultural psychology
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The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members
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social psychology
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A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
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What early philosopher believed that the mind is a blank slate before environmental experiences write their story?
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John Locke
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Dualism is the belief that
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the mind and body are two separate entities.
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Which pioneer demonstrated through research that our mental processes could be studied with the same scientific methods used in other areas of science?
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Hermann von Helmholtz
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Which view of psychology emphasized the study of mental processes alone?
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structuralism
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Which psychologist helped bring together the views of psychology as a science of behavior and a science of mental processes?
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B. F. Skinner
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Which process allows us to recognize our families, recognize predators, and successfully avoid traffic?
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perception
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Your friend Tony tells you that the only way you can know something is through experience. Tony is probably a
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philosophical empiricist.
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Although the body has a physical form, our memories, thoughts, and feelings do not, which creates the problem of
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dualism.
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Dr. Speck is interested in understanding the normal operations of the mind. A patient with dissociative identity disorder is referred to his clinic. Would this patient provide insight into the normal function of the mind?
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Yes, because studying the mental disruptions associated with the disorder reveal important differences between these processes and those of a normal state.
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The _____ influences people's thoughts, feelings, and actions without them being aware of it.
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unconscious
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Tobias is a therapist who tells his clients that all of their behaviors are a product of their environment and that they don't have free will. His views are in opposition to which psychological theory?
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humanistic psychology
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Wilhelm Wundt's brand of psychology focused on the study of _____ , while John Watson's brand of psychology focused on the study of _____ .
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consciousness; behavior
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The classic "Little Albert" experiment by _____ demonstrated that the environment can control behavior of human beings at very young ages.
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Watson
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According to Pavlov, a _____ is an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus.
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response
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Lyndsey is a cognitive psychologist interesting in studying errors in perception and memory, especially when these things don't match reality. Said differently, Lyndsey is interested in:
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illusions.
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Moviemakers were already using the illusion of motion explained by:
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Wertheimer.
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_____ study the link between brain and behavior, sometimes by observing an organism on a specific task after performing surgery to remove certain parts of the brain.
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Behavioral neuroscientists
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A psychologist develops a new treatment for depression in the United States which involves teaching people techniques to increase their self-esteem. Assuming that the treatment is successful in the United States, should the same treatment be used to treat depression in Japan?
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No, depressed people in Eastern cultures do not devalue themselves like depressed people in Western cultures.
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Psychologists and _____ often exchange ideas to further the field of cultural psychology.
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anthropologists
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Psychological states and experiences that occur most commonly across the world are usually _____ based, whereas those that are the least universal are rooted in _____ .
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biologically; culture
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Most psychologists today work:
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in clinical or health-related fields.
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A _____ treats individuals with psychological problems and is allowed to prescribe medication.
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psychiatrist
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This type of psychologist deals with workplace issues.
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industrial-organizational psychologist
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The word psychology is derived from the Greek words psyche and logos. Which combination of definitions is correct for these words?
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soul; to study
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Which of the following is not done by the mind?
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eating
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Elizabeth believes that no matter how hard someone practices, he or she will never be a professional athlete or expert musician without innate ability. Elizabeth believes in:
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nativism.
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Mary was afflicted by a brief spell in which she was unaware who she was. Freud would have believed that she was suffering from:
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hysteria.
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Although William James and Sigmund Freud employed two very different theoretical approaches to psychology, what is the common thread between their views?
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By studying the errors in mental processes, we gain a better understanding of the normal functioning mind.
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Freud's study of patients with hysteria was most useful for understanding which part of the mind?
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conscious
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The stimulus-response method of behaviorism demonstrated the important influence of _____ on human and animal behavior.
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the environment
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Which of the following statements is NOT true about B. F. Skinner? A. He developed a specialized chamber in which rats could press levers to earn food. B. He taught "Little Albert" to fear rats. C. He denied the existence of free will. D. He developed the principle of reinforcement.
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b. He taught "Little Albert" to fear rats.
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In a popular media study of influence, which psychologist was ranked 39 points below Jesus Christ because of his controversial ideas? A. Freud B. Watson C. Pavlov D. Skinner
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D. Skinner
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What three developments led psychologists away from behaviorism? A. interest in mental events, the brain, and evolution B. interest in the brain, introspection, and evolution C. interest in mental events, the brain, and stimulus-response D. interest in the brain, mental events, and philosophical empiricism
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A. interest in mental events, the brain, and evolution
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Why was the advent of the computer so important for the development of cognitive psychology? A. Psychologists could now use the computer to analyze large amounts of data. B. Computers provided a model for studying the mind scientifically. C. Computer technology allowed psychologists to develop useful tools and software programs to run complex experiments that were not previously possible without computers. D. The computer supported the behaviorists' claim of a "black box," where information goes in and a specific behavior is output with no need to study mental events.
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B. Computers provided a model for studying the mind scientifically.
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The field of _____ links cognitive processes and brain activity. A. cognitive psychology B. behavior analysis C. cognitive neuroscience D. behavioral neuroscience
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C. cognitive neuroscience
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Historical events such as the rise of Nazism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology? A. behaviorism B. cultural psychology C. social psychology D. evolutionary psychology
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C. social psychology
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A city planner is finalizing plans for a new park in Chicago. A friend of hers is developing plans for a city park in Osaka, Japan. Should the same plan be used in both cities without further research? A. No, the plan was based on a park in the United States, and there are cultural differences that should be accounted for when considering the usefulness and design elements for each park. B. No, unless both parks are the same size, then it would be appropriate to use the same plan. C. Yes, the relativism of cultural differences is only relevant for mental events like perception and stereotype formation. D. Yes, if we follow the principle of absolutism, city parks are always the same wherever they are located.
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A. No, the plan was based on a park in the United States, and there are cultural differences that should be accounted for when considering the usefulness and design elements for each park.
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"Depression is expressed differently across cultures; this is an important factor to consider during diagnosis and treatment." Which school of thought would most likely agree with this statement? A. relativism B. functionalism C. socialism D. absolutism
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A. relativism
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The American Psychological Society was formed because the membership of the American Psychological Association: A. was becoming too research-orientated. B. was dominated by white males. C. required new members to have a medical degree. D. was made up predominantly of clinical and health-related psychologists.
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D. was made up predominantly of clinical and health-related psychologists.
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This type of psychologist deals with workplace issues. A. developmental psychologist B. industrial-organizational psychologist C. clinical psychologist D. social psychologist
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B. industrial-organizational psychologist
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The American Psychological Association was formed in: A. '92 on the campus of Clark University. B. 1939 at the beginning of World War II. C. at the turn of the century in 1900. D. in'55 in conjunction with Howard University's psychology club.
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A. '92 on the campus of Clark University.
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Franz Gall believed that the bumps and indentations on the skull are indicative of the shape of the brain. Gall called this theory: A. philosophical empiricism. B. structuralism. C. functionalism. D. phrenology.
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D. phrenology.
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William James's functional approach to psychology was influenced by Darwin's theory of: A. structuralism. B. phrenology. C. natural selection. D. philosophical empiricism.
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C. natural selection.
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What are the three components of memory that have been studied by psychologists? A. reinforcement, punishment, extinction B. acquisition, retention, retrieval C. acquisition, extinction, reinforcement D. organization, retrieval, rehearsal
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B. acquisition, retention, retrieval
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The purpose of Freud's psychoanalytic approach to therapy is to: A. identify unconscious thoughts and bring them into awareness. B. help patients repress their unconscious thoughts, fears and anxieties. C. identify mental processes from recording observable behaviors. D. talk about sex.
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A. identify unconscious thoughts and bring them into awareness.
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The idea that people could have several "selves" that were independent and unaware of each other came from which psychological movement? A. humanism B. psychoanalysis C. behaviorism D. structuralism
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B. psychoanalysis
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Which area of psychology was associated with identifying the full scope of positive human potential? A. humanism. B. psychoanalysis C. behaviorism D. structuralism
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A. humanism.
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Psychology through the early 20th century focused on _____ information until the development of behaviorism, which shifted its focus to _____ information. A. subjective; objective B. subjective; internal C. objective; external D. objective; subjective
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A. subjective; objective
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A rat is being trained to learn its way through a complex maze. When the rat successfully makes its way through the maze, it receives water and food, and runs faster next time. What psychological principle does this example illustrate? A. stimulus B. reinforcement C. introspection D. cognition
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B. reinforcement
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Cognitive psychology applies scientific methods to the study of: A. mental processes, such as memory, perception, and thought. B. objective behaviors with no mention of internal mental states. C. unconscious thoughts only through introspection. D. computer information-processing systems.
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A. mental processes, such as memory, perception, and thought.
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Chad explains his irresponsible spending by speculating that he shares genes with ancestors who had no need to save for the future because their lives were brutish and short. Which field of psychology is most consistent with his view? A. evolutionary psychology B. behaviorism C. cognitive neuroscience D. behavioral neuroscience
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A. evolutionary psychology
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Historical events such as the rise of Nazism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology? A. behaviorism B. cultural psychology C. social psychology D. evolutionary psychology
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C. social psychology
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A city planner is finalizing plans for a new park in Chicago. A friend of hers is developing plans for a city park in Osaka, Japan. Should the same plan be used in both cities without further research? A. No, the plan was based on a park in the United States, and there are cultural differences that should be accounted for when considering the usefulness and design elements for each park. B. No, unless both parks are the same size, then it would be appropriate to use the same plan. C. Yes, the relativism of cultural differences is only relevant for mental events like perception and stereotype formation. D. Yes, if we follow the principle of absolutism, city parks are always the same wherever they are located.
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A. No, the plan was based on a park in the United States, and there are cultural differences that should be accounted for when considering the usefulness and design elements for each park.
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The age at which people begin to have romantic relationships varies across cultures, but the number of items people can hold in their short-term memory is relatively similar across cultures. The course of romantic relationships could be labeled as _____ , while memory span could be _____ . A. relativistic; absolute B. absolute; relativistic C. social; cognitive D. cognitive; social
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A. relativistic; absolute
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The American Psychological Society was formed to create an organization: A. that focused exclusively on psychologists performing scientific research. B. for clinical psychologist who practice therapy. C. for physiologists that incorporate psychological methods in their research. D. that is centered on social psychology.
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A. that focused exclusively on psychologists performing scientific research.
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Our definition of psychology has two components. Psychology is the scientific study of: A. mind and behavior. B. body and mind. C. soul and logic. D. behavioral disorders.
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A. mind and behavior.
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Aristotle argued that a child's mind is: A. a tabula rasa. B. a phrenological slate. C. nativistic. D. nonexistent.
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A. a tabula rasa.
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Psychology was initially focused on _____ and analyzing the subjective feelings and thoughts of a person's experiences. A. confirmation bias B. consciousness C. illusory correlation D. unconsciousness
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B. consciousness
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The idea that people could have several "selves" that were independent and unaware of each other came from which psychological movement? A. humanism B. psychoanalysis C. behaviorism D. structuralism
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B. psychoanalysis
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Lauren's therapist frequently asks her questions about her dreams and early childhood memories. Her therapist is most likely a(n): A. humanistic psychologist. B. evolutionary psychologist. C. psychoanalytic psychologist. D. Gestalt psychologist.
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C. psychoanalytic psychologist.
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What distinguishes the humanistic psychology movement from the psychoanalytic theory? A. Humanism focuses on possibilities and reaching one's full potential, while psychoanalysis addressed one's limitations and problems. B. Humanistic therapists are on equal ground with their clients, whereas a psychoanalyst has a more powerful role in therapy than the patient. C. Humanistic psychologists do not see people as confined by their past. D. All answers here are correct.
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D. All answers here are correct.
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Psychology through the early 20th century focused on _____ information until the development of behaviorism, which shifted its focus to _____ information. A. subjective; objective B. subjective; internal C. objective; external D. objective; subjective
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A. subjective; objective
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After a scandal forced him to leave academia, which psychologist had a successful career in advertising? A. Hall B. Titchener C. Skinner D. Watson
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D. Watson
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Our susceptibility to the Mueller-Lyer illusion is influenced by our: A. gender. B. culture. C. age. D. psychological well being.
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B. culture.
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Scientists like Ebbinghaus, Piaget, and Lewin paved the way for _____ by renewing interests in mental events such as perception, memory, and subjective experiences. A. behaviorism B. Gestalt psychology C. cognitive psychology D. physiology
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C. cognitive psychology
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Garret thinks human behaviors can be explained on the basis of their adaptive value over time. Which term best describes his view? A. evolutionary psychology B. nativism C. cognitive neuroscience D. behavioral neuroscience
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A. evolutionary psychology
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Social psychology examines issues such as conformity, racism, and stereotyping by: A. focusing on the physical environment in which we grew up. B. accounting for our cultural background and personal beliefs. C. localizing regions of the brain responsible for these issues. D. considering the effects of other people on our cognitive processes.
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C. localizing regions of the brain responsible for these issues.
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A psychologist develops a new treatment for depression in the United States which involves teaching people techniques to increase their self-esteem. Assuming that the treatment is successful in the United States, should the same treatment be used to treat depression in Japan? A. Yes, if a treatment is effective in one culture, it will be effective in all cultures. B. Yes, because previous research has demonstrated that depression manifests itself in exactly the same way across these cultures. C. No, depressed people in Eastern cultures do not devalue themselves like depressed people in Western cultures. D. No, because all behavior is culturally dependent, it is highly unlikely that any therapy would be effective in more than one culture.
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C. No, depressed people in Eastern cultures do not devalue themselves like depressed people in Western cultures.
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Although cognitive processes depend on the brain, humans (and their behaviors) are also a product of the environment around them. How does cultural psychology include this aspect? A. It examines how behavior is influenced by the cultural values, traditions, and beliefs shared by a group. B. It takes into account the ethnicity of each person in a psychology experiment. C. It explains behavior as a unique action for a specific group of people with no accounting made for universal behaviors. D. It examines how behavior is influenced by the presence or absence of other people.
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A. It examines how behavior is influenced by the cultural values, traditions, and beliefs shared by a group.
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The first member of a minority group to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was: A. William James. B. Wilhelm Wundt. C. Mary Clark. D. Kenneth Clark.
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D. Kenneth Clark.
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The American Psychological Society was formed to create an organization: A. that focused exclusively on psychologists performing scientific research. B. for clinical psychologist who practice therapy. C. for physiologists that incorporate psychological methods in their research. D. that is centered on social psychology.
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A. that focused exclusively on psychologists performing scientific research.
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Most people who call themselves psychologists are in this subfield of psychology: A. clinical psychology. B. counseling psychology. C. industrial-organizational psychology. D. school psychology.
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A. clinical psychology.
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Psychology
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the scientific study of mind and behavior Mind: private inner experience Behavior: observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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neuroimaging technique which allows one to see which parts of the brain are active during a given task
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Nativism
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the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn (Plato)
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Philosophical empiricism
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the philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience (Aristotle)
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Nature
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Who we are comes from inborn tendencies and genetically based traits Idea of the "bad seed" "I was born this way"
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Nurture
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We are all essentially the same at birth, and we are the product of our experiences The mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa) You can be anything you want to be!
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Rene' Descartes (1596-1650)
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French philosopher that argued for dualism between mind and body
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
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agued against Descartes.
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Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
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Phrenology: a now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain
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Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)
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surgically removed brain pieces; argued against Gall's methods
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Paul Broca (1824-1880)
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studied brain damaged patients (left frontal lobe) to link localization to ability
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William James (1842-1910):
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first to take scientific approach to study Psychology; wrote The Principles of Psychology
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Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)
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studied human reaction time; estimated the length of nerve impulse Stimulus: sensory input from the environment Reaction time: the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus
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Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
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opened the first psychological laboratory Consciousness: a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind Structuralism: the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind Introspection: the subjective observation of one's own experience
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Edward Titchener (1867-1927)
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studied under Wundt; focused on identifying basic elements of the mind
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William James (1842-1910)
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first to take scientific approach to study Psychology; wrote The Principles of Psychology Functionalism: the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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inspired James; wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Natural selection: the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations
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G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924):
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set up first psychological laboratory in North America; focused on development and education. Founded the American Journal of Psychology
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Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), Pierre Janet (1859-1947)
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studied hysteric patients through hypnosis Hysteria: a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):
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hysteria caused from painful unconscious experiences Unconscious: the part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions Psychoanalytic theory: approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors Psychoanalysis: a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders
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Carl Jung (1875-1961), Alfred Adler (1870-1937):
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followed but broke away from Freud
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Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), Carl Rogers (1902-1987):
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pioneered a new movement in Humanistic Psychology Humanistic psychology: an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings
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Positive psychology
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Scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning
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John Watson (1878-1958)
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goal to predict and control behavior through the study of observable behavior
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Margaret Washburn (1871-1939)
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studied behavior in different animal species; published The Animal Mind
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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
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studied the physiology of digestion and founded classical conditioning (stimulus-response) Response: an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus
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Burrhus Frederick (B.F.) Skinner (1904-1990)
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developed the "Skinner box" or conditioning chamber to explain learning, and founded operant conditioning; published The Behavior of Organisms, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, Walden II Influenced by Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677) Reinforcement: the consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again Teaching machines Free will?
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Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
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founded induced motion phenomena Gestalt psychology: a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
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Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886-1969)
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discovered that memory recall is flawed, in contrast to Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
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Jean Piaget (1896-1980):
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studied cognitive development (errors) in children
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Kurt Lewin (1890-1947):
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studied the construal of stimuli; topology as a mathematical to model subjective experience
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Solomon Asch (1907-1996)
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studied "mental chemistry" and obedience in lab experiments
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Gordon Allport (1897-1967):
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studied stereotyping, prejudice, and racism as perceptual errors
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Cultural psychology
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: the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members Studied by psychologists and anthropologists Absolutionism: culture makes little difference on psychology Relativism: psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across cultures
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