question

T or F: kids become gradually thinner in early childhood

answer

T

question

doctors use x-rays of ____, or growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone, to estimate children's _____, or progress toward physical maturity

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epiphyses, skeletal age

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girls who are ___ of boys in physical development lose their teeth earlier

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ahead

question

prolonged malnutrition ____ the appearance of permanent teeth whereas obesity ____ it

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delays, accelerates

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T or F: diseased baby teeth can affect the health of permanent teeth

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T

question

EEG and fMRI measures reveal especially rapid growth from early to middle childhood in frontal-lobe areas devoted to what two functions?

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inhibiting impulses and planning & organizing behavior

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The __ hemisphere is especially active between 3 and 6 years of age and then levels off.

answer

left

question

activity in the __ hemisphere increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood

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right

question

differences in rate of development between the two hemispheres suggest that they are continuing to ___

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lateralize

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a strong hand preference reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain or the _____ to carry out skilled motor action

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dominant cerebral hemisphere

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For right-handed ppl, language is housed with hand control in the ___ hemisphere of the brain

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left

question

for left-handers language is typically shared between both hemispheres, which indicates that their brains tend to be ___ strongly lateralized than those of right-handers

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less

question

balance and motor coordination

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cerebellum

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motor coordination and integrated thinking

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corpus callosum

question

memory and spatial understanding

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hippocampus

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the ____, located at the base of the brain, releases two hormones that induce growth

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pituitary gland

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______ stimulates the release of thyroxin, which is necessary for normal development of the nerve cells of the brain and for GH to have its full impact on body size

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thyroid-stimulating hormone

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during early childhood, many children become ___ eaters

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picky

question

malnutrition contributes to infectious disease because poor diet depresses the body's immune system, making children ____ susceptible to disease

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more

question

in the U.S., a ___ percentage of preschoolers lack essential immunization than in denmark, norway, great britain, canada, the netherlands, and sweden

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greater

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large-scale studies show ___ association between the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and a rise in the number of children diagnose with autism

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no

question

what is the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized countries?

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injuries

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list the 3 most common injuries during the early childhood years.

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auto/traffic accidents, drowning, burning

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list 3 family characteristics associated with early childhood injuries.

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poverty, single parenthood, low parental education

question

as control of __ and ___ improves, young children put puzzles together, build with small blocks, cut and paste, and improve in self-help skills

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hands, fingers

question

18 months old-gestures rather than results in ____ ex. making crayon jump on paper making dots (it's the easter rabbit hopping)

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scribbles

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Around age 3-draw spontaneously so others can tell what their picture represents. All though there are some cognitive limitations and the drawings are in simple forms

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first representational form

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5-6 years old- greater realism in drawings develops drawing gradually as perception, language, memory, and fine motor capacities improve

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more realistic drawing

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between ages __ and ___, children begin to realize that writing stands for language

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4 to 6

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until children start to read, they do not find it useful to distinguish between ____ written forms

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mirror-image

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as children move from the sensorimotor to the preoperational stage, the most obvious change is an extraordinary increase in _____

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representational (or symbol activity)

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according to piaget, ___ is the most flexible means of mental representation

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language

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piaget did not regard ___ as the major ingredient in childhood cognitive development

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language

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in _____ play, children combine schemes with those of peers

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sociodramatic

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around age 3, children begin to demonstrate __, or the ability to view a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol

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dual representation

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piaget described preschoolers in terms of what they ____ understand

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cannot

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piaget claimed that because young children are not capable of ___, their thinking is rigid, limited to one aspect of a situation at a time, and strongly influenced by appearances

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operations

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belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions

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animistic thinking

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failure to understand that certain physical characteristics remain the same, despite changes in their appearance

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inability to converse

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inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point

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irreversibility

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failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own; the most fundamental deficiency of this stage

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egocentrism

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tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features

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centration

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inability to organize objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences

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lack of hierarchical classification

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current researchers ___ piagets view of preschoolers as cognitively deficient

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challenged

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between ages 4 and 8, as familiarity with physical events and principles increases, children's magical beliefs ___

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decline

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most research findings have supported ___ view of children's private speech.

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vygotsky

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vygotsky believed that children's learning takes place within a _______, or range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of more skilled partners

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zone of proximal development

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adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the childs current level of performance

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scaffolding

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vygotsky saw _____ as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood

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make believe play

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vygotskys theory underscores the vital role of ___in cognitive development

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teaching

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____, a broader concept than scaffolding, accounts for children's diverse ways of learning through involvement with others

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guided participation

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___ paid far more attention to the development of basic cognitive processes

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piaget

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yucatec mayan preschoolers are highly competent at ___, while their ____ is limited

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self-care, make-believe play

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as early as ___ to ___, children's ability to resist the "pull" of their attention toward a dominant stimulus predicts reading and math achievement through high school

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3 to 5

question

preschoolers ____ memory is much better than their ____ memory

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recognition, recall

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in early childhood, ___ development is associated with better recall, as it enhances long-lasting representations of past experiences

answer

language

question

what are the two reasons that children are not good at memory recall?

answer

they don't rehearse or organize yet

question

like adults, preschoolers remember though familiar experiences in terms of ___, general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation

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scripts

question

a theory of mind, also called ___, is a coherent set of ideas about mental activities

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metacognition

question

___ stems from abnormal brain functioning usually due to genetic or prenatal environmental conditions

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autism

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childrens active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences

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emergent literacy

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the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language, or ____ awareness, is a ___ predictor of emergent literacy knowledge

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phonological, strong

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____ refers to order relationships between quantities.

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ordinality

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the principle of ___ states that the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set

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cardinality

question

intelligence test __ __ sample all human abilities, and performance __ affected by cultural and situational factors

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do not, is

question

by age __ to __ intelligence test scores are good predictors of later IQ and academic achievement

answer

6 to 7

question

when low-SES parents manage, despite daily pressures, to obtain high HOME scores, their preschoolers perform substantially ____ on tests of intelligence and emergent literacy skills

answer

better

question

over the past several decades, the number of young children in preschool or child care has __

answer

increased

question

teachers provide a variety of activities from which kids select and much learning takes place through play

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child-centered

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teachers structures kids learning, teaching letters, numbers, shapes, and other academic skills through formal lessons using repetition and drill

answer

academic

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____ education is a special type of ___ approach, which includes materials designed to promote exploration, child-chosen activities and equal emphasis on academic and social development

answer

montessori, child-centered

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gains in IQ and achievement scores from attending head start and other interventions ___ ____

answer

quickly dissolve

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By age 2, __ U.S. children regularly watch either TW or videos. ___ SES children are more frequent viewers

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most, low

question

___ ____ experiences using simplified languages promote gains in preschoolers problem-solving skills and metacognition

answer

computer programing

question

preschoolers learn an average of __ words each day, increasing their vocab from ___ words at age 2 to ____ words at age 6

answer

5, 200, 10,000

question

through ____, children connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter

answer

fast-mapping

question

children in many language communities fast-map _____ especially rapidly, while ___ require more complex understandings. Modifiers expressing ___ distinctions tend to appear earlier than ____ modifiers

answer

labels for objects, verbs, general, specific

question

when learning new words, children may adopt a ____ bias, in which they assume that words refer to entirely separate categories. They may also learn nouns based on the perceptual property of ___

answer

mutual exclusively, shape

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once children acquire grammatical markers, they occasionally overextend the rules to words that are exceptions, a type of error called ___

answer

overregularization

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most children demonstrate ____ mastery of questions and passive sentences by age 2 or 3. Passive form isnt complete until the end of ___ childhood

answer

gradually, middle

question

the practical, social side of language is called ___

answer

plagmatics

question

by age 4, children __ adjust their speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of the listener

answer

do

question

telephone talk provides an example of how preschoolers competencies depend upon the __ of differing situations

answer

demands

question

restructing inaccurate speech into correct form

answer

recasts

question

eleaborating on childrens speech, increasing its complexity

answer

expansions

psych ch. 7 vocab – Flashcards

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