question

How does Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory differ from the Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory?

answer

Lazarus's theory suggests that we appraise a stimulus first, then cognitively label the emotion, and then feel a physical response.

question

Darwin proposed that emotions are a product of evolution and are therefore universal. Which of the following supports the idea that emotions are based in biology rather than in learning?

answer

A child, blind from birth, makes the appropriate facial expression for an emotion without ever having seen it.

question

Xavier has a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. He currently has a medical degree and is in the process of earning a law degree. Xavier has a need for

answer

achievement.

question

The desire to avoid an unpleasant consequence is an example of

answer

extrinsic motivation.

question

In order to control emotions, the technique of distraction has been linked to what area of the brain?

answer

anterior cingulate cortex

question

Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory asserts that the three primary human interpersonal needs are competence, relatedness, and

answer

autonomy.

question

According to psychologist Carol Dweck, a person's need for achievement is closely linked to that person's

answer

beliefs about control over his or her life.

question

Which of the following kills the most people in the United States every year?

answer

illnesses related to smoking

question

A person who is either male or female and is attracted to both sexes is called

answer

bisexual.

question

Which of the following is NOT true about psychoactive drugs?

answer

All of them produce physical dependence in users.

question

The theory that feeling an emotion comes first, followed by a physical reaction, and then a behavioral response, is known as the

answer

common sense theory of emotion.

question

The theory of emotion that proposes that physical arousal and cognitive appraisal of a stimulus happen simultaneously is known as the

answer

cognitive arousal theory of emotion.

question

A person's sexual attraction and affection for members of either the opposite or the same sex is called

answer

sexual orientation.

question

Physiologically, the body responds to anger with

answer

increased skin temperature and greater increase in blood pressure.

question

Expectancy value theories assume that the actions of humans cannot be predicted without an understanding of people's

answer

beliefs and values.

question

Which area of the brain has been linked to the processing of positive emotions?

answer

the left frontal lobe

question

Physiologically, the body responds to emotion with arousal created by the

answer

sympathetic nervous system.

question

Opium and its derivatives, morphine and heroin, duplicate the action of which of the following?

answer

endorphins

question

Alfred Kinsey is most known for

answer

the report he published concerning human sexual behavior and the different ways in which people engage in the sex act.

question

In the classic Schachter-Singer "angry man/happy man" experiment, participants were given a drug to elicit a physical response and then exposed to two different conditions. One group was paired with a confederate pretending to be angry and the other group with a confederate pretending to be happy. What was the main objective of this experiment?

answer

to determine whether physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it can be labeled as an emotion

question

Sensation seekers

answer

need more arousal in the form of more complex and varied sensory experiences.

question

One of the earliest studies of the impact of biological factors on sexual orientation found that if the mother experienced severe stress during the second trimester,

answer

the chance of a male child becoming homosexual is significantly higher.

question

One of the earliest approaches to motivation focused on

answer

biologically determined patterns of behavior.

question

The ________ is an adaptation of Charles Darwin's theory that when an emotion is expressed freely on the face, the emotion intensifies.

answer

facial feedback hypothesis

question

An example of a stimulus motive is

answer

exploration.

question

After experiencing fear that morning at school due to the loud noise of the fire alarm before a fire drill, a little boy later jumps at the sound of the phone ringing at home. After he realizes it was just the phone, the boy relaxes. According to the research of Dr. Joseph LeDoux, how is the boy's initial reaction to the phone explained?

answer

The stimulus traveled to the boy's amygdala first through the subcortical route, which notified his brain of the potential danger before he could assess the situation more carefully and take control of his emotions.

question

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, how is performance related to arousal during difficult tasks?

answer

Performance is best when arousal is low-moderate.

question

Physically, when a person experiences an emotion, an arousal is created by the_____________, causing changes in heart rate, changes in breathing, dilated pupils, and dry mouth.

answer

sympathetic nervous system

question

A criticism of Maslow's hierarchy is that it was developed using only Americans. In which country's culture would security needs be much stronger than self-actualization needs?

answer

Japan

question

According to research, when did most gay or bisexual students first become aware of their sexual orientation?

answer

during high school

question

The most common sexual orientation is

answer

heterosexuality.

question

According to the work of Ekman and Friesen, which of the following is one of the seven universally recognized facial expressions of emotion?

answer

disgust

question

Which of the following is an element of emotion?

answer

physical arousal

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of Clayton Alderfer's revision of Maslow's hierarchy?

answer

Autonomy needs

question

What portion of the brain is involved in the interpretation of facial expressions conveying emotion?

answer

right hemisphere

question

The term heterosexual refers to a person's

answer

sexual orientation.

question

The theory of motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action is known as

answer

the self-determination theory

question

According to Maslow, a time in a person's life during which self-actualization has been temporarily achieved is a

answer

peak experience.

question

According to the Janus report, the most common barriers to sexual activity in adults aged 57 to 85 were

answer

health problems or lack of a partner.

question

______________ proposed a total of 18 instincts that drive human behavior.

answer

William McDougall

question

People who seek careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them because they like the feedback on their performance are high in the need for

answer

achievement.

question

The theory of emotion in which a person would process emotion by thinking "My stomach is fluttering, therefore, I must be nervous," is the

answer

James-Lange theory

question

Professor Peterson is a psychology professor who taught his class about theories of emotion. He told his class that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain, which in turn intensifies and causes emotions. Professor Peterson taught his class the

answer

facial feedback hypothesis of emotion.

question

According to Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, the need to be able to master the challenging tasks of one's life is the need for

answer

competence.

question

What did Alfred Kinsey believe about sexual orientation?

answer

He believed that sexual orientation falls on a continuum, with some people falling at either extreme and some falling in the middle.

question

The minor tranquilizers

answer

are commonly used to treat anxiety.

question

Curiosity, exploration, and playing are all examples of

answer

a stimulus motive.

question

The Janus report stated that 19 percent of men and 8 percent of women

answer

had sexual intercourse before the age of 14.

question

The Janus report found that people are still sexually active

answer

well into their 80's.

question

Which of the following is NOT true of a sensation seeker?

answer

Sensation seekers always need arousal in the form of danger.

question

According to Ryan and Deci's research, when a person feels a strong sense of autonomy and competence when completing a task, his/her ____________ increases.

answer

intrinsic motivation

question

____________ is the psychological tension and physical arousal created when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.

answer

Drive

question

According to Dweck's research on achievement motivation, why might a student who has a history of bad grades be most at risk for developing learned helplessness?

answer

The student may become depressed because of the belief that intelligence is fixed, unchangeable, and out of his or her control.

question

The instinct approach

answer

has faded in importance because it only describes human behavior instead of explaining it.

question

Who originally proposed the 18 instincts for humans?

answer

William McDougall

question

In extrinsic motivation, a person is motivated

answer

to work for an outcome that is separate or external from themself.

question

A teacher has enough to eat, a home she is proud of, and good friends. She is working to become National Board Certified, the highest level a teacher can achieve. Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is she operating on?

answer

esteem needs

question

According to Ryan and Deci, a person's intrinsic motivation may be increased because of a combined sense of

answer

competence and autonomy.

question

Both marijuana and hashish contain

answer

cannabinoids.

question

Which of the following is the most addictive drug?

answer

nicotine

question

Which area of the brain is associated with fear?

answer

amygdala

question

The first person to theorize that emotions are a product of evolution and are, therefore, universal was

answer

Darwin.

question

Katie was tired and missed her boyfriend. She had to go to work at the museum, where she had to smile and greet people at the entrance. After a while, Katie felt happier. This is explained by which theory of emotion?

answer

Facial feedback theory

question

Which of the following is NOT an element of emotion?

answer

anticipation of what another human being may feel

question

One of the most important studies of human sexual behavior was conducted by

answer

Alfred Kinsey.

question

The idea that sexual orientation was not an either/or situation but rather that it is on a continuum was proposed by

answer

Alfred Kinsey.

question

_______ is used to control heroin dependency.

answer

Methadone

question

Cocaine is a

answer

natural drug.

question

According to the Kinsey study, _____ percent of males had bisexual experiences.

answer

46

question

Birth order has been studied as a prenatal influence in a person's sexual orientation. Studies have suggested

answer

the more older brothers a man has, the more likely he is to be homosexual.

question

A study has found that homosexual men and heterosexual women respond similarly to a testosterone-based pheromone that is secreted in perspiration; what does this tell us about the origin of homosexuality?

answer

It tells us that homosexuality can be linked to biological origins.

question

Which of the following is a criticism of the Kinsey study?

answer

A large portion of the participants were well-educated, urban, young Protestants, so several other groups of people were not well -represented.

question

According to Maslow's hierarchy, one cannot meet cognitive needs until ________ needs are met.

answer

esteem

question

What is the lowest, or most basic, level on Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

answer

physiological needs

question

A(n) __________ is a requirement of some material, such as food or water, that is essential for survival of the organism.

answer

need

question

Joni recently quit smoking. She constantly wants to chew gum or have something in her mouth. This is an example of a(n)

answer

acquired drive.

question

The approach to understanding motivation that is based solely on the belief in the need for stimulation is the _____________ approach.

answer

arousal

question

A psychological tension and physical arousal present when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension is a(n)

answer

drive.

question

A gymnast can complete a trick on the balance beam consistently without falling in practice. However, during competition the gymnast becomes nervous, causing her to bobble and fall. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the problem?

answer

The gymnast's arousal level is too high.

question

A person who is full but still takes another helping of food at dinner because it tastes so good is eating because

answer

taste of the food is the incentive for eating.

question

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that

answer

performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance.

question

The major tranquilizers are

answer

barbiturates.

question

Barbiturates used in combination with alcohol may cause a lethal

answer

drug interaction.

question

Opium and its derivatives duplicate the action of

answer

endorphins.

question

Which part of the brain is associated with emotion?

answer

amygdala

question

When a person experiences an emotion, what is one way the body may react physically?

answer

increased heart rate

question

According to LeDoux's research, it's possible that people with emotional disorders may be processing stimuli mainly through the _________ route, resulting in difficulty or inability to control emotions or to override fears.

answer

subcortical

question

The following three elements describe what aspect of our consciousness: physical arousal, a behavior revealing a feeling to the outside world, and an inner awareness of the feeling?

answer

emotion

Psych101: Chapter 8 Motivation & Emotion – Flashcards

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