question

The Big Five factor of agreeableness is positively correlated with:

answer

satisfying romantic relationships

question

The Big Five factors theory of personality is the view that personality is made up of:

answer

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

question

According to Erik Erikson, an adolescent's crisis is based on the need to:

answer

from an identity

question

Maria is experiencing identity confusion. Which of the following statements describes Maria?

answer

All of these are possible descriptions of an adolescent with identity confusion: She is immersed in her friends and equates her identity with the crowd. She has a sense of self that is inconsistent and generally unacceptable to others. She is withdrawn and isolated from her family and friends.

question

For positive identity development, a family atmosphere should promote:

answer

individuality and connectedness

question

According to Marcia, adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined are in a state of identity:

answer

moratorium

question

Beverly spends as much time with her grandchildren as she can. She wants them to remember the fun times they have shared when she passes. According to Erikson, Beverly is striving to achieve:

answer

generativity

question

The "MAMA" cycle is:

answer

the possibility that an individual may work through crisis and commitment in any given area of identity more than once.

question

According to Levinson's research on the midlife transition, most males:

answer

found it to be a painful and difficult time.

question

In the Berkeley longitudinal studies, which of the following dimensions was considered LEAST stable in adult personality development?

answer

nurturance

question

Letti allows her young son to try many different activities—sports, chess, music, and so on. She wants him to discover his natural abilities and interests in order to:

answer

increase his self-esteem.

question

At what age do infants, relying on others for signals about acceptable behavior, begin to show compliance to caregivers' demands?

answer

12-18 mo

question

When describing herself, Cali says that she is the oldest child in her family, is president of the honor society at school, has a few close friends, and is on the student council. These aspects of Cali's self-understanding are based on?

answer

roles and membership categories

question

Most adolescents have _____ self-esteem.

answer

low

question

Mariah identifies herself as a kind person, a girl scout, and the best soccer player on her team. Mariah is in:

answer

middle to late childhood

question

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for increasing self-esteem?

answer

Avoid problems to prevent failure or disappointment.

question

What individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they dread they will become constitutes the:

answer

possible self

question

Which of the following is the central aspect of an individual's personality?

answer

self

question

Scott realizes that his memory is not what it used to be. He carries a small notebook with him to write down important information that he will need to recall later. This is an example of:

answer

compensation

question

The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because it focuses:

answer

too much on change and too little on stability.

question

Low self-esteem is correlated to:

answer

depression

question

What do most researchers believe regarding the concept of a midlife crisis?

answer

The idea of midlife crisis has been exaggerated.

question

Erikson held that adolescence is a critical period for identity development and that unsuccessfully resolved crises during this time result in confusion about who one truly is. In contrast, contemporary theorists believe that identity is formed:

answer

in a gradual process of discovery that occurs across the lifespan.

question

The author of the Mills College longitudinal study favors the concept of midlife _____ over midlife crisis.

answer

consciousness

question

Erikson termed the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy:

answer

psychosocial moratorium

question

When adults develop skills that are passed down to others, they are developing _____ of work.

answer

generativity

question

Donna has congestive heart failure and is confined to a wheelchair. She remains active in the community by using email and teleconferencing software. Her 24-hour caregiver assists her with daily living tasks. Donna has learned how to effectively use _____ strategies to maintain an active, positive life.

answer

compensation

question

According to Marcia, adolescents who have not explored meaningful alternatives or made any commitments are in a state of identity:

answer

diffusion

question

Which of the following BEST summarizes the results of the major longitudinal studies of personality development?

answer

The greatest amount of change happens from 20 to 40.

question

Juan is a college student who is reflecting on his ethnic identity and how he fits into mainstream culture. He has a diverse group of friends and is active in the campus Latino Club. Juan likely:

answer

identifies both with the mainstream culture and his culture of origin.

question

Thirteen-year-old Cody does not understand or care about how his strengths and weaknesses will guide him into different roles in the future. According to Marcia, Cody is in a state of identity:

answer

diffusion

question

Self-esteem is correlated most strongly with:

answer

physical appearance

question

According to Marcia, adolescents that have made a commitment without exploring meaningful alternatives are in a state of identity:

answer

foreclosure

question

Wayne's parents insist that he become a lawyer, and he is planning to attend the law school that they have chosen for him. Marcia would say that Wayne is in a state of identity:

answer

foreclosure

question

An assignment in Chad's career development course has reopened the issue of choosing a major. According to Marcia, Chad is in a state of identity:

answer

moratorium

question

In the individual variations view of middle adulthood development, it is important to recognize that:

answer

some individuals may experience a midlife crisis in some contexts of their lives but not others.

question

Yves had a tumultuous adolescence. As a young adult, he isolates himself from peers and family. According to Erikson, Yves emerged from his adolescent crisis as:

answer

identity confused.

question

Todd explains that he is different from Davion because he is tall and has blonde hair and Davion is short and has brown hair. Todd is a(n):

answer

preschooler

question

Bill believes that he should persevere and keep trying until he reaches his goals. Bill is using a(n) _____ strategy.

answer

optimzation

question

When minority youth identify in some ways with their ethnic culture and in other ways with the dominant culture, they are developing a(n):

answer

bicultural idenity

question

An adolescent who is experimenting with different vocational possibilities is experiencing what psychologist James Marcia terms an identity:

answer

crisis

question

The Big Five factor of conscientiousness has emerged as a key predictor of:

answer

academic success

question

Self-esteem is linked to many different factors. It is important to remember that the research is not _____, but is largely _____.

answer

experimental; correlational

question

The seventh stage of Erikson's life-span theory takes place during middle age and is termed:

answer

generativity versus stagnation.

question

The extent to which an individual recognizes his or her personal psychological makeup is that person's:

answer

level of self-awareness.

question

What theory emphasizes the influence of life experiences on personality development?

answer

contemporary life-events theory

question

According to Erik Erikson, the adolescent identity crisis is:

answer

a natural and healthy part of development.

question

According to Marcia, adolescents who have explored alternatives and have made a commitment are in a state of identity:

answer

achievement.

question

According to the cumulative personality model of personality development, as people age, they become more adept at:

answer

interacting with their environment in ways that support personality stability.

question

Today, most personality psychologists believe that personality is a product of:

answer

trait-situation interaction.

question

Which of the following is an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership?

answer

ethnic identity

question

Kristina is looking forward to participating in the mock election debate at school. She has strong opinions on school issues and feels confident that she can communicate her stance to others. Kristina has a sense of:

answer

individuality

question

Kelsy wants to become a teacher, lawyer, or singer. She is a talented, intelligent girl who vows not to be satisfied in a dead end job. Kelsy is considering her:

answer

possible self

question

As individuals get older, they describe _____ possible selves and portray them in more _____ ways.

answer

fewer; concrete

question

According to Cooper, mutuality and permeability are two dimensions of:

answer

connectedness

question

For most children, the ability to recognize oneself in the mirror occurs around _____ year(s) of age.

answer

2

question

In a recent cross-cultural study, older children showed increased skepticism of others' self-reports concerning value-laden traits. Which of the following would a 10- to 11-year-old most likely reject?

answer

claims that one never lies

question

According to Marcia, the part of identity development in which individuals show personal investment in what they are going to do is known as:

answer

commitment

question

Which of the following is a finding of Helson's Mills College study?

answer

Women in their 40s experience many of the same concerns of men in midlife.

question

Which of Marcia's identity statuses is a minority youth likely to adopt in the face of restricted occupational opportunities in a discriminating dominant culture?

answer

identity foreclosure

question

As Stephanie considers the future, her mother explains that few decisions are permanent, and that Stephanie will continue to reevaluate her choices for the rest of her life. This is a description of:

answer

the "MAMA" cycle.

question

Which of the following is likely to improve a child's self-esteem?

answer

Find out what a child values and help develop skills and competence in this area.

question

oann is an older adult who attends a group that shares its past experiences, familiar objects, and photographs with each other. This kind of therapy is known as _____ therapy.

answer

reminisce

question

All of the following are possible reasons why older adults don't have lower self-esteem than young or middle-aged adults EXCEPT

answer

their knowledge-related goals have increased.

question

What did Levinson conclude about females in midlife transition?

answer

Like males, females also suffer a crisis.

question

Mary Ann wants to help her young daughter better understand what other people are feeling. What should Mary Ann say to help her daughter understand others?

answer

"How do you think your friend feels because you took her toy?"

question

The Berkeley longitudinal studies indicated that life-span personality development is marked by:

answer

neither extreme change nor extreme stability.

question

Paul Baltes and colleagues believe that successful self-regulation in aging is linked with which of the following factors?

answer

selection, optimization, and compensation

question

American-born youth of ethnic descent have to learn how to adapt and mesh many different worlds. This task requires considerable:

answer

self-integration

question

After considerable debate, Drew proposed to his girlfriend. As the wedding date approached, he was overcome with doubt and considered calling it off. He did not cancel the wedding and is happily married today. Drew's experience is an example of:

answer

the "MAMA" cycle of identity development.

question

In general terms, the preschool child's understanding of self is:

answer

physical or active

question

In the Berkeley longitudinal studies, which of the following dimensions was considered MOST stable in adult personality development?

answer

self-confidence

question

Twenty-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will MOST likely:

answer

touch his nose in attempt to wipe off the spot.

question

One way researchers examine identity changes in depth is by using a technique where you ask the individual to tell their life story and evaluate how integrated that story is, this approach is known as:

answer

the narrative approach.

question

Leigh understands that she upset her brother when she lost his favorite ball and wants to replace it to make him happy. Leigh is displaying

answer

perspective taking

question

According to Marcia, _____ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.

answer

crisis

question

Being attentive and positive toward one's image in a mirror appears as early as _____ month(s) old.

answer

3

question

Ted is popular because he displays an understanding of his friends' needs and communicates well. He is adept at:

answer

perspecitive taking

question

Thora loves to paint but realizes her fine-motor movement is not what it used to be. She now paints in the morning when she experiences fewer tremors and makes sure to go slowly working on her projects. This is an example of:

answer

optimization.

question

Nine-year-old Calvin's self-esteem is MOST likely:

answer

realistic

question

Compared to older adults, younger adults are more likely to assess their well-being in terms of:

answer

their careers

question

Judy reminisces about when her children were young. She reveals to her daughter that she often felt tired and discouraged during those times. Seeing her children as parents helps Judy to realize that she was and is a good mother. This is an aspect of Judy's:

answer

life review

question

According to Levinson, the midlife crisis requires men to come to grips with all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

being generative vs. stagnant.

question

The selective optimization with compensation model is based on the idea that older adults fare better when they:

answer

develop positive and creative coping strategies to deal with their limitations.

question

Self-regulation is positively correlated to:

answer

high achievement and high life satisfaction.

question

Which of the following is an example of how a 5-year-old child might perceive a friend in terms of psychological traits?

answer

my friend is funny

question

Costa and McCrae have found that all of the following personality traits peak around 40 to 60 years of age EXCEPT:

answer

social dominance

question

Dewey comprehends that he is a 10-year-old boy who is: on the chess team, a member of a family, loves computer games, and hates peanut butter. This is Dewey's:

answer

self-understanding.

question

Sometimes Kianna is angry that her parents will not let her date who she pleases. Other times she is upset because they do not coddle her like they do her younger siblings. Kianna's mixed feelings are an example of Erikson's:

answer

psychological moratorium.

question

Diane was shy and lacked confidence as a teenager. At age 62, she is still unlikely to initiate a conversation but feels confident in her abilities and life choices. In explaining Diane's personality development, Costa and McCrae's Baltimore study would most likely emphasize _____, whereas the Berkeley longitudinal studies would emphasize __________.

answer

stability;change

question

Jana is discovering her likes and dislikes, talents and abilities. It seems that her persona changes frequently. In the last month, she has characterized herself as a tomboy, dancer, and honor student. This is an example of Jana's:

answer

fluctuating self

question

Leslie recalls her painful divorce. At the time, she felt like a failure but now realizes that many aspects of her life improved as a result of this challenge. She is participating in a(n):

answer

life review.

question

At almost all ages, self-esteem is highest in:

answer

males

question

According to the contemporary life-events theory of development, a divorce is likely to affect an individual in a:

answer

unique way dependent on mediating factors, interpretation, and context.

question

Which of the following might interfere with the development of self-regulation in adolescence?

answer

feelings of invincibility and social comparison

question

Emily pondered her major for a long time. Now, at graduation, she feels a strong sense of having made the right decision and looks forward to a long career in her chosen area. According to Marcia, Emily is in a state of identity:

answer

acheivment

question

Which of the following explains why young children have unrealistically positive self-descriptions?

answer

all of these

question

Which of the following is an example of how a young child might make a self-evaluation using an unrealistically positive overestimation?

answer

i am never scared

question

What is the charge of the novice phase in Levinson's theory?

answer

development of a dream and free experimentation and testing this dream in the real world

question

Sal is 75 years old. He is most likely to personally invest in his:

answer

family.

question

Which of the following includes awareness and assessment?

answer

identity

question

The ability to manage one's behavior without help from others is known as:

answer

self-regulation.

question

According to Cooper, self-assertion and separateness are two dimensions of:

answer

individuality

question

Cross-cultural research shows which of the following about adolescents around the world?

answer

Almost three-fourths of the adolescents had a healthy self-image.

question

Curtis loves to garden, but his arthritis makes it difficult. Now he limits the plants he tends to those that do not require much maintenance. This is an example of:

answer

selection

question

Middle-aged Jeff regrets his earlier over-focus on work and mourns the poor relationship he has with his children. According to Erikson, Jeff is experiencing:

answer

stagnation

question

What type of personality theories are based on the notion that people can be described in terms of the basic ways they act?

answer

trait

question

Self-esteem refers to global self-evaluation, while self-concept refers to:

answer

domain-specific evaluations of the self.

question

Maria is a family therapist. She encourages her clients to recognize and respect other's points of view and be open to different ideas. Maria is fostering a sense of:

answer

connectedness

question

According to Marcia, the extent of an individual's crisis or commitment in the process of developing a self is called:

answer

identity status

question

Some psychologists believe that trait theories of personality give too little attention to _____ and put too much emphasis on _____.

answer

enviornment;stability

Psych test 3 pt. 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards