question

Behaviorists considered the study of consciousness inappropriate for a scientific psychology.

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true

question

Classical conditioning refers to behavioral responding that occurs without conscious effort.

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true

question

A "conditioned response" follows the presentation of an "unconditioned stimulus."

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false

question

Spontaneous recovery is usually temporary.

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true

question

Ivan Pavlov did research on dog salivating.

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true

question

All "conditioned stimuli" began life as a "neutral stimulus."

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true

question

A green cowboy hat is a good example of a neutral stimulus for dog salivating.

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true

question

In general, behaviorists accept the assumption that

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all behavior follows cause-and-effect relationships.

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Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. The clicking is the

answer

conditioned stimulus.

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A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. The tone is the

answer

conditioned stimulus.

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Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against psychologists who tried to study

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mental experiences.

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A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment blinking is

answer

both the conditioned response and the unconditioned response.

question

In Pavlov's experiment on classically conditioning salivation to a sound, what procedure produces spontaneous recovery?

answer

Present the sound without food, and then wait a long time before testing again.

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In a classical conditioning experiment, what (if anything) occurs on the first trial?

answer

an unconditioned response

question

A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. What is the unconditioned stimulus?

answer

the puff of air

question

How can one extinguish a classically conditioned response?

answer

Stop providing positive reinforcements. (wrong)

question

When the drill sergeant shouts, "fire," the artillery shoots, making a loud sound that makes you flinch. After a few repetitions, you flinch at the word "fire." What is the unconditioned stimulus?

answer

the loud sound

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When the drill sergeant shouts, "fire," the artillery shoots, making a loud sound that makes you flinch. After a few repetitions, you flinch at the word "fire." What is the conditioned response?

answer

flinching

question

Pavlov paired the presentation of food with a sound and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the sound was the

answer

conditioned stimulus.

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A behaviorist would state that your thoughts and feelings do not cause your behavior, because

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events in the past and present environment cause your thoughts and feelings.

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Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. Waking up is

answer

both the conditioned response and the unconditioned response.

question

A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. The tone is the __________ and the puff of air is the __________.

answer

conditioned stimulus...unconditioned stimulus

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A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. The tone is the __________ and blinking is the __________.

answer

conditioned stimulus...conditioned response

question

When the drill sergeant shouts, "fire," the artillery shoots, making a loud sound that makes you flinch. After a few repetitions, you flinch at the word "fire." What is the conditioned stimulus?

answer

the word "fire"

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What is a conditioned response?

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a learned response to the conditioned stimulus

question

Under what circumstances do we see spontaneous recovery of a learned response?

answer

After a response is extinguished, the subject is given a delay and then tested again.

question

Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. What is the unconditioned response?

answer

waking up to your alarm

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behaviorism?

answer

interest in the difference between conscious and unconscious thought

question

Which of the following would a behaviorist be least likely to study?

answer

human thought processes

question

After classically conditioning some response, how might one produce extinction of the response?

answer

Repeatedly present the UCS alone, without the CS. (wrong) Punish any responses. (wrong)

question

Classical conditioning primarily works with the skeletal muscles.

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false

question

The term negative means removed.

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true

question

The term operant is derived from the word operate.

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true

question

Operant conditioning uses a "schedule of reinforcement" to train animals and people.

answer

true

question

The term positive means added.

answer

true

question

Variable interval is a "time" based schedule of reinforcement.

answer

true

question

Fixed ratio is a "count" based schedule of reinforcement.

answer

true

question

Positive reinforcement refers to adding something desirable to an organism's environment.

answer

true

question

Positive punishment refers to adding something undesirable to an organism's environment.

answer

true

question

Skinner trained a rat to raise a flag and salute during the playing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." The training involved a combination of __________ and __________.

answer

shaping...chaining

question

The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that in operant conditioning

answer

the animal's behavior controls the outcomes (including reinforcers)

question

An individual receives a reinforcement for the first response after a 1-minute interval, but not again until the next 1-minute interval has passed. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

answer

fixed interval

question

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

answer

food

question

In the presence of a light, an animal makes a response that is followed by food. The food is given only when the animal makes the response. Which type of learning is this?

answer

operant conditioning

question

What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?

answer

they both strengthen a behavior

question

Shaping (in the context of operant conditioning) means

answer

reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.

question

A little boy has learned to get candy by crying. What procedure would lead to extinction of this response?

answer

Listen to the crying without responding.

question

Under a continuous schedule of reinforcement, when is the animal reinforced?

answer

after every response.

question

What procedure produces extinction in operant conditioning?

answer

Stop providing positive reinforcements.

question

In operant conditioning, a continuous reinforcement schedule is one in which

answer

every correct response is reinforced.

question

What did B.F. Skinner mean by "shaping"?

answer

reinforcing successive approximations to a behavior.

question

Suppose we want to find an event that will serve as an effective reinforcer for a given person. According to the disequilibrium principle, we should begin by determining

answer

which behaviors the person has recently not had an opportunity to do.

question

Responses that are followed by satisfaction to the animal will be more firmly connected with the situation so that they will be more likely to recur in the future. This is a brief statement of the

answer

law of effect

question

A rat learns to climb a ladder to a platform where it can pull a string to raise the ladder and then climb the ladder again. The reinforcement for each response is the opportunity to perform the next response. This procedure is known as

answer

chaining.

question

The more lottery tickets you buy, the greater your chances of winning. However, you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win. It might be fewer than ten; it might be more than a million. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

answer

variable ratio

question

An operant conditioner such as B. F. Skinner might provide you with a reinforcer after you make a sound, then after a louder sound, then after a more pleasant sound, and so forth until you are singing. This procedure would be an example of

answer

shaping.

question

Reinforcement on which schedule produces a slow but steady rate of responding?

answer

variable interval

question

Children who are frequently spanked tend to be ill-behaved. What conclusion (if any) can we draw from this result?

answer

We can draw none of these conclusions.

question

The threat of cancer is not always effective in discouraging people from smoking. Why not?

answer

The punishment is slow and unpredictable.

question

The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning

answer

the animal's responses do not control the reinforcements

question

Which of these states the disequilibrium principle?

answer

Learning is most effective if it is supported by a balance of classical and operant conditioning. (wrong)

question

You enjoy getting e-mail messages, so you occasionally check your e-mail to find out if you have any new messages. Which schedule of reinforcement is present in this case?

answer

variable interval

question

To use shaping to train a rat to press a lever, what will the experimenter do first?

answer

Reinforce the rat for something simple, like sitting up.

question

Negative reinforcement is also known as

answer

escape or avoidance learning.

question

You attend every new movie that appears at your local theater. You find that most of them are dull (not reinforcing) but really enjoy about one-fourth of them. This is an example of a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

variable-ratio

question

A professor gives unannounced quizzes at unpredictable times. Therefore students must study equally every night. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?

answer

variable interval

question

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

answer

money

question

An individual receives a reinforcement for the first response after some period of time, but the amount of time changes. Sometimes the individual has to wait as much as 3 minutes, sometimes as little as 10 seconds. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

answer

variable interval

question

Your boss provides free coffee and donuts daily at 10:30 am. Showing up at the right time and place is reinforced on which schedule?

answer

fixed interval

question

You scan the night sky looking for meteors. Sometimes there is a brief time period between meteors, but sometimes you have to wait for a long time after seeing a meteor until another one appears. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

answer

variable interval

question

Thorndike's cats improved their ability to escape his puzzle boxes gradually, not suddenly. What conclusion did he draw from this observation?

answer

Learning is based on strengthening responses, not on insights.

question

What was Edward Thorndike's research goal?

answer

to find a simple behavioristic explanation of learning

question

If you want to determine whether some example of learning qualifies as classical conditioning or operant conditioning, which question should you ask?

answer

Did the individual's responses control the outcomes?

question

Which of the following is an example of discrimination in operant conditioning?

answer

You have learned to buy Ida brand potato chips, which are always fresh, and to avoid Hoe brand, which are usually stale.

question

If you learn to turn off a dripping faucet to end the "drip, drip, drip" sound, your behavior was changed through

answer

negative reinforcement.

question

When Thorndike found that cats gradually improved their performance in a puzzle box, without any point of sudden improvement, what did he conclude?

answer

Cats don't solve the problem by understanding.

question

If you like to go fishing, and the fish are biting on some days and not others, you are reinforced on which schedule?

answer

variable-interval

question

When an animal hears a bell, it sits up on its hind legs and drools. Then it receives food. What kind of conditioning is this?

answer

We don't have enough information to answer the question. It depends on whether the food always occurs after the bell, or only if the animal sits up.

question

The ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage others is known as

answer

stimulus control.

question

What is a secondary reinforcer?

answer

an event that became reinforcing as a result of previous experience

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