psych exam 2 quizzes – Flashcards

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The real inquiry into the process of dreaming was begun by: a) Pavlov b) Darwin c) Maslow d) Freud
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d) Freud
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2) If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the: a) gender schema. b) latent content. c) cultural content. d) manifest content.
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d) manifest content
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3) According to researchers, men tend to: a) dream about issues related to family and home. b) report fewer sexual dreams than women. c) have more physical aggression in their dreams than women. d) dream about males and females equally.
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c) have more physical aggression in their dreams than women.
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________ cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations. a) Narcotics b) Hallucinogens c) Barbiturates d) Amphetamines
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b) Hallucinogens
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Physical sensations, such as nausea or extreme pain, that occur when the body is trying to adjust to the absence of a drug are called: a) tolerance. b) the "crash." c) withdrawal d) Korsakoff's syndrome.
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c) withdrawal
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Opium and its derivatives duplicate the action of: a) endorphins b) GABA c) acetylcholine d) insulin
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a) endorphins
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________ are used to treat narcolepsy. a) Barbiturates b) Benzodiazepines c) Narcotics d) Methamphetamines
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d) Methamphetamines
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A person has entered N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4) sleep when delta waves account for ___ percent or more of brain wave activity. a) 20 b) 75 c) 90 d) 5
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a) 20
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The ________ is the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep. a) pons b) suprachiasmatic nucleus c) hippocampus d) amygdala
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b) suprachiasmatic nucleus
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Many researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by __________ during the first stage of sleep. a) divided consciousness b) REM rebound c) hypnogogic images d) heightened consciousness
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c) hypnogogic images
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Which statement about sleep apnea is TRUE? a) There is no effective treatment for it. b) The person experiencing sleep apnea may stop breathing for 10 seconds or more. c) It causes a person to slip suddenly into REM sleep during the day. d) It causes SIDS.
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b) The person experiencing sleep apnea may stop breathing for 10 seconds or more.
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A hypnic jerk is likely to occur during: a) REM sleep b) N1 (R&K Stage 1) c) microsleeps d) N2 (R&K Stage 2).
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b) N1 (R&K Stage 1)
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A sudden loss of muscle tone is called: a) REM paralysis b) cataplexy c) narcolepsy d) somnambulism
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b) cataplexy
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In the early stages of sleep, _______ waves appear a) gamma b) theta c) delta d) beta
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b) theta
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Melatonin supplements are often used to treat: a) night terrors b) jet lag c) Korsakoff's syndrome d) alcohol withdrawal
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b) jet lag
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When a person is slightly sleep deprived, ________ tasks will suffer less than _______ tasks. a) mental; motor b) more complex; simple c) motor; mental
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b) more complex; simple
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David often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from: a) narcolepsy b) REM rebound c) daytime sleep terrors d) sleep apnea
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a) narcolepsy
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Antwon can't seem to focus in class today. Though he's not asleep, his mind appears to be drifting off, leading to thoughts of his girlfriend, his job, and upcoming events of the day. Antwon appears to be in which of the following states of consciousness? a) unconscious b) unfocused c) waking d) altered
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d) altered
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While in the middle of a conversation with his co-worker, Jackson unexpectedly slipped into a state of sleep, falling to the floor as he lost control of all the muscles in his body. Jackson appears to have a condition called _______. a) narcolepsy b) enuresis c) somnambulism d) sleep apnea
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a) narcolepsy
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The ___________ of hypnosis suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are playing the role expected of them in that situation. a) adaptive theory b) social-cognitive theory c) activation-synthesis hypothesis d) activation-information-mode model
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b) social-cognitive theory
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For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective? a) curing alcoholism b) controlling pain d) helping people to stop smoking
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b) controlling pain
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So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during: a) N1 (R&K Stage 1) b) N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4) c) microsleeps d) REM sleep
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a) N1 (R&K Stage 1)
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In a(n) __________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness. a) operant conditioning b) psychoanalytic c) evolutionary d) cognitive neuroscience
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d) cognitive neuroscience
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After taking medication for his back, Todd's thoughts become fuzzy and disorganized. Todd is in a state of: a) waking consciousness b) altered consciousness. c) drug-induced consciousness d) divided consciousness
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b) altered consciousness.
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Driving and talking on a cell phone at the same time is an example of a state of: a) meditation b) waking consciousness c) divided consciousness d) increased alertness
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c) divided consciousness
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________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _______ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. a) a hug; a certificate of appreciation b) a good grade; ice cream d) money; a kiss
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a) a hug; a certificate of appreciation
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Time-out is an example of ______. a) punishment by application b) punishment by removal c) shaping
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b) punishment by removal
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Shortly after eating a piece of his great aunt's famous coconut cake, which he's had many times, Amad became very nauseous. Now, whenever his great aunt offers him a piece of cake, Amad quickly declines. Which of the following concepts best explains Amad's change in behavior? a) vicarious conditioning b) extinction c) conditioned taste aversion d) stimulus discrimination
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c) conditioned taste aversion
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At the end of his first day of kindergarten and the entire week thereafter, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after the sounding of a loud bell. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the school bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this example, what is the conditioned response? a) Jeremiah left the room after his teacher told him to do so b) The bell rang loudly c) Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang d) Jeremiah's teacher told the class to leave
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c) Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang
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Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning? a) classical conditioning b) insight learning c) social learning d) operant conditioning
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d) operant conditioning
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Köhler determined that insight: a) is instinctual b) can be taught through classical conditioning c) cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone d) is not present in animals
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c) cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone
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Seligman connects learned helplessness to: a) depression b) obsessive compulsive disorder c) phobias of flying d) bipolar disorder
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a) depression
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Kohler's chimpanzee experiment involved: a) a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana b) a young chimp gaining insight from an older chimp c) two chimps forming a relationship to solve a problem together d) testing a chimp to find out its strategy for climbing a tree to reach a banana
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a) a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana
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Kohler's idea of animal insight was controversial because: a) his experiment was flawed b) the chimps were punished for not reaching the bananas c) animals do not have self-awareness d) other researchers, like Thorndike, did not believe that animals demonstrated that trait
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d) other researchers, like Thorndike, did not believe that animals demonstrated that trait
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A modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response is: a) neurofeedback b) biofeedback c) latent learning d) applied behavior analysis (ABA)
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d) applied behavior analysis (ABA)
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Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement? a) taking an aspirin when you have a headache b) grounding a teenager who returns home after curfew c) receiving a traffic ticket for speeding
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a) taking an aspirin when you have a headache
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Anna's mother scolds her for lying. Anna's mother is using: a) negative reinforcement b) punishment by application c) positive reinforcement d) punishment by removal
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b) punishment by application
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A typical use of applied behavior analysis is: a) treating anorexic individuals b) treating children with disorders such as autism c) teaching parents to use punishment effectively
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b) treating children with disorders such as autism
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A recent study suggests a link between spanking and: a) intelligence b) submissiveness in children c) children's concentration d) aggression in children
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d) aggression in children
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___________ occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways. a) Acquisition b) Spontaneous recovery c) Stimulus generalization d) Stimulus discrimination
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d) Stimulus discrimination
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Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of: a) a neutral stimulus b) stimulus discrimination c) stimulus generalization d) a spontaneous recovery
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c) stimulus generalization.
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In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same. (For example, it might be salivation in both cases.) However, what makes that response (salivation) considered conditioned or unconditioned depends on: a) the presence of an NS b) what sort of food is eliciting the response c) whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS d) how the subject feels about the stimulus and the response.
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c) whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS
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______ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. a) Vicarious conditioning b) Shaping c) Operant conditioning d) Conditioned learning
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a) Vicarious conditioning
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When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called: a) higher-order conditioning b) stimulus generalization c) extinction d) acquisition
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c) extinction
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Research suggests that once people learn something: a) it is always present somewhere in memory b) it does not necessarily make an impact on the brain c) they can forever access that information d) it leaves the brain after several years
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a) it is always present somewhere in memory
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The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of: a) molding b) negative reinforcement c) latent learning d) shaping
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d) shaping
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According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first: a) get a good night's sleep b) be motivated c) repeat everything that is said during the process d) pay attention
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d) pay attention
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Noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. This semester, he has a political science class for which he feels very passionate, and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. For the first time, he wants to do well so that he can get an "A." This is an example of which element of observational learning? a) memory b) imitation c) desire d) attention
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c) desire
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Bandura conducted some of his research to study: a) possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others b) the effects of rewards on children's behavior c) hero worship in children d) people's innate aggressiveness
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a) possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others
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In his later studies, Bandura added the condition of _____ into his studies of children and the Bobo doll. a) reward b) modeling c) aggression d) observation
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a) reward
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