PSYCH460_Exam 4 – Flashcards
Research findings indicate that exercise is associated with
a. increases in energy and alertness
b. changing a bad mood
c. increases in fatigue and anger
d. a and b
e. a and c
The nature of the conclusions from the National Institute of Mental Health regarding exercise and mental health was
a. causal
b. correlational
c. descriptive
d. qualitative
e. quantitative
Which of the following statements was (were) a conclusion(s) derived from the National Institute of Mental Health workshop on physical activity and mental health?
a. Physical fitness is positively associated with mental health.
b. Males benefit more from exercise than females.
c. Long-term exercise is usually associated with reductions in traits such as neuroticism and anxiety.
d. a and b
e. a and c
Research investigating the relationship between exercise and quality of life has revealed that
a. older adults who exercise report greater life satisfaction and physical health
b. physically active individuals report more stamina and positive attitudes about work
c. there were no differences in reported quality of life between college students who participated in an endurance conditioning program and a comparable control group
d. a and b
The relationship between exercise and hardiness has recently been investigated. A hardy personality style is characterized by
a. a sense of personal control over external events
b. a sense of commitment and purpose in daily life
c. the flexibility to adapt to unexpected changes in life
d. all of the above
e. a and c
Which of the following regarding the relationship between exercise and depression is (are) true?
a. The positive effects are seen across age, health status, and gender.
b. Both aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise are associated with reductions in depression.
c. Reductions in depression after exercise depend on fitness levels.
d. a and b
e. a and c
Which of the following is (are) true?
a. Aerobic exercise is associated with less consistent reductions in state anxiety than anaerobic exercise is.
b. The anxiety reduction after exercise occurs only during intensity exercise.
*c. Activities such as weightlifting and yoga have been found to be associated with positive psychological well-being.
d. a and c
e. a and b
Researchers have found that exercise usually reduces state anxiety for approximately
a. 36 hours
b. 30 minutes
c. 12 hours
d. 2 to 6 hours
e. 8 to 10 hours
Which of the following conditions is generally not related to positive changes in mood?
a. closed and predictable activities
b. enjoyment
c. rhythmic and repetitive movements
d. abdominal breathing
e. interpersonal competition
Various research studies have indicated that regular physical activity is associated with
a. positive mental health
b. frequent symptoms of anxiety and depression
c. reduced probability of hypertension and coronary heart disease
d. a and b
e. a and c
Aerobic exercise refers to physical activity that
a. is less than 10 minutes in duration
b. does not use oxygen
c. increases pulmonary and cardiovascular fitness
d. a and c
e. b and c
Exercise is related to increased quality of life as measured by
a. increased feelings of enjoyment
b. decreased feelings of stress
c. decreased levels of self-confidence
d. a and b
Some new research on the relationship between exercise and psychological well-being among HIV-1 populations showed that
a. anaerobic exercise produced the most positive psychological benefits
b. both aerobic and weight-training exercise produced positive psychological benefits
c. aerobic exercise had no effect on psychological well-being
d. a and c
e. a and b
If exercise is used as an adjunct to traditional therapy, then which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. Anaerobic activities appear to produce the most positive psychological effects.
b. A precise diagnosis of the problem and individually tailored program of exercise should be employed.
c. Exercise therapy can be used for both underweight and obese patients.
d. a and b
e. b and c
Which of the following is (are) true regarding the relationship between exercise and self-esteem?
a. Positive changes have been found only with individuals initially lower in self-esteem.
b. Positive changes in self-esteem through exercise last only one to two months.
c. Positive changes in self-esteem related to exercise have been found in normal populations.
d. a and b
e. b and c
A negative addiction to exercise can result in
a. increased sexual functioning
b. strains on interpersonal relationships
c. decrease in work productivity
d. b and c
e. a and c
What conclusion have researchers reached concerning the effects of exercise on cognitive functioning?
a. Intense exercise bouts enhance cognitive functioning more than easy exercise bouts.
b. Overall, there is a moderate relationship between exercise and improved cognitive functioning.
c. Exercise programs conducted over longer periods are associated with gains in cognitive functioning.
d. b and c
e. a and b
Which illness or disease is predicted to be the second-leading cause of death after heart disease by 2020?
a. anxiety neurosis
b. depression
c. skin cancer
d. abdominal cancer
e. pancreatic cancer
Depression is seen most in
a. older adults
b. girls and women
c. boys and men
d. African American males
e. African American females
The effect of exercise on cancer indicates
a. exercise can cause breast cancer to disappear
b. exercise can be beneficial for breast cancer patients
c. exercise can be beneficial to non-breast cancer patients
d. a and b
e. b and c
Recent research on depression and extracurricular organized sport activities has found that
a. females in extracurricular sport activities exhibited less depression than those not involved in extracurricular sport activities
b. there was no difference in depression for young athletes who participated or had not participated in extracurricular sport activities
c. males participating in extracurricular sport activities exhibited less depression than those not participating in extracurricular sport activities
d. a and c
The premise of the health belief model is that individuals will engage in preventive health behaviors depending on the individual’s perception of the
a. severity of past illnesses
b. time available to exercise
c. social support network
d. exercise history
Which of the following statements is (are) TRUE?
a. Ten to fifteen percent of all adults participate in vigorous and frequent physical activity.
b. Fifty percent of adults are sedentary.
c. Seventy-five percent of adults participate in exercise on a weekly basis.
d. a and b
e. a and c
The two major categories of processes used by individuals for behavior change are
a. cognitive and physiological
b. cognitive and behavioral
c. social and physiological
d. behavioral and social
e. cognitive and social
In a large worksite promotion study by Marcus and colleagues, most participants were classified in which stage of the transtheoretical model?
a. action
b. action and reaction
c. preparation
d. precontemplation
e. contemplation
The key elements in social cognitive theory are that the environment affects behavior and behavior affects the environment. This is known as
a. reciprocal control
b. reciprocal interception
c. self-efficacy
d. reciprocal determinism
e. perceived behavioral control
In terms of environmental factors affecting adherence, which of the following is (are) FALSE?
a. People exercising in groups display higher adherence than people exercising alone.
b. People in walking programs have lower adherence than people in running programs.
c. People who perceive their exercise leader as knowledgeable and likable exhibit higher levels of adherence.
d. a and b
e. b and c
According to the Surgeon General’s report, people exercising for ____ at a time had the best adherence rates.
a. 20 to 30 minutes
b. 30 to 60 minutes
c. 30 to 40 minutes
d. 15 to 45 minutes
e. 30 to 45 minutes
Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. Knowing the health benefits of physical activity enhances adherence.
b. Feelings of enjoyment enhance adherence.
c. Expecting health benefits from exercise enhances adherence.
d. a and b
e. b and c
Reasons for attrition from exercise programs can be classified as
a. internal and controllable
b. external and controllable
c. internal and uncontrollable
d. external and uncontrollable
Studies have shown that in terms of barriers to exercise,
a. there were no differences between whites and blacks
b. blacks gave lack of time more as a reason for not exercising
c. whites gave lack of time more as a reason for not exercising
d. blacks mentioned lack of energy more often as a barrier to exercise
e. whites mentioned lack of energy more often as a barrier to exercise
Which of the following will have a positive effect on adherence to a new exercise program?
a. previous participation in supervised exercise programs
b. participation in intercollegiate sports
c. class size
d. b and c
e. a and b
According to research on adherence to exercise programs, what percentage of individuals starting an exercise program will likely drop out after six months?
a. 50%
b. 75%
c. 25%
d. 10%
e. 65%
Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE?
a. Exercise of moderate or short duration does not increase appetite.
b. Regular exercise can produce substantial decreases in weight over time.
c. An estimated 10 to 15 million American adults are overweight.
d. a and c
e. b and c
Exercise can be beneficial in which of the following ways?
a. weight control
b. building self-esteem
c. reducing the risk of hypertension
d. all of the above
e. a and c
The theory of planned behavior extends the theory of reasoned action by including the factor of
a. perceived ability
b. perceived behavioral control
c. perceived barriers to exercise
d. exercise history
e. previous participation in varsity sport
Studies on social support as a strategy to help adherence have indicated that
a. social support, compared to a lack of it in control groups, produces increases in adherence
b. social support does not increase adherence
c. social support works only with support from spouses and family
d. social support works only with support from close friends
Which of the following is (are) recommended for school and community programs promoting physical activity in young people?
a. Include parents in physical activity instruction.
b. Implement a health education curriculum about healthy lifestyles.
c. Eliminate extracurricular activities since they distract from the school’s physical education instruction.
d. a and c
e. a and b
The number one barrier to physical activity is
a. lack of energy
b. lack of motivation
c. injury or illness
d. lack of time
e. lack of facilities
Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding the determinants of exercise adherence?
a. Higher income is associated with more active lifestyles.
b. College-educated individuals have lower participation rates in exercise than those individuals with only a high school education.
c. High self-efficacy is associated with higher levels of physical activity.
d. a and b
e. a and c
The setting producing the best adherence is
a. worksite
b. community
c. hospital based
d. home
e. fitness club
Two ways to increase intrinsic motivation for exercise are to focus on one’s self and have what type of orientation?
a. product
b. outcome
c. process
d. performance
According to research on association and dissociation strategies and adherence,
a. dissociation produces better attendance than association does
b. association produces better attendance than dissociation does
c. dissociation produces better long-term maintenance than association does
d. a and c
e. b and c
According to research on goal setting and adherence,
a. flexible goals are better than rigid goals
b. time-based goals are better than distance-based goals
c. short-term goals (weekly) are better than long-term goals (six weeks)
d. a and c
e. a and b
The goal most often given by exercisers was
a. to improve strength
b. to lose weight
c. to improve cardiovascular fitness
d. to tone muscles
e. to have fun
Based on research findings, which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. Attendance contracts and lotteries are successful in improving adherence rates.
b. Individual feedback produces more adherence than group feedback.
c. Self-reward decreases adherence rates.
d. b and c
e. a and b
According to charting attendance and participation approaches, charts can be important in
a. maintaining interest
b. keeping people constantly informed
c. enhancing the effects of social facilitation
d. all of the above
e. a and b
Which of the following is NOT an approach used in enhancing exercise adherence?
a. social support
b. decision making
c. behavior modification
d. goal setting
e. association
According to American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, exercise should be
a. performed three or four days a week
b. performed for 45 minutes to 1 hour per exercise bout
c. performed at 50% to 80% of maximal heart rate
d. a and c
Exercise adherence has been difficult in part because of exercise prescriptions that
a. are too flexible in intensity, frequency, and duration
b. are overly restrictive (do not enhance motivation)
c. are based solely on fitness data (not psychological readiness to exercise)
d. b and c
e. a and c
To prevent a relapse in physical activity, it is suggested that a person
a. use positive self-talk and imagery strategies
b. replace “wants” with “shoulds”
c. expect and plan for lapses
d. a and c
e. a and b
As a person moves through the stages of changes, reasons for exercise become more
a. external *b. internal
c. hypothetical
d. behavioral
e. stable
According to the ecological model, the key aspect of these models is
a. the social environment
b. the physical environment
c. one’s emotional environment
d. one’s mental outlook on the environment
Americans spent much more money on exercise equipment between 1986 and 1996. As a result, the amount of physical activity during that period has increased
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 2%
d. 15%
e. 23%
In order to facilitate adherence to mental training, it is suggested that
a. mental skills be integrated into existing routines
b. enjoyment of mental training be emphasized
c. the perceived costs (e.g., time) of mental training be increased
d. a and b
e. e. and c
Irregular exercisers, compared to regular exercisers, place more significance on
a. goals that are more difficult
b. goals that are too easy
c. goals that are interfering
d. goals that are specific
e. goals that are general
A study by Williams et al. (2006) on the relationship between enjoyment and adherence to individually-tailored physical activity found
a. greater adherence when participants got to choose enjoyable activities
b. the greater the enjoyment at the start of the program, the greater the adherence
c. enjoyment did not influence adherence to physical activity
d. the greater the enjoyment at the end of the program, the greater the adherence
A recent study by Netz et al. (2008) focusing on age and gender differences in adherence found
a. males gave more internal reasons (e.g., lack of self-discipline) for not exercising than females
b. young adults gave more reasons for not exercising than older adults
c. older adults had more internal barriers to not exercising than younger adults
d. a and c
e. b an c
Based on research by Petitpas and Danish, which of the following is (are) a psychological reaction(s) associated with injury?
a. identity loss
b. lack of confidence
c. fear and anxiety
d. all of the above
e. a and c
Which of the following has research shown to be predictive of athletic injury?
a. personality
b. self-esteem
c. life stress
d. independence
e. self-concept
In a study by Smith, Smoll, and Ptacek examining the relationship between life stress, social support, coping skills, and injury, the researchers found that
a. athletes with high levels of life stress had the highest injury rates
b. athletes with high levels of life stress and low levels of social support and coping exhibited the highest injury rates
c. athletes with low levels of social support, high levels of life stress, and high coping skills exhibited the highest injury rates
d. athletes with high levels of life stress and high levels of social support exhibited the highest injury rates
e. there was no relationship between life stress, social support, coping skills, and injury rates
Which of the following is (are) a potential explanation(s) for the relationship between stress and injury?
a. Stress disrupts an athlete’s attention by causing a decline in peripheral vision.
b. Stress causes muscle tension, which disrupts coordination.
c. Stress causes loss in confidence, which changes movement patterns.
d. a and b
Which type(s) of attitudes have consultants identified as being related to injury?
a. Act tough and always give 110%.
b. If you are injured, you are worthless.
c. Pressure is a privilege.
d. a and b
e. a and c
Which of the following is (are) a typical reaction(s) to injury?
a. Injury is viewed as a disaster.
b. Injury is viewed as a way to get a break from tedious practice.
c. Injury is viewed as a socially acceptable reason for not playing.
d. all of the above
e. a and c
Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of grief reaction?
a. denial
b. depression
c. anger
d. rationalization
e. bargaining
Which is the first stage of the grief reaction response?
a. anger
b. acceptance and reorganization
c. rationalization
d. depression
e. denial
Which of the following factors influence(s) the stress response, which in turn influences the probability of injury?
a. coping resources
b. personality
c. ability level
d. a and c
e. a and b
According to Cupal and Brewer’s (2001) study on effects of imagery and relaxation on recovery from injury, relaxation plus imagery versus a control or placebo control condition produced
a. less reinjury anxiety
b. greater knee strength
c. no change in pain
d. a and c
e. a and b
A variety of studies investigated the effects of psychological training on adherence to injury rehabilitation protocols. Which of the following psychological factors was (were) found to be related to rehabilitation adherence?
a. self-motivation
b. positive self-talk
c. attentional control
d. a and b
In interviews with fast- and slow-healing athletes, Ievleva and Orlick found that fast healers used more
a. goal setting
b. positive self-talk
c. relaxation
d. a and b
Which of the following characteristics was (were) identified by athletic trainers as a way to distinguish between athletes who coped most and least successfully with injury?
a. willingness to listen to the trainer
b. maintaining a positive attitude about injury
c. low life stress
d. a and b
Which of the following is NOT one of the procedures used in the rehabilitation process?
a. educating individuals relative to the injury and recovery process
b. fostering social support
c. being overly optimistic
d. building rapport with the injured individual
e. preparing the individual to cope with setbacks
Which of the following is (are) a psychological skill(s) employed during the rehabilitation process?
a. goal setting
b. self-talk
c. simulation
d. a and b
e. a and c
Building rapport with an injured athlete can be accomplished by
a. being there
b. showing empathy
c. being overly optimistic
d. a and b
Research by Perna and colleagues has shown that high levels of stress can affect the physiology of injury recovery by
a. causing a disturbance in sleep
b. interfering with the removal of damaged tissue
c. interfering with the body’s healing process
d. all of the above
e. a and c
Research by Perna and colleagues using cognitive-behavioral stress management on rowers found
a. a decrease in days lost due to injury over the season
b. fewer rowers got injured throughout the season
c. there was no effect on days lost due to injury over the season
d. injury actually increased in rowers across the season
Stress management has been shown to be particularly effective in reducing injuries for individuals who are
a. high in perfectionism
b. high in risk of becoming injured
c. low in hardiness
d. high in state anxiety
e. low in hope
Imagery has been used in injury rehabilitation in which of the following ways?
a. setting of goals
b. relaxation
c. maintaining a positive attitude
d. all of the above
e. b and c
The two most abused substances in the United States are
a. stimulants and anabolic steroids
b. marijuana and alcohol
c. alcohol and tobacco
d. beta-blockers and stimulants
e. anabolic steroids and beta-blockers
Substance abuse and eating disorders in athletes should be treated by
a. an educational sport psychologist
b. a clinical sport psychologist
c. a social worker
d. an educational counseling psychologist
What percentage of athletes said they would take a performance-enhancing substance, even if it meant they would die from the side effects, if the substance guaranteed winning every competition for the next five years?
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 40%
d. 60%
e. 5%
Garner and Rosen recommend that if a coach suspects an athlete has an eating disorder, the coach should
a. immediately discuss her concerns with the parents
b. drop the athlete from the team until the condition is resolved
c. discuss her concerns with the athlete in a private meeting
d. go to the athlete’s teammates to find out what’s going on
Research suggests that people are less likely to take drugs if they have
a. a low level of anxiety
b. high self-esteem
c. a low level of aggression
d. a highly competitive nature
Unusual eating patterns are often one of the best indicators of an eating disorder. If a person hides food and disappears after eating, this can be a sign of
a. bulimia
b. anorexia nervosa
c. anorexia nervosa and bulimia
d. psychological depression
e. c and d
Which of the following is (are) true?
a. About 25% of high school athletes take performance-enhancing drugs.
b. Close to 50% of elite athletes report steroid use.
c. Athletes report that approximately 80% of their teammates are using steroids.
d. a and b
e. b and c
Which of the following is (are) true regarding the prevalence of eating disorders in sport?
a. There are no differences in frequency of eating disorders between athlete and nonathlete populations.
b. Eating disorders in athletics tend to be sport specific.
c. A significant percentage of athletes engage in some type of weight loss behavior.
d. a and b
e. b and c
The most prevalent form of eating problems is
a. anorexia
b. bulimia
c. disordered eating
d. anorexbulimia
e. secondary anorexia
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), which of the following is (are) characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
a. refusal to maintain minimal body weight (15% below normal)
b. intense fear of weight loss
c. disturbed body image
d. a and c
e. b and c
According to Thompson, eating disorders are likely to appear in individuals with
a. low self-esteem
b. high stress levels related to pleasing others
c. high levels of aggression
d. a and b
Which of the following is (are) characteristic of bulimia?
a. Eating behavior results in significant weight loss.
b. Eating behavior is excessive in an effort to feel better.
c. Feelings of guilt from eating result in purging.
d. b and c
In general, what percentage of collegiate athletes (football and basketball players) engage in some form of gambling?
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 40%
d. 50%
e. 75%
Which of the following is (are) a characteristic(s) of compulsive gamblers?
a. boastfulness
b. pessimism
c. extreme competitiveness
d. a and b
e. a and c
Which of the following is (are) a symptom(s) of a person who is negatively addicted to exercise?
a. decreased tolerance to the amount of exercise performed
b. exercise is given increased priority over other activities
c. relief or withdrawal of symptoms by continuing to exercise
d. a and b
If we look at high school and college athletes’ use of steroids, certain gender differences appear. For instance,
a. females use steroids twice as often as males
b. males use steroids 10 times as often as females
c. males use steroids 3 to 5 times as often as females
d. females use steroids twice as often as males but only in individual sports
e. females use steroids twice as often as males but only in team sports
Educating athletes and exercisers about the harmful effects of drug use usually deters what percentage of people from using drugs?
a. 5%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 40%
e. 50%
The most common physical reason for athletes to use drugs is
a. for performance enhancement
b. to help recovery from injury
c. to control appetite
d. to look better
e. to feel better
When discussing the effects of anabolic steroids with athletes, coaches should
a. discuss the health risks involved in taking anabolic steroids
b. deemphasize the performance gains of anabolic steroids
c. inform the athletes of the policy of the organization in cases of drug use
d. a and c
Which of the following is the most common recreational drug?
a. marijuana
b. alcohol
c. tobacco
d. cocaine
e. amphetamines
An effect of stimulants on performance is
a. reduced pain
b. reduced fatigue
c. increased strength
d. steadier nerves
e. increased muscle endurance
Which of the following is (are) a psychological reason(s) for athletes to use drugs?
a. build confidence
b. reduce anxiety
c. increase extroversion
d. a and b
e. a and c
According to research, about what percentage of men desire to change their physique?
a. 20%
b. 50%
c. 10%
d. 70%
e. 5%
Which of the following personality traits is (are) related to eating disorders in athletes?
a. submissiveness
b. shyness
c. conformity
d. a and b
e. a and c
Which of the following major professional sports does NOT have a mandatory drug policy?
a. baseball
b. basketball
c. hockey
d. football
The rate of steroid use in high schools has increased from 1 in 27 in 1999 to what in 2003?
a. 1 in 10
b. 1 in 16
c. 1 in 20
d. 1 in 7
e. 1 in 22
A recent decision-making model for drug use in sports has the three components of costs, benefits, and
a. personality factors
b. situational factors
c. specific rules of the sport
d. a and b
e. b and c
In a 2003 survey, what percentage of male and female athletes, respectively, bet on sports?
a. 10% and 30%
b. 35% and 10%
c. 20% and 25%
d. 5% and 10%
e. 50% and 20%
Which of the following psychiatric disorders has the highest associated mortality rate (5%)?
a. compulsive gambling
b. anorexia nervosa
c. bulimia
d. paranoid schizophrenia
e. obsessive-compulsive disorder
A recent review article (Striegel-Moore & Bulik, 2007) discussing the influence of environmental and genetic factors on the development of eating disorders concluded
a. genetic factors are more predictive of eating disorders than environmental factors
b. environmental factors were more predictive of eating disorders than genetic factors
c. the interaction of genetic and environmental factors needs to be explored
d. genetic factors were particularly important until age 7
e. environmental factors were particularly important from ages 8-16
Research by Martens et al. (2008) found that athletes in the off-season were at risk for
a. increased use of recreational drugs (e.g., marijuana)
b. heavy drinking
c. gaining weight
d. increased gambling
e. inactivity
A study by Donahue et al. (2006) on motivation and sportspersonship found
a. intrinsic motivation was associated with higher levels of sportspersonship
b. extrinsic motivation was associated with lower levels of sportspersonship
c. there was no relationship between sportspersonship and motivation
d. a and b
Recent cross-cultural research has revealed that staleness is a problem for approximately what percentage of adolescents?
a. 30% to 40%
b. 10% to 20%
c. 50% to 60%
d. 20% to 30%
e. 40% to 50%
Increased burnout among athletes in recent years is due to which of the following factors?
a. increased pressure from coaches
b. year-round training and competition
c. increased financial rewards for success
d. b and c
e. a and c
According to the latest research on overtraining, if the source of the stressor is psychological, then the recovery strategy should focus on
a. nutrition
b. thought management strategies
c. active rest
d. rest
e. hydration
According to Morgan’s research, which of the following is true?
a. The heavier the training stimulus, the greater the mood disturbance.
b. The heavier the training stimulus, the less the mood disturbance.
c. The amount of training is not related to mood disturbance.
d. Athletes experiencing overtraining display an inverted-U profile.
Morgan’s research on athletes’ training stress and mood states has shown that
a. positive mental health is associated with high performance levels
b. mood state disturbance is associated with decreases in performance
c. as training loads increase, mood states improve
d. a and c
e. a and b
According to the new model of overtraining developed by Kentta and Hassmen, overtraining can lead to
a. improved performance
b. no change in performance
c. impaired performance
d. all of the above
e. b and c
The difference between overtraining and periodized training depends largely on individual differences and
a. personality differences
b. capabilities
c. mood states
d. perfectionism
e. Type A behavior
The deliberate strategy of exposing athletes to high-volume and high-intensity loads for performance enhancement is called
a. overtraining
b. burnout
c. periodized training
d. staleness
Which of the following suggestions did burned-out youth tennis players give other players to help prevent burnout in the future?
a. Try to make it fun.
b. Balance tennis with other aspects of your life.
c. Don’t take much time off because you will lose motivation.
d. a and b
Which of the following suggestions did burned-out youth tennis players give to parents to help prevent burnout in the future?
a. Get more involved with your tennis-playing children.
b. Do not push your child at all.
c. Involve your child in decision making.
d. a and b
e. b and c
Which of the following is (are) a helpful treatment(s) for burnout?
a. Take relaxation breaks.
b. Keep a positive outlook.
c. Keep working out but with a friend.
d. a and b
e. a and c
According to Murphy’s study of training loads and mood states among Olympic judo athletes,
a. increased conditioning training produced increases in negative mood states
b. increased sport-specific training produced increases in negative mood states
c. increased conditioning training did not result in increases in negative mood state
d. b and c
e. a and b
The principle psychological symptom of staleness is
a. lowered self-esteem
b. increased mood disturbance
c. high levels of aggression
d. lowered anxiety
e. lowered self-efficacy
The motivational map of burned-out youth tennis players that Gould and colleagues developed underscores the importance of _____________ in determining burnout.
a. individual differences
b. training methods
c. goal orientations
d. group interactions
e. social support
The factor that youth tennis players note most often regarding their reasons for burnout is
a. physiological
b. psychological
c. social
d. biomechanical
e. motoric
Gould and colleagues summarized their findings by stating that there are two major “strains” of burnout. These two strains are _________ and _________ in nature.
a. social-psychological; cognitive
b. sociological; psychological
c. psychological; cognitive
d. social-psychological; physical
e. physical; cognitive
In a series of studies involving competitive youth tennis players, Gould and colleagues found that burnout involved
a. logistical concerns
b. social and interpersonal concerns
c. physical concerns
d. all of the above
e. b and c
According to Silva’s model of burnout, the key component to producing burnout is
a. the potential negative stress of too much training
b. increased pressure to win
c. lack of feelings of personal accomplishment
d. increased isolation
e. decreased perceptions of control
Gould and Martens found that, on average, children participated for ____ hours per week in their specific sport.
a. 5
b. 11
c. 15
d. 8
e. 3
Sport participation for youth peaks at what age?
a. 9 years old
b. 14 years old
c. 17 years old
d. 12 years old
e. 10 years old
Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. Sport participation builds character.
b. Sport participation builds leadership skills.
c. The benefits of sport participation depend on the quality of the adult leadership.
d. a and b
Dropout rates for youth sport participants have been estimated to be about what percentage each year?
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 35%
d. 45%
e. 5%
Which of the following is the number one reason that young athletes give for participating in school and other youth sports?
a. to make new friends
b. to improve skills
c. to get exercise
d. to stay in shape
e. to have fun
Which is the major reason that young athletes give for dropping out of sport?
a. other things to do
b. boredom
c. did not like the coach
d. did not like the pressure
e. not exciting enough
According to the swimming study by Gould and colleagues, what percentage of young athletes dropped out of competitive sport because of negative experiences (e.g., too much pressure, no fun)?
a. 10%
b. 19%
c. 44%
d. 28%
e. 37%
Research has indicated that participants in youth sport differ from dropouts in what psychological attribute?
a. perceived competence
b. trait anxiety
c. self-esteem
d. independence
e. self-motivation
A good way to enhance young athletes’ perceptions of their abilities is to have them
a. focus on winning
b. focus on comparing their performance to that of other athletes
c. focus on improving their own performance
d. a and b
The reasons given most often for participating in youth sport are
a. extrinsic in nature
b. intrinsic in nature
c. equally divided between intrinsic and extrinsic motives
d. situational in nature
e. personal in nature
Approximately how many children under the age of 18 are involved in school and other sport programs?
a. 10 million
b. 5 million
c. 45 million
d. 1 million
e. 50 million
Which of the following statements regarding peer relationships is (are) true?
a. Female participants, as compared to their male counterparts, identify emotional support as a positive aspect of friendship.
b. Children who have more positive relationships with peers in physical activity reported more positive feelings toward physical activity.
c. Intimacy (close personal bonds), as a positive aspect of peer friendships, was seen as less important with increasing age.
d. a and b
In reviewing the literature that had reported personal accounts of burnout among young athletes, Gould found which of the following to be important factors associated with the burnout?
a. coaches’ lack of overtraining knowledge
b. parental pressure
c. very high self- and other-imposed expectations
d. b and c
e. a and c
The positive “sandwich” approach to correcting errors involves
a. positive statement, corrective feedback, positive statement
b. corrective feedback, positive statement, corrective feedback
c. positive statement, negative statement, positive statement
d. verbal feedback, nonverbal feedback, verbal feedback
According to recent research on early specialization and participation in competitive sport, elite athletes
a. start to specialize in one sport by age 5
b. start to specialize in one sport by age 8
c. start out playing many sports at an early age
d. start out specializing in one sport by age 10
Based on research with elite high school wrestlers and distance runners, which of the following are the two major sources of the stress experienced by junior elite athletes?
a. fear of failure and coaches’ expectations
b. coaches’ expectations and feelings of inadequacy
c. parents’ expectations and fear of failure
d. fear of failure and feelings of inadequacy
e. parents’ expectations and feelings of inadequacy
According to the study by Simon and Martens comparing state anxiety before competitive sports with that before other childhood evaluative activities, the activity with the highest state anxiety levels was
a. baseball
b. football
c. golf
d. band solo
e. school test
Based on the research on peer friendships, what implication(s) can you draw for practice?
a. Coaches should use an autocratic coaching style.
b. Teamwork and group goals should be emphasized.
c. Time should be provided for children to be with their friends.
d. a and b
e. b and c
According to Coakley (2006), parents are becoming overly involved in their child’s sport because
a. parents are wealthier
b. parents have more time on their hands
c. their child’s success makes it more likely they will receive a college scholarship
*d. their child’s success reflects their worth as a parent
e. parents have easier access to gamers and practices
The professionalization of children’s sports can be seen in
a. early specialization
b. year-round training
c. private coaching
d. all of the above
e. a and c
Most sport psychologists are opposed to taking a professionalized approach to children’s sports because
a. it focuses the majority of resources on the most talented children
b. it creates more anxiety in young athletes
c. it decreases young athletes’ self-esteem
d. it creates unequal competition
e. it undermines self-efficacy in young athletes
Which of the following is (are) a common myth(s) regarding children in sport?
a. athlete talent can be accurately predicted at a young age
b. stages of athletic development can be skipped
c. early sport specialization is not needed for later success
d. a and b
e. b and c
