question

The real inquiry into the process of dreaming was begun by: a) Pavlov b) Darwin c) Maslow d) Freud

answer

d) Freud

question

2) If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the: a) gender schema. b) latent content. c) cultural content. d) manifest content.

answer

d) manifest content

question

3) According to researchers, men tend to: a) dream about issues related to family and home. b) report fewer sexual dreams than women. c) have more physical aggression in their dreams than women. d) dream about males and females equally.

answer

c) have more physical aggression in their dreams than women.

question

________ cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations. a) Narcotics b) Hallucinogens c) Barbiturates d) Amphetamines

answer

b) Hallucinogens

question

Physical sensations, such as nausea or extreme pain, that occur when the body is trying to adjust to the absence of a drug are called: a) tolerance. b) the "crash." c) withdrawal d) Korsakoff's syndrome.

answer

c) withdrawal

question

Opium and its derivatives duplicate the action of: a) endorphins b) GABA c) acetylcholine d) insulin

answer

a) endorphins

question

________ are used to treat narcolepsy. a) Barbiturates b) Benzodiazepines c) Narcotics d) Methamphetamines

answer

d) Methamphetamines

question

A person has entered N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4) sleep when delta waves account for ___ percent or more of brain wave activity. a) 20 b) 75 c) 90 d) 5

answer

a) 20

question

The ________ is the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep. a) pons b) suprachiasmatic nucleus c) hippocampus d) amygdala

answer

b) suprachiasmatic nucleus

question

Many researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by __________ during the first stage of sleep. a) divided consciousness b) REM rebound c) hypnogogic images d) heightened consciousness

answer

c) hypnogogic images

question

Which statement about sleep apnea is TRUE? a) There is no effective treatment for it. b) The person experiencing sleep apnea may stop breathing for 10 seconds or more. c) It causes a person to slip suddenly into REM sleep during the day. d) It causes SIDS.

answer

b) The person experiencing sleep apnea may stop breathing for 10 seconds or more.

question

A hypnic jerk is likely to occur during: a) REM sleep b) N1 (R&K Stage 1) c) microsleeps d) N2 (R&K Stage 2).

answer

b) N1 (R&K Stage 1)

question

A sudden loss of muscle tone is called: a) REM paralysis b) cataplexy c) narcolepsy d) somnambulism

answer

b) cataplexy

question

In the early stages of sleep, _______ waves appear a) gamma b) theta c) delta d) beta

answer

b) theta

question

Melatonin supplements are often used to treat: a) night terrors b) jet lag c) Korsakoff's syndrome d) alcohol withdrawal

answer

b) jet lag

question

When a person is slightly sleep deprived, ________ tasks will suffer less than _______ tasks. a) mental; motor b) more complex; simple c) motor; mental

answer

b) more complex; simple

question

David often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from: a) narcolepsy b) REM rebound c) daytime sleep terrors d) sleep apnea

answer

a) narcolepsy

question

Antwon can't seem to focus in class today. Though he's not asleep, his mind appears to be drifting off, leading to thoughts of his girlfriend, his job, and upcoming events of the day. Antwon appears to be in which of the following states of consciousness? a) unconscious b) unfocused c) waking d) altered

answer

d) altered

question

While in the middle of a conversation with his co-worker, Jackson unexpectedly slipped into a state of sleep, falling to the floor as he lost control of all the muscles in his body. Jackson appears to have a condition called _______. a) narcolepsy b) enuresis c) somnambulism d) sleep apnea

answer

a) narcolepsy

question

The ___________ of hypnosis suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are playing the role expected of them in that situation. a) adaptive theory b) social-cognitive theory c) activation-synthesis hypothesis d) activation-information-mode model

answer

b) social-cognitive theory

question

For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective? a) curing alcoholism b) controlling pain d) helping people to stop smoking

answer

b) controlling pain

question

So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during: a) N1 (R&K Stage 1) b) N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4) c) microsleeps d) REM sleep

answer

a) N1 (R&K Stage 1)

question

In a(n) __________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness. a) operant conditioning b) psychoanalytic c) evolutionary d) cognitive neuroscience

answer

d) cognitive neuroscience

question

After taking medication for his back, Todd's thoughts become fuzzy and disorganized. Todd is in a state of: a) waking consciousness b) altered consciousness. c) drug-induced consciousness d) divided consciousness

answer

b) altered consciousness.

question

Driving and talking on a cell phone at the same time is an example of a state of: a) meditation b) waking consciousness c) divided consciousness d) increased alertness

answer

c) divided consciousness

question

________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _______ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. a) a hug; a certificate of appreciation b) a good grade; ice cream d) money; a kiss

answer

a) a hug; a certificate of appreciation

question

Time-out is an example of ______. a) punishment by application b) punishment by removal c) shaping

answer

b) punishment by removal

question

Shortly after eating a piece of his great aunt's famous coconut cake, which he's had many times, Amad became very nauseous. Now, whenever his great aunt offers him a piece of cake, Amad quickly declines. Which of the following concepts best explains Amad's change in behavior? a) vicarious conditioning b) extinction c) conditioned taste aversion d) stimulus discrimination

answer

c) conditioned taste aversion

question

At the end of his first day of kindergarten and the entire week thereafter, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after the sounding of a loud bell. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the school bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this example, what is the conditioned response? a) Jeremiah left the room after his teacher told him to do so b) The bell rang loudly c) Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang d) Jeremiah's teacher told the class to leave

answer

c) Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang

question

Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning? a) classical conditioning b) insight learning c) social learning d) operant conditioning

answer

d) operant conditioning

question

Köhler determined that insight: a) is instinctual b) can be taught through classical conditioning c) cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone d) is not present in animals

answer

c) cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone

question

Seligman connects learned helplessness to: a) depression b) obsessive compulsive disorder c) phobias of flying d) bipolar disorder

answer

a) depression

question

Kohler's chimpanzee experiment involved: a) a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana b) a young chimp gaining insight from an older chimp c) two chimps forming a relationship to solve a problem together d) testing a chimp to find out its strategy for climbing a tree to reach a banana

answer

a) a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana

question

Kohler's idea of animal insight was controversial because: a) his experiment was flawed b) the chimps were punished for not reaching the bananas c) animals do not have self-awareness d) other researchers, like Thorndike, did not believe that animals demonstrated that trait

answer

d) other researchers, like Thorndike, did not believe that animals demonstrated that trait

question

A modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response is: a) neurofeedback b) biofeedback c) latent learning d) applied behavior analysis (ABA)

answer

d) applied behavior analysis (ABA)

question

Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement? a) taking an aspirin when you have a headache b) grounding a teenager who returns home after curfew c) receiving a traffic ticket for speeding

answer

a) taking an aspirin when you have a headache

question

Anna's mother scolds her for lying. Anna's mother is using: a) negative reinforcement b) punishment by application c) positive reinforcement d) punishment by removal

answer

b) punishment by application

question

A typical use of applied behavior analysis is: a) treating anorexic individuals b) treating children with disorders such as autism c) teaching parents to use punishment effectively

answer

b) treating children with disorders such as autism

question

A recent study suggests a link between spanking and: a) intelligence b) submissiveness in children c) children's concentration d) aggression in children

answer

d) aggression in children

question

___________ occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways. a) Acquisition b) Spontaneous recovery c) Stimulus generalization d) Stimulus discrimination

answer

d) Stimulus discrimination

question

Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of: a) a neutral stimulus b) stimulus discrimination c) stimulus generalization d) a spontaneous recovery

answer

c) stimulus generalization.

question

In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same. (For example, it might be salivation in both cases.) However, what makes that response (salivation) considered conditioned or unconditioned depends on: a) the presence of an NS b) what sort of food is eliciting the response c) whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS d) how the subject feels about the stimulus and the response.

answer

c) whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS

question

______ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. a) Vicarious conditioning b) Shaping c) Operant conditioning d) Conditioned learning

answer

a) Vicarious conditioning

question

When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called: a) higher-order conditioning b) stimulus generalization c) extinction d) acquisition

answer

c) extinction

question

Research suggests that once people learn something: a) it is always present somewhere in memory b) it does not necessarily make an impact on the brain c) they can forever access that information d) it leaves the brain after several years

answer

a) it is always present somewhere in memory

question

The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of: a) molding b) negative reinforcement c) latent learning d) shaping

answer

d) shaping

question

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first: a) get a good night's sleep b) be motivated c) repeat everything that is said during the process d) pay attention

answer

d) pay attention

question

Noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. This semester, he has a political science class for which he feels very passionate, and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. For the first time, he wants to do well so that he can get an "A." This is an example of which element of observational learning? a) memory b) imitation c) desire d) attention

answer

c) desire

question

Bandura conducted some of his research to study: a) possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others b) the effects of rewards on children's behavior c) hero worship in children d) people's innate aggressiveness

answer

a) possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others

question

In his later studies, Bandura added the condition of _____ into his studies of children and the Bobo doll. a) reward b) modeling c) aggression d) observation

answer

a) reward

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