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systematic study of behavior and experience

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psychology

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soul or mind

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psyche meaning

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word

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logos meaning

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belief that behavior is caused by a persons independent decision

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free will

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question of how differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment

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nature vs. nurture

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what degree does a psychologist hold

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phd and psyd

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What degree does a psychiatrist hold

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MD

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what degree does a therapist hold

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MA/MS

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someone who tries to facilitate the operation of machinery so that ordinary people can use it safely and efficiently

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human factors (ergonomist)

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psychology study of people at work

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industrial organizational psychology

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specialist in the psychological condition of students

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school psychology

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someone who has an advanced degree in psychology with a specialty in understanding and helping people with psychological problems

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clinical

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someone who helps people w educational, vacational, marriage, health related & other decisions

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counseling

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studies the thought and knowledge process

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cognitive psychologist

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one who tried to explain behavior in terms of the evolutionary history of the species, including why evolution might have favored a tendency to act in particular ways

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evolutionary psychologist

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follow a group of individuals across a span of time

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longitudinal

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Piagets stages of development

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sensorimotor preoperational concrete operations formal operations

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idea that objects continue to exist even when we do not see or hear them

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object permanence

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"is my social world predictable or supportive?" (trust vs. mistrust)

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age 0-1

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"can I do things for myself or must I always rely on others?" (autonomy vs. shame and doubt)

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age 1-3

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"am I a good or bad person?" (initiative vs. guilt)

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age 3-6

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"Am I successful or worthless?" (industry vs. inferiority)

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age 6-12

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Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against the views of

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the structuralists

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Pavlov was a pioneer in the study of

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classical conditioning

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an inborn, automatic connection between a stimulus and a response

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unconditioned reflex

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What procedure does an investigator use to produce classical conditioning?

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Pair the CS with the UCS

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In classical conditioning, the opposite of acquisition is

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extinction

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an increase in responding after a delay following extinction

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spontaneous recovery

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Responding differently to stimuli that predict different outcomes is known as

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discrimination

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Who of the following was the first to investigate operant conditioning?

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Thorndike

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The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning

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the animal's responses do not control the reinforcements

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Punishment is most effective when

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quick and predictable

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What is the procedure for producing extinction in operant conditioning?

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give no einforcement after the response

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When someone acquires a complex response through reinforcement for gradual approximations to the response, the training procedure is known as

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shaping

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Executive functioning is one aspect of

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working memory

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Memory improves when there is an increase in

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depth of processing

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The encoding specificity principle refers to the fact that retrieval cues are more effective in stimulating a memory if those retrieval cues

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resemble what people were thinking about when they formed the memory

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The method of loci is an example of a

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mnemonic device

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One difference between short-term memory and long-term memory is that short-term memory

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limited capacity

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Some people may have an experience in childhood and then not think about it again for many years.

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traumatic events

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inability to form new long-term memories

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anterograde amnesia

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Prolonged deficiency of vitamin B-1 leads to a condition that is characterized by severe memory problems. The name of that condition is

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Korsakoff's syndrome

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A small head, malformed face, heart, and ears, seizures, hyperactivity, and learning disabilities are all associated with

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fetal alcohol syndrome

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What evidence do we have that newborn infants can distinguish between the sounds "ba" and "pa"?

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After habituating to "ba," they increase their sucking rate when they hear "pa."

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examines different groups of people at the same time.

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cross-sectional design

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The tendency for some kinds of people to be more likely than others to drop out of a study is known as

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selective attrition

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The people born in the 1970s have different interests and attitudes than the people born in the 1950s ever did. This is due to a difference in

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cohorts

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To determine whether or not a child has reached the stage of formal operations, a psychologist might test whether the child can

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answer hypothetical and abstract questions

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Erik Erikson's stages of development deal with

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social and emotional development

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is not useful after about 18 months of age.

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Strange Situation

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Adolescents who have explored various identities and have made their own decisions about their future are said to have

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identity achievement

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Parents who are demanding and impose firm controls, yet are also warm and responsive to their children

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authoritative

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When a woman is first pregnant, she is carrying a(n)

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zygote

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Partial identification with two cultures is known as

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biculturalism

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"Who am I?" (identity vs. role confusion)

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Adolescence

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"Shall I share my life with another person or live alone?" (intimacy vs. isolation)

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young adulthood

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"Will I add anything of value in the world?" (generatively vs. stagnation)

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middle age

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"Have I lived a meaningful life, or wasted my time?" (ego integrity vs. despair)

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late adulthood

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procedure in which a mother and her infant (usually 12 to 18 months) come into a room with many toys, and psychologists monitor the childs behavior as the mother & a stranger enter/leave the room at different times.

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strange situation

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teens are particularly prone to believing "it won't happen to me!" "nobody understands how i feel" "everyone cares about my looks and clothing."

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personal fable (Elkin)

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parents that impose control but show warmth and encouragement to the child

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authoritative

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parents that impose control but tend to be emotionally distant from the child.

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authoritarian

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parents that are warm but impose few limits

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permissive

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parents that are distant and do little more than provide resources.

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uninvolved

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purpose that psychologist should study observable, measurable behaviors. study what organisms do and the circumstances they do it in.

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behaviorist

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used nonsense syllables.

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Ebbinghaus

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Distinctive/unusual information is easier to retain

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Von Restorff Effect

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the simplest test to give but the most difficult test to take.

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free recall

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gives the test-taker significant hints about the correct answer

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cued recall

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He believed in scientific parsimony. used an "operant chamber" for shaping animal behavior. what animal?

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Skinner (pidgeon)

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classical conditioning. physiologist who won a Nobel Prize for his research on digestion. the learning process was unintentional. what animals?

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Pavlov (dog)

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developed a simple, behaviorist explanation of learning. graphed a learning curve to show the changes in behavior over successive trials in learning a maze. operant conditioning. reinforcement.

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Thorndike (cat)

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a stimulus that, at first, does not produce a response.

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neutral stimulus

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a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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unconditioned stimulus

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a stimulus that produces a response after a period of aquistitions

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conditioned stimulus

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a response that naturally is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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unconditioned response

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a response that occurs after a conditioned association with the unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned response

question

how did pavlov discover classical conditioning

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dog (food/salvation)

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to remove a conditioned response, the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

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extinction

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the extension of a conditioned response form the training stimulus to similar stimuli.

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generalization

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an individual is reinforced for responding to one stimulus but not another. The individual will respond more vigorously to the stimulus that produces reinforcement.

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discrimination

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The temporary return of an extinguished response is

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spontaneous recovery

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Thorndike's box

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The cats tried many different behaviors and learn to select one that produced escape. Cats learned more quickly if the selected response produced an immediate escape. It appeared to Thorndike that the cats were not "understanding" the connections between the solution and the escape. No sudden increase occurred in the learning curve to support that assumption. Thorndike observed that the escape from the box acted as reinforcement for the behavior that led to it.

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thordikes theory that of several responses made to the same situation, those that are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction will, other thing being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur.

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law of effect

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event that is reinforcing because of its own properties

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primary reinforcer

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event that becomes reinforcing by association with something else

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secondary reinforcer

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always increases the probability of a behavior

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reinforcement

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always decreases the probability of a behavior

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punishment

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presenting something such as food

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positive reinforcement

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presenting (taking away) something such as pain

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negative reinforcement

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the tendency to respond to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response to the originally reinforced stimulus

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stimulus generalization

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reinforcement following completion of a specific number of responses

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fixed ratio

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reinforcement for an unpredictable number of response that varies around a mean value

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variable ratio

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reinforcement for the first response that follows an unpredicted rely varying around a mean value, since the previous reinforcement.

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variable interval

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reinforcement for the first response that follows a given delay since the previous reinforcement.

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fixed interval

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requires the test-taker to identify the correct item from a list of choices.

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recognition

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memory that which we know although we don't experience conscious awareness of that knowledge. (dont realize we are doing)

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implicit memory

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information we know (or know we should know.) When asked to name state capital a conscious effort is made to remember.

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explicit memory

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memories dealing with principles of knowledge

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semantic

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memories containing events and details of life history.

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episodic

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memory recall of to do something

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procedural (declarative)

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a relatively permanent storage of mostly meaningful information.

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long term memory

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a process that activates implicit memory.

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priming

question

The computer has a "buffer." A combination of memory and perception, it's the first stage of memory processing.

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sensory memory store

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Temporary storage of recent information. The information is still vulnerable to corruption or loss.

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short term memory

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Hints that help bring forth information in long-term memory

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retrieval cues

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The formation of long-term memory

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consolidation

question

a detailed and vivid memory that is stored on one occasion and retained for a lifetime.

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flashbulb

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memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.

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state-dependent

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any memory aid that encodes items in a special way. (loci)

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mnemonic device

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severe loss or deterioration of memory

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amnesia

psych (ch. 1,5,6,7) – Flashcards

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