question

occurs by association between events in our environment

answer

classic conditioning

question

our minds naturally connect events that occur in a sequence. when one event precedes another, we learn to associate one event with the other.

answer

classic conditioning

question

learning to associate one stimulus with another

answer

stimulus-stimulus learning

question

the initial stage in classical conditioning during which association between a neutral stimulus and a unconditioned stimulus takes place

answer

acquisition

question

when you stop pairing. unlearning.

answer

extinction

question

after a rest period an extinguished CR recovers

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS. the tendency to respond to stimuli not present during training.

answer

stimulus generalization

question

the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a US

answer

stimulus discrimination

question

voluntary behaviors. importance of consequences of behavior. increasing or decreasing occurrences of behavior. punishment/reinforcement.

answer

operant conditioning

question

when an organism learns something in its life, but the knowledge is not immediately expressed

answer

latent learning

question

rapid perception of relationships - requires a sudden "coming together" of all the elements of a problem

answer

insight

question

an open and symbolic communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas

answer

language

question

very rudimentary language, also known as pre-language, used by earlier species of homo

answer

protolanguage

question

the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language

answer

phonemes

question

the smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word of a part if a word

answer

morpheme

question

a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others

answer

grammar

question

set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.

answer

semantics

question

the rules for ordering words into grammatically sensible sentences.

answer

syntax

question

the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language

answer

linguistic relativity hypothesis

question

theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language

answer

cognitive universalism

question

mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing information

answer

thinking (cognition)

question

mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality

answer

mental images

question

ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities.

answer

concepts

question

concepts that are defined by specific rules or features

answer

formal concepts

question

concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world

answer

natural concepts

question

the most general form of a type of concept, such as "animal" or "fruit"

answer

super-ordinate concept

question

an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as "dog", "cat", or "pear"

answer

basic level type

question

the most specific category of a concept, such as one's pet dog or a pear in one's hand

answer

subordinate concept

question

a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of that concept

answer

prototype

question

occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways

answer

problem solving

question

identifying, evaluating, and choosing between alternatives

answer

decision making

question

problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found

answer

trial and error (mechanical solution)

question

very specific, step by step procedures for solving certain types of problems

answer

algorithms

question

educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem; also known as a "rule of thumb"

answer

heuristic

question

assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category

answer

representative heuristic

question

tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case

answer

representativeness

question

estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples

answer

availability

question

a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects only in terms of their typical functions

answer

functional fixedness

question

the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past

answer

mental set

question

the tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs

answer

confirmation bias

question

the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways

answer

creativity

question

a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic

answer

convergent thinking

question

a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point

answer

divergent thinking

question

the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.

answer

intelligence

question

the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people

answer

reliability

question

the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure

answer

validity

question

awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions, as well as the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled

answer

emotional intelligence

question

behavior that is intermittently reinforced is more resistant to extinction than behavior that is continuously reinforced

answer

partial reinforcement effect

question

an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters that information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage

answer

memory

question

the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brains storage system

answer

encoding

question

holding onto information for some period of time

answer

storage

question

getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used

answer

retrieval

question

a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections

answer

parallel distributed processing model

question

model of memory that assumes that the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory-- in a series of three stages: encoding, storage, retrieval

answer

information-processing model

question

tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effort

answer

automatic encoding

question

when your recall is better for first and last items, but poor for middle items on a list

answer

serial position effect

question

tendency to retain information more easily if we practice it repeatedly than if we practice it in one long session

answer

spacing effect

question

something may have aroused a specific emotion that later primes us to recall its associated events

answer

state-dependent memory

question

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood

answer

mood-congruent

question

organizing items into familiar, manageable unit

answer

chunking

question

visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second

answer

iconic memory

question

the brief memory of something a person has just heard

answer

echoic memory

question

(working memory) the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

answer

short-term memory

question

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

answer

selective attention

question

practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

answer

maintenance rehearsal

question

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

answer

long-term memory

question

a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

answer

elaboration rehearsal

question

refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

answer

explicit/declarative memory

question

involves learning an action, and the individual does not know or declare what she knows

answer

implicit memory

question

the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed

answer

consolidation

question

part of limbic system that processes explicit memories into long term memories

answer

hippocampus

question

a neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories

answer

cerebellum

question

in ________ the person has to identify an item amongst others

answer

recognition

question

in _______ the person must retrieve information using effort

answer

recall

question

model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related

answer

semantic network model

question

bits of related information we encode while encoding a target piece of information

answer

retrieval cues

question

the tendency for memory to be improved if retrieval conditions are similar to the conditions under which the information was encoded

answer

encoding specificity

question

previously learned information interferes with new information

answer

proactive interference

question

new information interferes with old information

answer

retroactive interference

question

incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event

answer

misinformation effect

question

attributing an event to the wrong source we have experienced, heard, read, or imagined

answer

source amnesia

question

a condition in which a person's identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists

answer

false memory syndrome

question

refers to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information

answer

constructive processing

question

the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event

answer

hindsight bias

question

the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death

answer

human development

question

research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time

answer

longitudinal design

question

research design in which several different age groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time

answer

cross-sectional design

question

research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but also followed and assessed for a period of no more than six years

answer

cross-sequential design

question

influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

answer

nature

question

influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

answer

nurture

question

a genetic disorder caused by inheriting "faulty" versions of genes

answer

PKU

question

any factor that can cause a birth defect

answer

teratogen

question

object permanence: the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight sensorimotor: using senses and motor activity to check out the world

answer

1. sensorimotor stage

question

2 to 6/7 yrs preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world

answer

2. preoperational stage

question

the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes

answer

egocentrism

question

focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features

answer

centration

question

ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the objects nature

answer

conservation

question

in Piaget's theory, the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action

answer

irreversibility

question

7-12 yrs. becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking

answer

3. concrete operations stage

question

12-adulthood. adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking.

answer

4. formal operations stage

question

process in which a more skilled learned gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

answer

scaffolding

question

Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher

answer

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

question

first stage of personality development, in which the infant's basic sense of trust or mistrust develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care

answer

trust vs mistrust

question

second stage of personality development, in which the toddler strives for physical independence

answer

autonomy vs shame and doubt

question

third stage of personality development, in which the preschool-aged child strives for emotional and psychological independence and attempts to satisfy curiosity about the world

answer

initiative vs guilt

question

fourth stage of personality development, in which the adolescent strives for a sense of competence and self steem

answer

industry vs inferiority

question

fifth stage of personality development; adolescent must find a consistent sense of self

answer

identity vs role confusion

question

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

answer

personal fable

question

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent's thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are

answer

imaginary audience

question

first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior

answer

preconventional morality

question

second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to society's norms of behavior.

answer

conventional morality

question

third level of Kohlberg's stages in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms

answer

postconventional morality

question

sixth stage of personality development; an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining a sense of self (young adulthood)

answer

intimacy vs isolation

question

seventh stage of personality development; providing guidance to one's children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work

answer

generativity vs stagnation

question

eight stage of personality deveopment; sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego

answer

ego integrity vs despair

question

theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby

answer

activity theory

question

based on the idea that cells only have so many times that they can reproduce; once that limit is reached, damaged cells begin to accumulate

answer

cellular clock theory

question

as time goes by, repeated use and abuse of the body's tissues cause it to be unable to repair all the samage

answer

wear-and-tear theory

question

oxygen molecules with an unstable electron move around the cell, damaging cell structures as they go

answer

free radical theory

question

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

answer

stages of death and dying

question

tend to form when children are able to talk about shared memories with adults

answer

Autobiographical memories

question

When a memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called

answer

consolidation

question

Kevin was in a study room during which he was shown a photo of a man with straight hair. Later, he was asked if he noticed the man's curly hair. Kevin was then convinced that the man in the photo had curly hair. This is an example of:

answer

the misinformation effect

question

While hypnosis may make it easier to recall some memories, it also

answer

makes it easier to create false memories

question

A study conducted by Pezdek and Hodge (1999) asked children to read five different summaries of childhood events. Two of these events were false, but only one of the two false events were plausible. The children were all told that all of the events happened to them as small children. The results of this study indicated:

answer

that the plausible false events were significantly more likely to be remembered as false memories than were the implausible false events

question

In their original study, which explored how information is stored in long-term memory, Collins and Quillian (1969) asked participants to respond "true" or "false" as quickly as possible to sentences such as "a canary is a bird" and "a canary is an animal." The results of this study suggest that:

answer

information exists in a kind of network, with nodes of related information linked to each other in a kind of hierarchy

question

In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoken. This is

answer

the "cocktail-party effect."

question

In real life, information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information. Research suggests that after ________, old information is replaced by new information

answer

a quarter of a second

question

In the ________ model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning are thought to be stored physically near each other in the brain.

answer

semantic network

question

________ memory is like a giant filing system in which the "files" are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion.

answer

Long-term

question

Memory for facts is called ________ memory because facts are things that are known and can be stated outright

answer

declarative

question

In the three-stage process of memory, the second stage is:

answer

short-term memory

question

Eve is able to remember her Social Security number by breaking it into three parts: three numbers/two numbers/four numbers. Eve is using the process of:

answer

chunking

question

Chris learns her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music, and is then better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called:

answer

state-dependent learning

question

Juana was certain that the man she saw in the police photograph was the man who stole her purse. Later, another man confessed to the crime. This is an example of:

answer

a false positive.

question

Which is an example of a recognition task? an essay question a word-search puzzle filling out a job application a short-answer question

answer

a word-search puzzle

question

Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty. This is:

answer

the primacy effect.

question

________ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.

answer

Encoding specificity

question

Which of the following is a feature of the storage stage of memory? converting visual information into something meaningful converting sound into vibrations bringing information housed in long-term memory to mind holding information just long enough to work with it

answer

holding information just long enough to work with it

question

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems is called:

answer

encoding

question

The information-processing model assumes that the length of time a memory will be remembered depends on

answer

the stage of memory in which it is stored.

question

____________ found that forgetting is greatest just after learning.

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of:

answer

proactive interference.

question

Your mother tells you, "You could be in a room filled with noise, but you always hear what you want to hear." This statement best reflects which of the following concepts related to short-term memory?

answer

selective attention

question

Kevin, the school board's secretary, was asked to save all of the information he recorded from the town meeting so that the school board could refer back to it whenever necessary. Kevin's saved recording relates best to which step of the process of memory?

answer

storage

question

You are taking the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and come to a question that requires you to recall a mixed list of numbers in correct ascending order. You are being tested for

answer

working memory

question

determined that gifted people are more resistant to mental illnesses than those of average intelligence

answer

Terman

question

___________ is a method for comparing mental age and chronological age that was adopted for use with the revised Binet intelligence test.

answer

Stern's formula

question

________ is a developmental delay related to living in poverty and one that usually produces relatively mild intellectual disabilities

answer

Familial retardation

question

According to Goleman, ________ is a more powerful influence on success in life than more traditional views of intelligence

answer

emotional intelligence

question

Only differences among people in general can be investigated for the influence of genes because genes always interact with

answer

environmental factors

question

________, which is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, is a biological cause of intellectual disability.

answer

Fragile X syndrome

question

According to linguist Noam Chomsky, a _____ _____ _____ is an innate human ability to understand and produce language.

answer

a language acquisition device (or LAD)

question

Recent studies support Rosch-Heider's theory of ______, rather than the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

answer

a cognitive universalism

question

A recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with ______, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial.

answer

schizophrenia

question

Jacob's standardized test scores revealed that he did better in math than 95 percent of his student peers. The student scores against which Jacob's results were measured are called ______

answer

norms

question

Jeremy was diagnosed with lead poisoning at about 4 years old. As a result of his condition, he has an IQ score of 55, he has trouble doing most things for himself, and he shows a number of deficits in his mental abilities. Jeremy most likely has _______

answer

intellectual disability

question

In order for people to be able to tell you how many televisions they have in their house, they would probably use:

answer

a mental image

question

Erik dropped a note under his car seat and couldn't find it. He looked all through the glove compartment for a flashlight so that he could get a better look under his seat. He later realized he could have just held his cell phone under the seat to help illuminate the area. This is an example of:

answer

functional fixedness.

question

Through the use of fMRI, researchers have found an overlap between brain areas activated during visual mental imagery tasks as compared to:

answer

actual tasks involving visual perception

question

A boy and his father are in a car accident. The father is killed, and the boy is rushed to the hospital. At the hospital, the doctor says, "I can't operate on this boy. He's my son!" How is this possible? If a person thinks about this problem without using a particular method, and the answer just comes to them after a period of time, the person solved this problem with

answer

insight.

question

The term that refers to the mental activity that takes place in the brain when a person is processing information, and includes things such as problem solving, communication, and organization of material, is:

answer

cognition

question

Brainstorming, keeping a journal, and subject mapping are all __________

answer

strategies to stimulate divergent thinking

question

The ________ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory

answer

availability heuristic

question

________ form as the result of people's experiences with concepts in the real world

answer

Natural concepts

question

Mechanical solutions may involve solving by

answer

rote

question

Research suggests that ________ affect the person's prototype for that category

answer

what a person knows about a particular type of object does

question

When solving a problem, if a person is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past, he or she is stuck in

answer

a mental set

question

Driving and talking on a cell phone at the same time is an example of a state of:

answer

divided consciousness

question

In a(n) __________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness.

answer

cognitive neuroscience

question

After taking medication for his back, Todd's thoughts become fuzzy and disorganized. Todd is in a state of

answer

altered consciousness.

question

The ___________ of hypnosis suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are playing the role expected of them in that situation.

answer

social-cognitive theory

question

The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis assumes that people who are hypnotized are

answer

only playing a role.

question

So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during

answer

NREM Stage 1 sleep

question

Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our

answer

biological rhythms.

question

A sudden loss of muscle tone is called

answer

cataplexy

question

Some instances of automobile accidents may have been caused by the driver falling asleep at the wheel, even though (s)he was certain that they had not slept. Which of the following may explain why this happens?

answer

microsleeps

question

As ______ accumulates in the body, a person will begin to feel sleepy

answer

melatonin

question

The higher the body temperature, the _________ people are

answer

more alert

question

Many researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by __________ during the first stage of sleep.

answer

hypnogogic images

question

Sleep apnea has been shown to cause

answer

heart problems

question

The heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular, and an EEG would show the first signs of sleep spindles in

answer

non-REM Stage 2 sleep (N2).

question

Predators such as lions sleep ________ their prey, the gazelle

answer

more hours per day than

question

Nearly ____ percent of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about ____ percent for a normal, healthy adult

answer

50; 20

question

If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the

answer

manifest content

question

According to the ________, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep

answer

activation-synthesis hypothesis

question

One theory of dreaming says that the brain _________, or puts together, an explanation of the cortex's activation from memories and other stored information.

answer

synthesizes

question

Which of the following was actually used as an insecticide in the 1920s and 1930s?

answer

nicotine

question

Both marijuana and hashish contain

answer

cannabinoids.

question

Barbiturates used in combination with alcohol may cause a lethal

answer

drug interaction

question

________ are used to treat narcolepsy

answer

Methamphetamines

question

Four-year-old Denise was sound asleep. Suddenly, without warning, she sat straight up and began to scream. Her mother tried to calm her down with no success. Finally, after about 45 seconds of what appeared to be a panic attack, Denise quietly lied back down. When morning came and Denise awoke, she could not remember anything that had happened during the night. It is likely that Denise experienced ______

answer

a night terror

question

While in the middle of a conversation with his co-worker, Jackson unexpectedly slipped into a state of sleep, falling to the floor as he lost control of all the muscles in his body. Jackson appears to have a condition called _______.

answer

narcolepsy

Psychology 2000 LSU Exam 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards