question

behavior genetics

answer

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

question

environment

answer

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

question

chromosomes

answer

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

question

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)

answer

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up chromosomes

question

genes

answer

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

question

genome

answer

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

question

identical twins(monozygotic twins)

answer

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

question

fraternal twins(dizygotic twins)

answer

develop from separate fertilized eggs, genetically no closer than ordinary brothers, but share a prenatal environment

question

temperament

answer

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

question

heritability

answer

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes, varies depending on the range of populations and environments studied

question

molecular genetics

answer

the subfield of biology that studies molecular structure and function of genes

question

molecular behavior genetics

answer

the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

question

epigenetics

answer

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

question

evolutionary psychology

answer

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

question

natural selection

answer

the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

question

mutation

answer

a random error in gene replication that leads to change

question

social script

answer

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

question

interaction

answer

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor(such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heretibility)

question

culture

answer

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

question

norm

answer

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior, they prescribe "proper" behavior

question

individualism

answer

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

question

collectivism

answer

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

question

sex

answer

the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females

question

gender

answer

the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women

question

aggression

answer

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

question

relational aggressional

answer

an act of aggression intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing

question

X chromosome

answer

the sex chromosome found in both men and women. females have 2 and males have 1. one from each parent produces a female child

question

Y chromosome

answer

the sex chromosome found in only males. when paired with a X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

question

testosterone

answer

the most important male sex hormone. both males and females have it. stimulates growth of male sex organs during fetal period and development of male sex characteristics during puberty

question

puberty

answer

the period of sexual maturity, when a person becomes capable of reproducing

question

primary sex characteristics

answer

the body structures(ovaries, testes, and external genetalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

question

secondary sex characteristics

answer

non-reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

question

spermarche

answer

first ejaculation

question

menarche

answer

the first menstrual period

question

disorder of sexual development

answer

an inherited condition that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy

question

role

answer

set of expectations(norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

question

gender role

answer

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females

question

gender identity

answer

our sense of being male, female, or a combination of the two

question

social learning theory

answer

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

question

gender typing

answer

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

question

androgyny

answer

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

question

transgender

answer

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

question

If a fraternal twin develops schizophrenia, the likelihood of the other twin developing serious mental illness is much lower than the identical twin. This suggest that a. schizophrenia is caused by genes b. schizophrenia is influenced by genes c. environment is unimportant d. identical twins are especially vulnerable to mental disorders

answer

b.

question

Of the following, the best way to separate the effects of genes and environment in research is to study a. fraternal twins b. identical twins c. adopted children and their adoptive parents d. identical twins raised in different environments

answer

d.

question

Temperament refers to a person's characteristic a. emotional reactivity and intensity b. attitudes c. behaviors d. role-related traits

answer

a.

question

Psychological tests reveal that anxious, inhibited infants a. become less psychologically aroused when facing new situations b. have slow, steady heart rates c. have high and variable heart rates d. have underreactive nervous systems

answer

c.

question

A molecular geneticist would be most interested in a. why most parents are so passionately devoted to their children b. environmental influences on skin color c. why certain diseases are more common among certain age groups d. which genes influence extraversion

answer

d.

question

Each cell of the human body has a total of a. 23 chromosomes b. 23 genes c. 46 chromosomes d. 46 genes

answer

c.

question

Genes direct our physical development by synthesizing a. hormones b. proteins c. DNA d. chromosomes

answer

b.

question

The genome is best defined as a. a complex molecule containing genetic information that makes up the chromosomes b. a segment of DNA c. the complete instructions for making an organism d. the code for synthesizing protein

answer

c.

question

Most human traits are a. learned b. determined by a single gene c. influenced by many genes acting together d. unpredictable

answer

c.

question

several studies of long-separated identical twins have found that these twins a. have little in common because the different environments in which they were raised b. have many similarities, in everything from medical histories to personalities c. have similar personalities, but very different likes, dislikes, and lifestyles d. are no more similar than are fraternal twins reared apart

answer

b.

question

Adoption studies show that the personalities of adopted children a. closely match those of their adoptive parents b. bear more similarities to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents c. closely match those of the biological children of their adoptive parents d. closely match those of other children raised in the same home, whether or not they are biologically related

answer

b.

question

Chromosomes are composed of a coiled chain of a. DNA molecules that contain genes b. DNA molecules that contain neurotransmitters c. DNA molecules that contain endorphins d. DNA molecules that contain enzymes

answer

a.

question

When the effect of one factor(such as environment) depends on anothers(such as heredity), we say there is a(n)___ between the two factors. a. norm b. positive correlation c. negative correlation d. interaction

answer

d.

question

Through natural selection, the traits that are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations are those that contribute to a. temperament b. survival c. aggressiveness d. social power

answer

b.

question

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the sexuality of men and women? a. Men more often than women attribute a woman's friendliness to sexual interest b. Women are moe likely than men to cite affection as a reason for first intercourse c. Men are more likely than women to initiate sexual activity d. Male-female differences in sexuality are noticeably absent among gay men and lesbian women

answer

d.

question

Evolutionary psychologists attribute male-female differences in sexuality to the fact that women have a. greater reproductive potential than do men b. lower reproductive potential than do men c. weaker sex drives than men d. stronger sex drives than men

answer

b.

question

When evolutionary psychologists use the word fitness, they are specifically referring to a. an animal's ability to adapt to changing environments b. the diversity of a species' gene pool c. the total number of members of the species currently alive d. out ability to survive and reproduce

answer

d.

question

Mutations are random errors in ___ a. gene b. chromosome c. DNA d. protein

answer

a.

question

Casual, impulsive sex is most frequent among a. males with high circulating levels of testosterone b. males with traditional masculine attitudes c. females with a sexual overperception bias d. females who are lesbian

answer

b.

question

Evolutionary explanations of male-female differences in sexuality have been criticized because a. they offer "after-the-fact" explanations b. standards of attractiveness vary with time and place c. they underestimate cultural influences on sexuality d. al of these reasons

answer

d.

question

An evolutionary psychologist would be most interested in studying a. why most parents are so passionately devoted to their children b. hereditary influences on skin color c. why certain diseases are more common among certain age groups d. genetic differences in personality

answer

a.

question

Rod has always felt pressure to be the driver when traveling in a car with Sue because he learned that this was expected of men. Rod's feelings illustrate the influence of a. temperament b. gender roles c. the selection effect d. androgyny

answer

b.

question

Four-year-old Sarah, who has very specific ideas about what it means to be female and frequently adjusts her behavior accordingly, is demonstrating the importance of ___ in the formation of gender identity. a. gender schemas b. norms c. genes d. collectivism

answer

a.

question

Collectivist cultures a. give priority to the goals of their groups b. value the maintenance of social harmony c. foster the social interdependence d. are characterized by all of these values

answer

d.

question

The traditions of a culture are passed from one generation to the next by means of a. norms b. temperaments c. genes d. chromosomes

answer

a.

question

Which of the following most accurately expresses the extent of parental influence on personality? a. it is more extensive than most people believe b. it is weaker today than in the past c. it is more limited than popular psychology supposes d. it is almost completely unpredictable

answer

c.

question

Gender refers to a. socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women b. biologically influenced characteristics by which people define men and women c. one's sense of being male or female d. the extent to which one exhibits traditionally male or female traits

answer

a.

question

The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if, at conception, a. the sperm contributes an X chromosome b. the sperm contributes a Y chromosome c. the egg contributes an X chromosome d. the egg contributes a Y chromosome

answer

b.

question

The hormone testosterone a. is found only in females b. determines the sex of the developing person c. stimulates growth of the female sex organs d. stimulates growth of male sex organs

answer

d.

question

Research studies have found that when infant rats and premature human babies are regularly touched or massaged, they a. become attached to the person doing the massaging b. develop faster neurologically c. have more agreeable temperaments d. do none of these things

answer

b.

question

Of the following, parents are most likely to influence their children's a. ability to cooperate b. style of interacting with peers c. education d. path to popularity

answer

c.

question

Compared with Westerners, people in communal societies, such as Japan or China, a. have a stronger sense of family b. exhibit greater shyness toward strangers c. exhibit greater concern for loyalty and social harmony d. have all of these characteristics

answer

d.

question

The selection effect in peer influence refers to the tendency of children and youth to a. naturally separate into same-sex playgroups b. establish large, fluid circles of friends c. seek out friends with similar interests d. choose friends their parents like

answer

c.

question

Which of the following is NOT true regarding cultural diversity? a. culture influences how we raise our children b. culture influences how punctual we are c. culture does not have a strong influence on how strictly social roles are defined d. all cultures evolve their own norms

answer

c.

question

Androgynous children tend to a. be more resilient and self-accepting b. be traditionally masculine or feminine c. exhibit less flexible gender roles d. ignore cultural norms

answer

a.

question

Some children who are raised by parents who discourage traditional gender typing a. are less likely to display gender-typed behaviors themselves b. often become confused and develop an ambiguous gender identity c. nevertheless organize themselves into girl worlds and boy worlds d. display excessively masculine and feminine traits as adults

answer

c.

question

Genetically male children who underwent sexual reassignment surgery and were raised as girls later a. all described themselves as female b. all described themselves as male c. all had an unclear sexual identity d. described themselves either as female or male, or had an unclear sexual identity

answer

d.

question

True or False? The environment shared by a family's children directly impacts and shapes their personalities.

answer

False

question

True or False? Temperament, which is defined as a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity, is influenced by heredity, or genes.

answer

True

question

True or False? as environments become more similar, heritability increases because variations due to environment would decrease.

answer

True

question

True or False? Genes act as a blueprint that leads to the same result no matter what the context.

answer

False

question

True or False? According to evolutionary psychologists, although genes influence humans to behave in certain ways, that influence does not preclude(prevent) choice in behavior.

answer

True

question

True or False? The nurture component of development begins at the moment of birth.

answer

False

question

True of False? If someone does not learn language by adolescence, he will never master any language.

answer

True

question

True or False? Compared with person-to-person differences within groups, between-group differences are small.

answer

True

question

True or False? Once gender roles are established in a culture, they remain the same throughout the generations.

answer

False

question

True or False? People who prefer androgyny are, by definiton, transgender.

answer

False

Psych Chapter 4 Answers – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards