question

Learning is defined as:

answer

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

question

Which of the following involves learning?

answer

Obtaining a college degree Sweeping the floor Feeding the cat All of the above****

question

Which of the following does NOT involve learning?

answer

Fixing your car Riding the bus Finding out what time it is None of the above**

question

The phenomenon of learning shuts down when:

answer

You are sleeping Your are daydreaming Your are hypnotized A-C are correct None of the above****

question

The name when repeated exposures to a stimulus influence the subject's responsiveness to it:

answer

Nonassociative learning

question

An example of nonassociative learning is:

answer

Habituation

question

An example of habituation would be:

answer

You stop noticing the traffic noise outside your apartment window

question

An example of habituation would be:

answer

After eating spaghetti each night for two weeks it does not taste as good as it used to taste

question

The discovery of conditioning took place in two separate locations in:

answer

1898

question

In which cities were conditioning discovered?

answer

St. Petersburg & New York

question

Classical conditioning is also called:

answer

Pavlovian conditioning

question

Classic conditioning involves pairing a:

answer

CS with a US

question

There is no ____ in a classical conditioning paradigm according to Pavlov.

answer

Response requirement

question

A stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior learning is called:

answer

Unconditioned stimulus

question

A stimulus that elicits an automatic response with prior learning is called:

answer

Conditioned stimulus

question

An innate reflexive response is called:

answer

Unconditioned response

question

A learned reflexive response is called:

answer

Conditioned response

question

The initial learning of the conditioned response is called:

answer

Acquisition

question

The process when the CS and US occur at the same time.

answer

Simultaneous conditioning

question

The process when the CS precedes the US with no gap between them.

answer

Delay conditioning

question

The process when the US precedes the CS.

answer

Backward conditioning

question

The process when there is a gap between the CS offset and the US onset.

answer

Trace conditioning

question

Who extended Pavlov's work to motor responses and established the basis for avoidance learning?

answer

Bechterev

question

Conditioning that occurs when a CS is paired with an unpleasant US and it causes the subject to try and stay away from the CS is called:

answer

Avoidance learning

question

A biological restriction on how an organism can learn.

answer

Biological preparedness

question

An emotional response caused by the pairing of a CS and US.

answer

CER

question

A strong set of responses which keeps a person away from a particular stimulus. This set of fearful responses is usually termed "irrational."

answer

Phobia

question

Which of the following answers refers to a process to eliminate responding?

answer

Extinction

question

Acquisition is to building up as ____ is to tearing down.

answer

Extinction

question

A biologically based disinclination to associate two stimuli together is called:

answer

Contrapreparedness

question

Which of the following answers refers to Bregman's inability to associate fear conditioning in a child while associating inanimate objects with noise?

answer

Contrapreparedness

question

Once a response has been eliminated through the process of only exposing it to CS presentations, the response may return and again fade away.

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

This process occurs because not all the stimuli that control a response have been extinguished.

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

If all the vending machines you use take dollar bills you assume that all vending machines elsewhere also take dollar bills.

answer

Generalization

question

After spending the afternoon with your grandparents and their friends, you are pretty sure what old people are like.

answer

Generalization If you find that are bagels at Einstein's but only pastries at Starbucks, you have shown:

question

If you find that are bagels at Einstein's but only pastries at Starbucks, you have shown:

answer

Discrimination

question

Learning that all you professors are not bearded men with elbow patches on their sport coats.

answer

Discrimination

question

Which of the following is NOT part of the process of learning to be afraid?

answer

The CS is paired with fear

question

Which of the following is NOT part of the process of learning to be afraid?

answer

Extinction has not occurred

question

Which of the following is NOT part of the process of learning to be afraid?

answer

Only one part of the brain contributes to the fear

question

Classical conditioning has been applied to:

answer

Phobia therapies Drug treatments Animal training Education All of the above***

question

Which of the following does NOT involve learning principles during the identified action?

answer

Reading Driving Web surfing Waiting All of the above involve learning******

question

Which of the following techniques are used in behavioral therapy?

answer

Acquisition Extinction Systematic desensitization Discrimination All of the above***

question

This thing is associated with John Watson.

answer

behaviorism

question

This thing is most closely associated with B. F. Skinner.

answer

operant chamber

question

The first person to apply conditioning techniques to advertising was:

answer

Watson

question

A classically conditioned avoidance of a particular food is called:

answer

Food aversion

question

The rules governing food aversions are the same rules that govern all learned behavior.

answer

TRUE

question

What was used as the US in the original Garcia & Koelling (1966) food aversion experiment?

answer

Radiation

question

Which of the following species was used in the original Garcia & Koelling (1966) food aversion experiment?

answer

Rats

question

Which of the following shows a biological contrapreparedness?

answer

Bright-noisy water and sickness

question

Which of the following stimuli did the rats in the original Garcia & Koelling (1966) food aversion experiment learn to associate with sickness?

answer

Sweet water

question

The presence of food aversions is seen widely throughout the animal kingdom, including humans. What general explanation do psychologists take to explain its presence in so many species?

answer

Evolutionary

question

Which of the following treatment programs involves an embedded conditioned link which causes the patient to become sick in particular locations?

answer

Chemotherapy

question

It is possible to classically condition the immune system to enhance its strength.

answer

TRUE

question

It is possible to condition a suppressed immune system reaction

answer

Yes, it is.

question

Which of the following answers refers to a system by which a response becomes associated to its consequences?

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Which of the following people discovered operant conditioning?

answer

Thorndike

question

The first experiments on operant conditioning used ____ subjects.

answer

Cats

question

In the first experiments on operant conditioning, the subjects had to learn how to:

answer

Escape from a box

question

Thorndike's original "Law of Effect" stated that:

answer

Actions that lead to a satisfying state of affairs will more likely be repeated

question

The use of the Skinner Box means that the experimental subjects do not need to be handled during the experiment. Why is this important?

answer

Because handling the subjects disrupts their behavior

question

What is the name for the process by which consequences lead an increase in the future likelihood of the behavior that produced them?

answer

Reinforcement

question

What is the name for the process by which a consequence is dependent upon the subject emitting a particular response?

answer

Response contingency

question

Food is to learning as:

answer

Reinforcer is to reinforcement

question

What is "positive" in positive reinforcement and positive punishment?

answer

The exposure to a stimulus

question

What is "negative" in negative reinforcement and negative punishment?

answer

The removal of a stimulus

question

Reinforcement was given that name because it makes you feel good.

answer

FALSE

question

Punishment was given that name because it makes you feel bad.

answer

FALSE

question

Reinforcement implies:

answer

That the behavior is being built-up

question

Punishment implies:

answer

That the behavior is being eliminated

question

The name for an instance in which a response causes the subject to be exposed to a stimulus. This exposure makes it MORE likely that the subject will behave again in the same way.

answer

Positive reinforcer

question

The name for an instance in which a response causes the subject to be exposed to a stimulus. This exposure makes it LESS likely that the subject will behave again in the same way.

answer

Positive punisher

question

This is the name for an instance in which a response causes the subject to lose access to a stimulus. This loss of access makes it LESS likely that the subject will behave again in the same way.

answer

Negative punisher

question

This is the name for an instance in which a response causes the subject to lose access to a stimulus. This loss of access makes it MORE likely that the subject will behave again in the same way.

answer

Negative reinforcer

question

Which of the following is NOT part of the three characteristics of effective punishment?

answer

Punishment must be painful

question

Which of the following is NOT a problem with the use of punishment?

answer

It produces emotional behavior It elicits escape and avoidance responses It sometimes models aggression None of the above***

question

Which of the following refers to a secondary reinforcer? A stimulus that:

answer

Has been associated with the primary reinforcer and functions as a reinforcer itself

question

Which of the following will control behavior for the longest duration of time?

answer

A.Primary reinforcer B.Primary punisher C.Secondary reinforcer D.Secondary punisher A & B**

question

Behavior modification refers to:

answer

The application of conditioning principles to change behavior

question

Which of the following is NOT a place behavior modification is typically applied?

answer

Marriage therapy Animal training Education Military All of the above use behavior modification**

question

Which of the following works best with a 2 second reinforcer?

answer

0 second delayed reinforcement

question

What is the proper term for a reinforcer that is presented to the subject with no delay after the required response?

answer

Immediate reinforcement

question

Tommy's dad waits to get home before punishing Tommy for cursing during the car ride home.

answer

Delayed punishment

question

If you have seen one rose you have seen them all.

answer

Generalization

question

You believe that you child is the smartest and best kid at daycare. No child could be as could as yours.

answer

Discrimination

question

The term "discrimination" in the field of learning refers to which of the following answers?

answer

Learned differences between stimulus conditions

question

Which of the following two concepts are related through their use in conditioning procedures?

answer

Extinction & spontaneous recovery

question

Which of the following two concepts are related through their use in conditioning procedures?

answer

Shaping & successive approximations

question

Which of the following reinforcement procedures will maintain behavior for the longest period of time in extinction?

answer

Partial reinforcement

question

Which of the following reinforcement schedules procedures a steady high rate of responding?

answer

Fixed ratio

question

Which of the following reinforcement schedules procedures a scalloped pattern of responding?

answer

Fixed interval

question

Which of the following reinforcement schedules procedures a slow and steady rate of responding?

answer

Variable interval

question

Which of the following reinforcement schedules is most closely associated with gambling through slot machines?

answer

Variable ratio

question

There is behavioral evidence that Pavlovian and operant conditioning are two experimental variations of the same learning process despite some differences in brain structure.

answer

TRUE

question

Acquiring information that may be used later is called:

answer

Cognitive learning

question

Suddenly grasping a concept is referred to as:

answer

Insight learning

question

Learning how to get around the mall by only looking at the directory once upon entering it is called:

answer

Cognitive learning

question

Learning by watching other people do things is referred to as:

answer

Observational learning

question

Children often imitate the reinforced behavior of others.

answer

TRUE

question

There is still significant debate about whether and how much media violence actually influences people of any age.

answer

TRUE

question

If media violence causes people to imitate violent behavior then it is due to multiple factors, some of which may not be present for various individuals.

answer

TRUE

question

This helps modeled behavior to occur.

answer

mirror neurons

question

When you learn that the previous thing you learned is no longer relevant.

answer

extinction

question

When each response is followed by a reward.

answer

continuous reinforcement

question

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n):

answer

reinforcer.

question

The thing that is sometimes referred to as a neutral stimulus.

answer

conditional stimulus.

question

The thing that produces a reflexive behavior BEFORE conditioning begins.

answer

unconditional stimulus.

question

When you scream at a child and they do the inappropriate behavior more you know that the screaming functions as a:

answer

reinforcer

question

When a child refers to all the men he meets as "Daddy"

answer

generalization

question

When you learn the visual difference between gold, silver and white-gold.

answer

discrimination

question

Which of the following psychologists developed the Law of Effect?

answer

Thorndike

question

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with:

answer

novel tastes.

question

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of:

answer

cognitive processes.

question

Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear butterflies. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning.

answer

biological predispositions

question

Professor Smith tells his students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Therefore, the quizzes will come on a ________ schedule.

answer

variable-ratio

question

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:

answer

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.

question

What is the MOST ACCURATE name of the general process you use when training an animal subject to perform a complicated behavior?

answer

shaping

question

Which of the following schedules are most likely to explain the behavior of someone using a slot machine?

answer

variable ratio

question

When Little Timmy whines to his father for candy, he is reinforced for whining because his father gives him the candy. His irritated father was ____ by getting Timmy to be quiet.

answer

negatively reinforced

question

Which of the following terms refers to learning that occurs without any outward sign of behavior change?

answer

latent learning

question

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):

answer

specified number of responses have been made.

question

Learning:

answer

enables us to adapt to our environment.

question

Children in abusive households sometimes learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of:

answer

observational learning.

question

If your professor only appreciates classroom performance that is flawless, the students may become unmotivated to learn. The professor needs to learn the importance of:

answer

shaping

question

The definition of learning is:

answer

The process by which a relatively permanent change in behavior occurs

question

Which of the following scientists developed the school of behaviorism?

answer

Watson

question

Which of the following statements cannot be rephrased through behavioralese?

answer

All of the above statements may be converted into behavioralese

question

Ivan Pavlov won the 1904 Nobel Prize for his work in:

answer

Digestion

question

Pavlov's work gave a scientific basis for the 2,500 year old philosophical tradition that:

answer

People learn through associations

question

The first stimulus presented in a Pavlovian pairing.

answer

CS

question

The second stimulus presented in a Pavlovian pairing.

answer

US

question

Identify which of the following is actually used to assess whether conditioning has developed.

answer

CR

question

Which of the following is not an unconditional response?

answer

Brake pressing to a red traffic light

question

It is very unlikely that ____ exist, especially with respect to adult humans.

answer

Neutral stimuli

question

Which of the following is related to a reduction in responding to the CS?

answer

Extinction

question

Which of the following will develop during the beginning of an extinction phase in a learning experiment?

answer

Extinction burst

question

Whenever untrained stimuli similar to the CS also control the CR.

answer

Generalization

question

Whenever untrained stimuli do not control the CR.

answer

Discrimination

question

This person is associated with the discovery of instrumental conditioning.

answer

Thorndike

question

In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the antecedent?

answer

The puzzle box

question

In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the consequence?

answer

The food

question

In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the manipulandum?

answer

The latch

question

The Law of Effect specifically refers to the:

answer

Response-consequence relation

question

A response-consequence relation always occurs within a:

answer

Stimulus context

question

Both Pavlovian and operant conditioning show the phenomena of:

answer

Acquisition, extinction, generalization, discrimination, spontaneous recovery

question

Which of the following pairs are believed to be conceptually similar across Pavlovian and operant conditioning paradigms?

answer

A. CS and antecedent B. Behavior and CS C. US and consequence D. US and behavior Both A & C**

question

During this decade, B. F. Skinner developed the experimental chamber that is still in use today.

answer

1930's

question

Which of the following is not influenced by a schedule of reinforcement?

answer

The discriminative capacity of stimuli

question

Which of the following is not an example of a fixed ratio schedule?

answer

Bus schedules

question

The definition of learning is:

answer

The process by which a relatively permanent change in behavior occurs

question

Which of the following scientists developed the school of behaviorism?

answer

Watson

question

Which of the following statements cannot be rephrased through behavioralese?

answer

All of the above statements may be converted into behavioralese

question

Pavlov's work gave a scientific basis for the 2,500 year old philosophical tradition that:

answer

People learn through associations

question

The first stimulus presented in a Pavlovian pairing.

answer

CS

question

The second stimulus presented in a Pavlovian pairing.

answer

US

question

Identify which of the following is actually used to assess whether conditioning has developed.

answer

CR

question

Which of the following is not an unconditional response?

answer

Brake pressing to a red traffic light

question

Whenever untrained stimuli similar to the CS also control the CR:

answer

Generalization

question

This person is associated with the development of instrumental conditioning.

answer

Thorndike

question

In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the antecedent?

answer

The puzzle box

question

In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the consequence?

answer

The food

question

In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the manipulandum?

answer

The latch

question

Which of the following pairs are believed to be conceptually similar across Pavlovian and operant conditioning paradigms?

answer

CS and antecedent Behavior and CS US and consequence US and behavior Both A & C

question

Which of the following is not an example of a fixed ratio schedule?

answer

Bus schedules

question

Which of the following is not an example of a variable ratio schedule?

answer

Vending machines

question

Identify the positive reinforcer.

answer

Giving a child candy for speaking politely to grandmother

question

Identify the negative reinforcer.

answer

Giving a child candy for speaking politely to grandmother Receiving a speeding ticket Using a umbrella when it is raining*** Being sent to your room without dinner

question

There is overwhelmingly strong evidence for media violence increasing the level of violence in society.

answer

false

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