question

mind

answer

Our private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings

question

nativism

answer

The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

question

behavior

answer

Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

question

consciousness

answer

A person�s subjective experience of the world and the mind

question

introspection

answer

The subjective observation of one�s own experience

question

natural selection

answer

Charles Darwin�s theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations

question

functionalism

answer

The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment

question

psychology

answer

The scientific study of mind and behavior

question

phrenology

answer

A now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain

question

philosophical empiricism

answer

The philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

question

physiology

answer

The study of biological processes, especially in the human body

question

reaction time

answer

The amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus

question

structuralism

answer

The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

question

stimulus

answer

Sensory input from the environment

question

hysteria

answer

A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

question

psychoanalytic theory

answer

Sigmund Freud�s approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

question

psychoanalysis

answer

A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders

question

humanistic psychology

answer

An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

question

unconscious

answer

The part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions

question

behaviorism

answer

An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior

question

reinforcement

answer

The consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again

question

response

answer

An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus

question

gestalt psychology

answer

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

question

cognitive psychology

answer

The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning

question

behavioral neuroscience

answer

An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

question

cognitive neuroscience

answer

A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

question

evolutionary psychology

answer

A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

question

illusions

answer

Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality

question

cultural psychology

answer

The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members

question

social psychology

answer

A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior

question

What early philosopher believed that the mind is a blank slate before environmental experiences write their story?

answer

John Locke

question

Dualism is the belief that

answer

the mind and body are two separate entities.

question

Which pioneer demonstrated through research that our mental processes could be studied with the same scientific methods used in other areas of science?

answer

Hermann von Helmholtz

question

Which view of psychology emphasized the study of mental processes alone?

answer

structuralism

question

Which psychologist helped bring together the views of psychology as a science of behavior and a science of mental processes?

answer

B. F. Skinner

question

Which process allows us to recognize our families, recognize predators, and successfully avoid traffic?

answer

perception

question

Your friend Tony tells you that the only way you can know something is through experience. Tony is probably a

answer

philosophical empiricist.

question

Although the body has a physical form, our memories, thoughts, and feelings do not, which creates the problem of

answer

dualism.

question

Dr. Speck is interested in understanding the normal operations of the mind. A patient with dissociative identity disorder is referred to his clinic. Would this patient provide insight into the normal function of the mind?

answer

Yes, because studying the mental disruptions associated with the disorder reveal important differences between these processes and those of a normal state.

question

The _____ influences people's thoughts, feelings, and actions without them being aware of it.

answer

unconscious

question

Tobias is a therapist who tells his clients that all of their behaviors are a product of their environment and that they don't have free will. His views are in opposition to which psychological theory?

answer

humanistic psychology

question

Wilhelm Wundt's brand of psychology focused on the study of _____ , while John Watson's brand of psychology focused on the study of _____ .

answer

consciousness; behavior

question

The classic "Little Albert" experiment by _____ demonstrated that the environment can control behavior of human beings at very young ages.

answer

Watson

question

According to Pavlov, a _____ is an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus.

answer

response

question

Lyndsey is a cognitive psychologist interesting in studying errors in perception and memory, especially when these things don't match reality. Said differently, Lyndsey is interested in:

answer

illusions.

question

Moviemakers were already using the illusion of motion explained by:

answer

Wertheimer.

question

_____ study the link between brain and behavior, sometimes by observing an organism on a specific task after performing surgery to remove certain parts of the brain.

answer

Behavioral neuroscientists

question

A psychologist develops a new treatment for depression in the United States which involves teaching people techniques to increase their self-esteem. Assuming that the treatment is successful in the United States, should the same treatment be used to treat depression in Japan?

answer

No, depressed people in Eastern cultures do not devalue themselves like depressed people in Western cultures.

question

Psychologists and _____ often exchange ideas to further the field of cultural psychology.

answer

anthropologists

question

Psychological states and experiences that occur most commonly across the world are usually _____ based, whereas those that are the least universal are rooted in _____ .

answer

biologically; culture

question

Most psychologists today work:

answer

in clinical or health-related fields.

question

A _____ treats individuals with psychological problems and is allowed to prescribe medication.

answer

psychiatrist

question

This type of psychologist deals with workplace issues.

answer

industrial-organizational psychologist

question

The word psychology is derived from the Greek words psyche and logos. Which combination of definitions is correct for these words?

answer

soul; to study

question

Which of the following is not done by the mind?

answer

eating

question

Elizabeth believes that no matter how hard someone practices, he or she will never be a professional athlete or expert musician without innate ability. Elizabeth believes in:

answer

nativism.

question

Mary was afflicted by a brief spell in which she was unaware who she was. Freud would have believed that she was suffering from:

answer

hysteria.

question

Although William James and Sigmund Freud employed two very different theoretical approaches to psychology, what is the common thread between their views?

answer

By studying the errors in mental processes, we gain a better understanding of the normal functioning mind.

question

Freud's study of patients with hysteria was most useful for understanding which part of the mind?

answer

conscious

question

The stimulus-response method of behaviorism demonstrated the important influence of _____ on human and animal behavior.

answer

the environment

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true about B. F. Skinner? A. He developed a specialized chamber in which rats could press levers to earn food. B. He taught "Little Albert" to fear rats. C. He denied the existence of free will. D. He developed the principle of reinforcement.

answer

b. He taught "Little Albert" to fear rats.

question

In a popular media study of influence, which psychologist was ranked 39 points below Jesus Christ because of his controversial ideas? A. Freud B. Watson C. Pavlov D. Skinner

answer

D. Skinner

question

What three developments led psychologists away from behaviorism? A. interest in mental events, the brain, and evolution B. interest in the brain, introspection, and evolution C. interest in mental events, the brain, and stimulus-response D. interest in the brain, mental events, and philosophical empiricism

answer

A. interest in mental events, the brain, and evolution

question

Why was the advent of the computer so important for the development of cognitive psychology? A. Psychologists could now use the computer to analyze large amounts of data. B. Computers provided a model for studying the mind scientifically. C. Computer technology allowed psychologists to develop useful tools and software programs to run complex experiments that were not previously possible without computers. D. The computer supported the behaviorists' claim of a "black box," where information goes in and a specific behavior is output with no need to study mental events.

answer

B. Computers provided a model for studying the mind scientifically.

question

The field of _____ links cognitive processes and brain activity. A. cognitive psychology B. behavior analysis C. cognitive neuroscience D. behavioral neuroscience

answer

C. cognitive neuroscience

question

Historical events such as the rise of Nazism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology? A. behaviorism B. cultural psychology C. social psychology D. evolutionary psychology

answer

C. social psychology

question

A city planner is finalizing plans for a new park in Chicago. A friend of hers is developing plans for a city park in Osaka, Japan. Should the same plan be used in both cities without further research? A. No, the plan was based on a park in the United States, and there are cultural differences that should be accounted for when considering the usefulness and design elements for each park. B. No, unless both parks are the same size, then it would be appropriate to use the same plan. C. Yes, the relativism of cultural differences is only relevant for mental events like perception and stereotype formation. D. Yes, if we follow the principle of absolutism, city parks are always the same wherever they are located.

answer

A. No, the plan was based on a park in the United States, and there are cultural differences that should be accounted for when considering the usefulness and design elements for each park.

question

"Depression is expressed differently across cultures; this is an important factor to consider during diagnosis and treatment." Which school of thought would most likely agree with this statement? A. relativism B. functionalism C. socialism D. absolutism

answer

A. relativism

question

The American Psychological Society was formed because the membership of the American Psychological Association: A. was becoming too research-orientated. B. was dominated by white males. C. required new members to have a medical degree. D. was made up predominantly of clinical and health-related psychologists.

answer

D. was made up predominantly of clinical and health-related psychologists.

question

This type of psychologist deals with workplace issues. A. developmental psychologist B. industrial-organizational psychologist C. clinical psychologist D. social psychologist

answer

B. industrial-organizational psychologist

question

The American Psychological Association was formed in: A. '92 on the campus of Clark University. B. 1939 at the beginning of World War II. C. at the turn of the century in 1900. D. in'55 in conjunction with Howard University's psychology club.

answer

A. '92 on the campus of Clark University.

question

Franz Gall believed that the bumps and indentations on the skull are indicative of the shape of the brain. Gall called this theory: A. philosophical empiricism. B. structuralism. C. functionalism. D. phrenology.

answer

D. phrenology.

question

William James's functional approach to psychology was influenced by Darwin's theory of: A. structuralism. B. phrenology. C. natural selection. D. philosophical empiricism.

answer

C. natural selection.

question

What are the three components of memory that have been studied by psychologists? A. reinforcement, punishment, extinction B. acquisition, retention, retrieval C. acquisition, extinction, reinforcement D. organization, retrieval, rehearsal

answer

B. acquisition, retention, retrieval

question

The purpose of Freud's psychoanalytic approach to therapy is to: A. identify unconscious thoughts and bring them into awareness. B. help patients repress their unconscious thoughts, fears and anxieties. C. identify mental processes from recording observable behaviors. D. talk about sex.

answer

A. identify unconscious thoughts and bring them into awareness.

question

The idea that people could have several "selves" that were independent and unaware of each other came from which psychological movement? A. humanism B. psychoanalysis C. behaviorism D. structuralism

answer

B. psychoanalysis

question

Which area of psychology was associated with identifying the full scope of positive human potential? A. humanism. B. psychoanalysis C. behaviorism D. structuralism

answer

A. humanism.

question

Psychology through the early 20th century focused on _____ information until the development of behaviorism, which shifted its focus to _____ information. A. subjective; objective B. subjective; internal C. objective; external D. objective; subjective

answer

A. subjective; objective

question

A rat is being trained to learn its way through a complex maze. When the rat successfully makes its way through the maze, it receives water and food, and runs faster next time. What psychological principle does this example illustrate? A. stimulus B. reinforcement C. introspection D. cognition

answer

B. reinforcement

question

Cognitive psychology applies scientific methods to the study of: A. mental processes, such as memory, perception, and thought. B. objective behaviors with no mention of internal mental states. C. unconscious thoughts only through introspection. D. computer information-processing systems.

answer

A. mental processes, such as memory, perception, and thought.

question

Chad explains his irresponsible spending by speculating that he shares genes with ancestors who had no need to save for the future because their lives were brutish and short. Which field of psychology is most consistent with his view? A. evolutionary psychology B. behaviorism C. cognitive neuroscience D. behavioral neuroscience

answer

A. evolutionary psychology

question

Historical events such as the rise of Nazism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology? A. behaviorism B. cultural psychology C. social psychology D. evolutionary psychology

answer

C. social psychology

question

A city planner is finalizing plans for a new park in Chicago. A friend of hers is developing plans for a city park in Osaka, Japan. Should the same plan be used in both cities without further research? A. No, the plan was based on a park in the United States, and there are cultural differences that should be accounted for when considering the usefulness and design elements for each park. B. No, unless both parks are the same size, then it would be appropriate to use the same plan. C. Yes, the relativism of cultural differences is only relevant for mental events like perception and stereotype formation. D. Yes, if we follow the principle of absolutism, city parks are always the same wherever they are located.

answer

A. No, the plan was based on a park in the United States, and there are cultural differences that should be accounted for when considering the usefulness and design elements for each park.

question

The age at which people begin to have romantic relationships varies across cultures, but the number of items people can hold in their short-term memory is relatively similar across cultures. The course of romantic relationships could be labeled as _____ , while memory span could be _____ . A. relativistic; absolute B. absolute; relativistic C. social; cognitive D. cognitive; social

answer

A. relativistic; absolute

question

The American Psychological Society was formed to create an organization: A. that focused exclusively on psychologists performing scientific research. B. for clinical psychologist who practice therapy. C. for physiologists that incorporate psychological methods in their research. D. that is centered on social psychology.

answer

A. that focused exclusively on psychologists performing scientific research.

question

Our definition of psychology has two components. Psychology is the scientific study of: A. mind and behavior. B. body and mind. C. soul and logic. D. behavioral disorders.

answer

A. mind and behavior.

question

Aristotle argued that a child's mind is: A. a tabula rasa. B. a phrenological slate. C. nativistic. D. nonexistent.

answer

A. a tabula rasa.

question

Psychology was initially focused on _____ and analyzing the subjective feelings and thoughts of a person's experiences. A. confirmation bias B. consciousness C. illusory correlation D. unconsciousness

answer

B. consciousness

question

The idea that people could have several "selves" that were independent and unaware of each other came from which psychological movement? A. humanism B. psychoanalysis C. behaviorism D. structuralism

answer

B. psychoanalysis

question

Lauren's therapist frequently asks her questions about her dreams and early childhood memories. Her therapist is most likely a(n): A. humanistic psychologist. B. evolutionary psychologist. C. psychoanalytic psychologist. D. Gestalt psychologist.

answer

C. psychoanalytic psychologist.

question

What distinguishes the humanistic psychology movement from the psychoanalytic theory? A. Humanism focuses on possibilities and reaching one's full potential, while psychoanalysis addressed one's limitations and problems. B. Humanistic therapists are on equal ground with their clients, whereas a psychoanalyst has a more powerful role in therapy than the patient. C. Humanistic psychologists do not see people as confined by their past. D. All answers here are correct.

answer

D. All answers here are correct.

question

Psychology through the early 20th century focused on _____ information until the development of behaviorism, which shifted its focus to _____ information. A. subjective; objective B. subjective; internal C. objective; external D. objective; subjective

answer

A. subjective; objective

question

After a scandal forced him to leave academia, which psychologist had a successful career in advertising? A. Hall B. Titchener C. Skinner D. Watson

answer

D. Watson

question

Our susceptibility to the Mueller-Lyer illusion is influenced by our: A. gender. B. culture. C. age. D. psychological well being.

answer

B. culture.

question

Scientists like Ebbinghaus, Piaget, and Lewin paved the way for _____ by renewing interests in mental events such as perception, memory, and subjective experiences. A. behaviorism B. Gestalt psychology C. cognitive psychology D. physiology

answer

C. cognitive psychology

question

Garret thinks human behaviors can be explained on the basis of their adaptive value over time. Which term best describes his view? A. evolutionary psychology B. nativism C. cognitive neuroscience D. behavioral neuroscience

answer

A. evolutionary psychology

question

Social psychology examines issues such as conformity, racism, and stereotyping by: A. focusing on the physical environment in which we grew up. B. accounting for our cultural background and personal beliefs. C. localizing regions of the brain responsible for these issues. D. considering the effects of other people on our cognitive processes.

answer

C. localizing regions of the brain responsible for these issues.

question

A psychologist develops a new treatment for depression in the United States which involves teaching people techniques to increase their self-esteem. Assuming that the treatment is successful in the United States, should the same treatment be used to treat depression in Japan? A. Yes, if a treatment is effective in one culture, it will be effective in all cultures. B. Yes, because previous research has demonstrated that depression manifests itself in exactly the same way across these cultures. C. No, depressed people in Eastern cultures do not devalue themselves like depressed people in Western cultures. D. No, because all behavior is culturally dependent, it is highly unlikely that any therapy would be effective in more than one culture.

answer

C. No, depressed people in Eastern cultures do not devalue themselves like depressed people in Western cultures.

question

Although cognitive processes depend on the brain, humans (and their behaviors) are also a product of the environment around them. How does cultural psychology include this aspect? A. It examines how behavior is influenced by the cultural values, traditions, and beliefs shared by a group. B. It takes into account the ethnicity of each person in a psychology experiment. C. It explains behavior as a unique action for a specific group of people with no accounting made for universal behaviors. D. It examines how behavior is influenced by the presence or absence of other people.

answer

A. It examines how behavior is influenced by the cultural values, traditions, and beliefs shared by a group.

question

The first member of a minority group to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was: A. William James. B. Wilhelm Wundt. C. Mary Clark. D. Kenneth Clark.

answer

D. Kenneth Clark.

question

The American Psychological Society was formed to create an organization: A. that focused exclusively on psychologists performing scientific research. B. for clinical psychologist who practice therapy. C. for physiologists that incorporate psychological methods in their research. D. that is centered on social psychology.

answer

A. that focused exclusively on psychologists performing scientific research.

question

Most people who call themselves psychologists are in this subfield of psychology: A. clinical psychology. B. counseling psychology. C. industrial-organizational psychology. D. school psychology.

answer

A. clinical psychology.

question

Psychology

answer

the scientific study of mind and behavior Mind: private inner experience Behavior: observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

question

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

answer

neuroimaging technique which allows one to see which parts of the brain are active during a given task

question

Nativism

answer

the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn (Plato)

question

Philosophical empiricism

answer

the philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience (Aristotle)

question

Nature

answer

Who we are comes from inborn tendencies and genetically based traits Idea of the "bad seed" "I was born this way"

question

Nurture

answer

We are all essentially the same at birth, and we are the product of our experiences The mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa) You can be anything you want to be!

question

Rene' Descartes (1596-1650)

answer

French philosopher that argued for dualism between mind and body

question

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

answer

agued against Descartes.

question

Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)

answer

Phrenology: a now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain

question

Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)

answer

surgically removed brain pieces; argued against Gall's methods

question

Paul Broca (1824-1880)

answer

studied brain damaged patients (left frontal lobe) to link localization to ability

question

William James (1842-1910):

answer

first to take scientific approach to study Psychology; wrote The Principles of Psychology

question

Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)

answer

studied human reaction time; estimated the length of nerve impulse Stimulus: sensory input from the environment Reaction time: the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus

question

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

answer

opened the first psychological laboratory Consciousness: a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind Structuralism: the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind Introspection: the subjective observation of one's own experience

question

Edward Titchener (1867-1927)

answer

studied under Wundt; focused on identifying basic elements of the mind

question

William James (1842-1910)

answer

first to take scientific approach to study Psychology; wrote The Principles of Psychology Functionalism: the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment

question

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

answer

inspired James; wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Natural selection: the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations

question

G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924):

answer

set up first psychological laboratory in North America; focused on development and education. Founded the American Journal of Psychology

question

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), Pierre Janet (1859-1947)

answer

studied hysteric patients through hypnosis Hysteria: a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

question

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):

answer

hysteria caused from painful unconscious experiences Unconscious: the part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions Psychoanalytic theory: approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors Psychoanalysis: a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders

question

Carl Jung (1875-1961), Alfred Adler (1870-1937):

answer

followed but broke away from Freud

question

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), Carl Rogers (1902-1987):

answer

pioneered a new movement in Humanistic Psychology Humanistic psychology: an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

question

Positive psychology

answer

Scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning

question

John Watson (1878-1958)

answer

goal to predict and control behavior through the study of observable behavior

question

Margaret Washburn (1871-1939)

answer

studied behavior in different animal species; published The Animal Mind

question

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

answer

studied the physiology of digestion and founded classical conditioning (stimulus-response) Response: an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus

question

Burrhus Frederick (B.F.) Skinner (1904-1990)

answer

developed the "Skinner box" or conditioning chamber to explain learning, and founded operant conditioning; published The Behavior of Organisms, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, Walden II Influenced by Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677) Reinforcement: the consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again Teaching machines Free will?

question

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)

answer

founded induced motion phenomena Gestalt psychology: a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

question

Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886-1969)

answer

discovered that memory recall is flawed, in contrast to Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

question

Jean Piaget (1896-1980):

answer

studied cognitive development (errors) in children

question

Kurt Lewin (1890-1947):

answer

studied the construal of stimuli; topology as a mathematical to model subjective experience

question

Solomon Asch (1907-1996)

answer

studied "mental chemistry" and obedience in lab experiments

question

Gordon Allport (1897-1967):

answer

studied stereotyping, prejudice, and racism as perceptual errors

question

Cultural psychology

answer

: the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members Studied by psychologists and anthropologists Absolutionism: culture makes little difference on psychology Relativism: psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across cultures

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