Psych Ch.1 – Flashcards
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Psychology is...
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all of our outward or overt actions and reactions, such s talking, facial expressions, and movement
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Behavior includes...
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all the internal, hidden activity of our mind, such as thinking feeling and remembering
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Mental proceses refers to...
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description, explanation, prediction and control
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The 4 goals aimed at uncovering the mysteries of human and animal behavior are...
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What is happening? Observing the behavior and noting everything about it, what is happening, where it happens, to whom it happens to, and under what circumstances it seems to happen.
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Description:
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Why is is happening? Build a theory on observations
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Explanation:
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When will it happen again?
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Prediction:
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How can it be changed?
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Control:
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internal, covet processes
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In the definition of psychology, mental processes mean:
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explanation
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Dr. baker designs an experiment for studying lab rats reaction to energy drinks in relation to problem solving. Dr Baker is most interested in the goal of:
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prediction
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Results of the study by cherry (2009) suggests that that changes must occur to the perception of the computer science field. this illustrates the goal of:
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control
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James is conducting research that he hopes will give psychotherapists more info about how to prevent their clients from attempting suicide. In the long run he hopes a reduction in suicide behavior among those with mental illnesses will be the result. The primary goal is:
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130 years
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Psychology is how old?
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physiologist; human mind, objective introspection, objectivity
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Wilhelm Wundt "the father of psychology"
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the process of objectively examining and measuring ones own thoughts and mental activities
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objective introspection
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observing without bias
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Objectivity
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Wundt's student, structuralism, emotions and sensations, objective introspection could be used on physical sensations as well.
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Edward Titchener
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First woman to receive a PH.D in psychology, Titchener's student. "The Animal Mind"
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Margaret F. Washburn
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Psychology professor at Harvard. Consciousness to every day life. Functionalism. Influenced by Charles Darwins natural selection.
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William James
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How the mind allows people to function in the real world, how people work play and adapt to their surroundings.
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Functionalism
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James student. Human memory and psychology of the self. First woman president of American Psychological Association.
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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First African American to receive PH.D in psychology. Father of African American psych
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Francis Cecil Sumner
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The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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Gestalt psychology
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Gestalt pysch. Cognitive psych. Leading to Gestalt therapy
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Max Wertheimer
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focusing not only on perception nut also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving
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Cognitive psychology
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Neurologist, pyschoanalysis , Unconscious mind, nervous disorders repressed mind trying to resurface caused disorders. Early childhood experiences, believed that personality was formed in the first 6 years of life. Phobias caused by repressed conflict
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Sigmund freud
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theory and therapy based on freuds ideas
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freudian Psychoanalysis
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physiologist, worked with dogs, saliva food and metronome. Learned conditioned reflexive response
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Ivan Pavlov
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behaviorism, seen and measured, behavior is learned, Phobias caused by conditioning- "little Albert" and rat.
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John Watson
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Watson's student. "little peter" and white rabbit. Counterconditioning, giving peter food he liked and reintroducing rabbit slowly
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Mary Cover Jones
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William james
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Which of the following earl psychologists would have been the most likely to agree with the statement "The study of the mind should focus on how it functions in every day life"
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Margaret Whiton Calkins
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Who was the first woman to complete the coursework for a doctorate at Harvard University?
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psychoanalysis
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The early perspective of ________ was developed by a neurologist and emphasized the importance of both the unconscious and early childhood experiences.
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behaviorism
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Which early perspective tried to return to a focus on scientific inquiry by ignoring the study of consciousness?
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More modern psychoanalysis. Development of self, relationships, and motivations behind behavior.
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Psychodynamic Perspective
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John B Watson. Now B F Skinner. Skinner continued conditioning. Operant conditioning
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Behavioral perspective
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behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are reinforced. Ex; child who cries and gets attention will cry again in the future
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Operant conditioning
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"third force" in psychology. people have free will and strive for self-actualization: the achievement of ones full potential. Abraham Maslow and Carl rogers.
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Humanistic Perspective
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how people think, remember, store and use info. Cognitive neuroscience
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Cognitive Perspective
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Social and culture psychology, bystander effect
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Sociocultural perspective
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hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, tumors and diseases. Topics: sleep, emotions, aggression, sexual behavior and disorders. Biological factors.
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Biopyschological perspective
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how a couple selected each other as partners.
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Evolutionary perspective
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no medical training but has a doctorate degree.
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Psychologist
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medical degree, psychic specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
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Psychiatrist
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evolutionary
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Which of the following perspectives focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics?
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biopsychological
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Which perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia?
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psychodynamic
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Which perspective would a researcher be taking if she were studying a clients early childhood experiences and his resulting development of self?
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psychologist
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Which of the following professionals in psychology has no medical training but has a doctorate degree?
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university/college
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If Dr. Swasey is like most psychologists where does she probably work?
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facts and not biased. 1st step: Perceiving the question 2nd: forming hypothesis 3rd: testing hypothesis 4th: Drawing conclusion 5th: Reporting results
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Scientific method
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selective perception
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Confirmation bias
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can be tested through direct observation or experience
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emperical questions
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observing humans or animals in their normal environment.
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Naturalistic observation
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the observer becomes part of study to observe
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Participant observation
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observer has opinion on what they expect to see
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Observer bias
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when the person acts different when they know they are being observed
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Observer effect
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people who do not know what the research is about
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Blind observers
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more artificial environment
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Lab observation
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learn everything they can about a person, results in ton of detail
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Case studies
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Case study, steel rod through head,
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Phineas Gage
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representative sample. courtesy bias,
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Surveys
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measure of the relationship between 2 or more variables. Variable: anything that can change or vary.
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Correlation
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represnets 2 things; the direction of the relationship and its strength
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Correlation coefficient
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Selection, the variables, the groups, the importance of randomization
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Steps involved in designing an experiment
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the operations that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment
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operational defintion
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variable that is manipulated by experimenters not the participants
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Independent variable
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what the participants do, measured by what the independent was
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Dependent variable
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variables that interfere with each other and their possible effects on some other variable of interest
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Confounding variables
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group exposed to the independent variable
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Experimental group
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group exposed to something else that should have no effect for the possibility of other factors
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Control group
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participants know what the drug is for and influences behavior
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Placebo effect
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expectations of the experimenter
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Experimenter effect
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participants are blind
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Single blind study
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participants and experimenters are blind
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Double blind study
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reporting your results
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In the scientific method, the final step is
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you develop an opinion of what you expect to see in an experiment
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Which is an example of observer bias?
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a large amount of date can be gathered
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The main advantage of a survey is that
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+0.01
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Which would indicate the weakest relationship and thus be close to complete randomness?
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the group that gets to sleep
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In an experiment to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on completion of a puzzle, one group is allowed to sleep 8 hours while the other group is made to stay awake. The control group is
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single blind
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In a ________ study, the participants do not know if they are a part of the control group or experimental group/ Only the experimenter knows who is in each group.
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the rights and well being of the participants must come first
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What is the first guideline for doing research with people?
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overt actions and reactions
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In the definition of psychology, the term behavior means
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explanation
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A psychologist is interest in finding out why married couples seemingly begin to look like each other after several years of marriage. The psychologist is most interested in the goal of
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Francis Cecil Sumner
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Who is considered to be the father of african american psychology?
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early childhood experiences
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Sigmund Freud's pyschoanalyisis focused on
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John Watson
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Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue and return to a study of scientific inquiry by focusing on observable behavior?
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humanism
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Which perspective is often referred to as the "third force" in psychology and focuses on observable behavior?
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sociocultural
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Which perspective best explains the bystander effect whereby individuals will be less likely to help someone in need because of the presence of others close by?
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she is using a combination of perspectives to treat different clients
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If dr, Byers uses an eclectic approach in her clinical treatment of children what is she doing?
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clinical
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Dr. Colton identifies himself with the largest subfield of psychology. What kind of psychologist is he?
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psychiatrist
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Micah has recently been diagnosed with a psychological disorder that is best addressed initially with medication. He would likely benefit the most by first seeing a__________
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percieving a question
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Which step in the scientific method is derived from the goal of description?
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testing a hypothesis
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Brianne had made a prediction about the behavior the lab rats in her study will demonstrate. Next she runs the rats through a maze to see if they behave as predicted. Which step in the scientific method is this?
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case study
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The famous study of Phineas Gage is an example of
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negative
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A researcher finds that as her subjects increased the number of hours they spent excercising, the overall weight of her subjects decreased. This is an example of _______ correlation.
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texting
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A researcher wants to study the effects of texting on driving. Students in Group A drive a car in a computer game and see how many virtual accidents they have. Students in group B are asked to drive the same car but must respond to and send 3 texts. the number of accidents is measured for each group. What is the independent variable?
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double blind experiment
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A researcher asked an assistant to conduct a study on her behalf. She tells assistant to only share results anonymously and not include the students names along with their scores. This is a
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the placebo effect and the experimenter effect
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Double blind studies control for
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giv informed consent before participating
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Tillie is going to volunteer to ve a participant in a research study for the first time. She has to complete paperwork. She is provided with a description of the project because all research participants must
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must let person go and find another person
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Dr. Calvin needs one more participant. One person quits what option does he have?
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authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true
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A famous golfer advertisis new golf bracelet. Girl decides the order it because she believe such well known person should know it it works or not. What error has she made?
