psych test 1 – Flashcards
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According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be "easy babies"?
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40%
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Manuel and Sarah keep a daily log of the times that their baby eats, sleeps, remains awake, and even the baby's excretions. They are keeping track of the baby's
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rhythmicity
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Erikson's approach to personality development suggests that an infant's early experiences (nurturing, feeding, cuddling, etc.) are responsible for shaping whether or not they become ____________ individuals later in life.
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trusting
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When applying the Strange Situation, which child is most likely to demonstrate the appearance of being less securely attached to his/her mother?
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children from Japan
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Four-month-old Baby Timmy is playing and smiling at his Dad. Baby Timmy is demonstrating a
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social smile
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What is the term for a sequence of eight staged episodes that illustrates the strength of attachment between child and (typically) his/her mother?
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Ainsworth Strange Situation
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Two-year-old Baby Angela attends day care five days a week because she has a single mother who works. This means that Angela falls into the group of close to _____ of children between the ages of 4 months and 3 years who are cared for by other adults.
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66%
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What is considered the hallmark of children who are securely attached to their mothers?
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the mother is sensitive to the child's needs, is aware of the child's moods, can discriminate the infant's signals, and is responsive, warm, and affectionate
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Children who spend __________ a week in group child care for a year or more have a(n) ____________ probability of being disruptive in class, and that effect continues through the sixth grade.
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10 hours or more; increased
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Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual are called
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temperament
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Research suggests that by ___ years of age boys behave more independently and less compliantly than girls.
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2
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A child who does not seek proximity to the mother, and, after she leaves the room, the child who does not look distressed is exhibiting
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avoidant attachment pattern
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Expressions of emotion called nonverbal ___________ are fairly consistent among people of all ages.
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encoding
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What percentage of children ages 0-17 live with two married parents?
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about two-thirds
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One-month-old Albert is upset and his facial expression shows that he is in distress. This is an example of
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nonverbal expression of emotion
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Two-year-old Baby Duane and his older brother are eating lunch, and both boys are given cookies for dessert. Duane's older brother accidentally drops his cookie on the floor and begins crying, so Duane offers to share his cookie with his brother. Duane has reached the point where he is able to demonstrate
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empathy
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What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition, whose body functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable?
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easy babies
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Maria is a 65-year-old woman who has difficulty managing simple everyday tasks because of the painful swelling of the joints in her hands. Maria is likely diagnosed with
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arthritis
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What portion of older people has hypertension, or high blood pressure?
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one-third
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Drug therapy to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease focuses on the loss of the neurotransmitter
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acetylcholine
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What percentage of the elderly does NOT have adequate nutrition and even suffer from hunger in the U.S.?
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15-50%
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Donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), rivastigmine (Exelon), and tacrine (Cognex) are among the common drugs prescribed to treat
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Alzheimer's disease
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All of the following are contributors to developing Alzheimer's disease EXCEPT
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increased stress level
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Research shows that ________ declines with age, while ________ remains steady and sometimes improves
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fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence
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Theories that suggest that our body's DNA genetic code contains a built-in time limit for the reproduction of human cells are called the
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genetic programming theories of aging
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What are the two major factors that determine whether or not an elderly person can engage in sexual activity?
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good physical and mental health and previous sexual activity
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Elderly people experience a decline in their taste and smell sensitivity because of all of the following EXCEPT
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they use too much salt on their food
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Memories that are related to specific life experiences such as recalling the events of a vacation are called
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episodic memories
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According to the terminology that demographers use, age 65-74 is called
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young old
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Which of the theories promotes the idea based upon the survival of the species that a long life after the reproductive years is unnecessary?
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genetic programming theories of aging
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In which of the following cultures/societies would ageism most likely be seen?
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Western societies
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According to the terminology that demographers use, age 85 and older is called
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oldest old
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The theory suggesting that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system with increasing age is called
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peripheral slowing hypothesis
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Infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks are called
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very low birthweight
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All of the following may cause preterm births EXCEPT
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a mother working during pregnancy
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The overall rate of infant mortality (defined as death within the first year of life) in the United States is
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7 deaths per 1,000 live births
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Infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception are called
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preterm
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What is the stress-related hormone that newborns need in their bloodstream to avoid, for example, breathing problems?
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catecholamines
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Postpartum depression may be triggered by pronounced swings in hormone production that occur after birth. These hormones are
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estrogen and progesterone
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All are considered features of very-low-birthweight infants EXCEPT which of the following?
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webs are apparent between the infant's fingers and toes
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Martha is holding her new baby while she enjoys a bite of peppermint candy. She notices that when the candy comes close to the baby's face, the baby becomes more physically and facially active. What sense has the peppermint activated?
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sense of taste and smell
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The American Academy of Pediatrics and the U.S. Congress agree that women should stay in the hospital no less than ___ hours after giving birth
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48
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The average financial costs of medical care for a very-low-birthweight infant during the first three years of life may be between ______ and ______ times higher than medical costs for a full-term child
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3; 50
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When the baby lies crosswise in the uterus during delivery, this is called
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transverse position
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Mary's baby was born at 28 weeks, and now part of her medical care includes massage several times a day. All of the following are the benefits of the massage EXCEPT
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increased appetite
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If a newborn baby hears a tape recording of his/her own crying, the baby is likely to
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stop crying because the baby recognizes a familiar sound
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Research indicates that the following types of care, with the exception of one, appear to be effective in helping preterm infants develop. Identify the exception
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almost constant use of an incubator
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Which of the following is NOT a risk involved with a Cesarean delivery?
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increases the risk of post-delivery preeclampsia
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Other countries do significantly better than the U.S. in preventing infant mortality by providing services listed below EXCEPT
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social programs for birth control
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A newborn baby scores under 7 on the Apgar scale. This indicates that the baby
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requires help to start breathing
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Developmental psychologist Arnold Gesell formulated a type of test that
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measures infant development to distinguish between normal and atypical development in babies
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What is the term for an organized pattern of functioning that adapts and changes with mental development?
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scheme
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During which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage does the child "begin to act upon the outside world," a process by which infants seek to repeat enjoyable events in their environments if they happen to produce them through chance activities?
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Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
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Four-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex's mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels, but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next, he pointed and said, "A bird." Considering Piaget's work, Alex is demonstrating an example of
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assimilation
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Eight-month-old baby Lucy picks up a toy in her crib and accidentally hits her crib with the toy, making an interesting noise. She begins to drag the toy back and forth against the sides of the crib's railing, producing another different and interesting sound. This prompts Lucy to continue repeating the action over and over again. Piaget would say that this is an example of
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Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
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A baby is in its crib while a swarm of relatives hovers, calling the baby's name, and making cooing sounds. There is a radio playing in the background and sounds emanate from the television in the living room. All the while, the baby's mother is trying to get the baby's attention to get ready for its feeding. The baby is most likely to attend to the mother's face and voice. This is an example of
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encoding
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Who was the Swiss psychologist who felt that infants learn according to the formula, "action=knowledge?"
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piaget
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What is the term for the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen?
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object permanence
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What term refers to the placement of material into memory?
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storage
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Almost every time Baby Will articulates the word "da," his father picks him up with joy, smiles, and praises his son for trying to say "dad." The father's behavior reinforces Will's behavior, and this is an example of
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learning theory approach
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Baby Billy calls his favorite blanket a "blankie." When he sees other blankets in the house, however, he does not refer to them as a "blankie" because he uses that name only for his favorite blanket. This is an example of
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underextension
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Baby Luke is playing with a bouncing ball in his playpen, and accidentally the ball bounces out of the playpen and rolls under a nearby chair. Luke tries to get his mother to retrieve his ball by pointing in the direction of where the ball went under the chair. Piaget would say this is an example of
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mental representation
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At dinnertime, Baby Michael is seated in his high chair as his parents try to feed him; however, Michael repeatedly drops or throws his cup, spoon, and much of his dinner onto the floor while he watches the consequences of his actions. Which of Piaget's substages might explain Michael's behaviors?
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Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
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Piaget believed that __________ are schemes reflecting an infant's repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions that focus on the infant's own body. An example of this might be an infant putting its thumb in its mouth and sucking
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primary circular reactions
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Piaget's Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the age range of
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12-18 months of age
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If a baby is making speech-like, but meaningless, sounds, this is a universal phenomenon called
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babbling
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Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of the way children understand the world are mental structures called
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schemes
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Bart and Muriel put their infant to bed for her regular afternoon nap. When they go to check on her several hours later the baby is unresponsive and never wakes up. What is the term for this?
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SIDS
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Infants should consume about ___ calories per day for each pound they weigh
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50
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What is the term for the reflex that protects the eye from too much direct light that might damage the retina?
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eye-blink
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Due to malnutrition, a child's stomach, limbs, and face may swell with water so that the child actually appears chubby, but in fact the child is suffering from
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kwashiorkor
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Some researchers think that _________ provides a means for an infant's brain to stimulate itself
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autostimulation
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At about what age can a child build a tower of two cubes?
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15 months
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What is the fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses?
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myelin
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What principle refers to the trunk of the body growing before the extremities of the arms and legs?
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proximodistal
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At approximately what age is a baby able to prominently open its hand and grasp a rattle?
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3 months
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All but which of the following constitute four general aspects of infants' behavior, as measured by the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale?
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response to the mother
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Maria and Thomas are preparing for the birth of their baby, and are trying to decide whether or not to breastfeed their new baby. Which of the following is NOT a reason for them to decide on breastfeeding?
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breast milk is cheaper than store-bought formula
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Communication with other neurons is done by means of _________ that travel across the small gaps called ________.
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neurotransmitters; synapses
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What does the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest to prevent SIDS?
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giving the baby a pacifier during naps and bedtime
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The basic nerve cell of the nervous system is called
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neuron
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What is one of the most widely used techniques to determine infants' normative standing that includes 27 categories of responses that constitute four general aspects of infants' behavior?
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Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale
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Alex and Nadine watch their 8-month-old baby as he tries to pick up an item. What type of grasp is the baby likely to use?
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pincer
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SIDS strikes about __________ infants in the U.S. each year
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2500
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A child displays some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. The child was born with
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fetal alcohol effects (FAE)
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What is the basic unit of genetic information?
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gene
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A conduit between the mother and fetus, this organ provides nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord
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placenta
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Researchers believe that some __________ of all pregnancies end in miscarriage, usually in the first several months of pregnancy
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15%- 20%
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Infertility is the inability to conceive after ________ months of trying to become pregnant.
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12 to 18
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What sexually transmitted disease can be communicated to the child as it passes through the birth canal to be born?
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gonorrhea
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Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual are called
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temperament
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The ultimate outcome of meiosis, in combination with other processes, is tens of _______ of genetic combinations
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trillions
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Three days after fertilization, the organism consists of some ___ cells, and by the next day the number doubles
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32
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Which procedure produces a visual image of the uterus, fetus, and placenta?
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sonogram
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Multiple births have _________ in the last 25 years due to fertility drugs and the rising average age of mothers giving birth
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increased
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In the embryonic stage, the nervous system begins to function around the ___ week, and weak brain waves begin to be produced
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5th
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Toni has a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells. She would be diagnosed with what disorder?
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sickle-cell anemia
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An observable trait is labeled
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a phenotype
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Jason and Justin are twins and are genetically identical. They are ________ twins
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monozygotic
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Studies have found that maternal consumption of an average of ___ alcoholic drink(s) a day during pregnancy is associated with adverse effects on intelligence, psychological functioning, and behavior in their children
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2
