Psych 281: Chapter 15 – Flashcards
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Psychotherapy
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Therapy that involves talking things out with a psychologist, counselor, or therapist; includes insight therapies and action therapies
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Insight Therapies
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Therapies aimed mainly at understanding one's motives and actions
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Action Therapies
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Therapies directed at changing behavior
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Biomedical Therapy
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Therapy that uses biological treatments such as medication, surgical methods, and electric shock treatments, to bring about changes in the person's behavior
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Psychoanalysis
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Designed by Sigmund Freud; focuses on the clients' unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires which is believed to be the cause of disordered emotions and behavior
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Psychoanalysis Techniques
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- Dream Interpretation - Free Association - Resistance and Transference
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Dream Interpretation
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Includes latent and manifest content
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Latent Content
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The symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams
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Manifest Content
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The actual dream and it's content
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Free Association
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Patient is encouraged to talk about anything that comes to mind without fear of negative evaluations
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Resistance
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A patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either changing the subject, late for sessions, missing sessions, or becoming silent
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Transference
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The tendency for a patient of client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist; counter transference also exists (therapist to patient)
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Humanistic Therapy
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Focuses on personal choice, conscious, subjective experiences of emotion, people's sense of self, immediate experiences in a person's daily life; influenced by Maslow
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Person-Centered Therapy
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Developed by Carl Rogers; no directive insight therapy based on the client doing all the work; the client does all the talking and the therapist listens; feels the cause of most personal difficulties is a mismatch between an individual's ideal self and real self
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Ideal Self
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How people think they should be
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Real Self
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A person's actual traits and abilities
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Four Components of Person-Centered Therapy
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- Reflection - Unconditional Positive Regard - Empathy - Authenticity
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Reflection
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Therapist restates what the client says
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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Referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere
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Empathy
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Understand what the client is feeling and experiencing
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Authenticity
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The genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client
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Gestalt Therapy
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Uses directive insight therapy; therapist helps the client to become more aware of their own feelings; empty chair technique
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Directive Insight Therapy
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The therapist leads the client
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Non-directive Insight Therapy
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The client leads the therapist
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Empty Chair Technique
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The chair represents a person with whom the patient has a problem
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Behavioral Therapy
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Action therapy based on varies learning principles; the goal is to change the behavior without concern for the original causes; effective in treating bed wetting, overeating, drug addictions, and phobic reactions
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Behavioral Therapy Techniques
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- Behavior Modification - Systematic Desensitization - Exposure Therapy - Flooding - Aversion Conditioning - EMDR - Operant Conditioning - Modeling - Token Economy - Contingency Contract - Extinction
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Behavior Modification
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Modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior
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Systematic Desensitization
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Behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears
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Exposure Therapy
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Behavioral technique that introduce the client to situations, under carefully controlled conditions, which are related to their anxieties or fears
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Flooding
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The person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response
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Aversion Conditioning
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Paring an aversive stimulus with the stimulus that results in the undesirable response (shocks)
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EDMR (Eye-Movement Desensitization Reprocessing)
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While thinking of the disturbing memory the client moves their eyes rapidly back and forth; supposedly changes the memory
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Operant Conditioning
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Results are usually quickly obtained
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Modeling
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Learning through the observation and imitation of others; effective with children who have fears of dentists, social withdrawal, OCD, and phobias
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Token Economy
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The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges
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Contingency Contract
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A formal, written argument between the therapist and client in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated
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Extinction
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The removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior
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Cognitive Therapy
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Albert Ellis is created with developing rational emotive behavioral therapy; focus is on helping clients recognize distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs and replace them with more realistic, helpful thoughts
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Cognitive Distortions
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- Overgeneralization - Personalization
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Overgeneralization
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When a person draws sweeping conclusions based on one incident or event
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Personalization
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When a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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Action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically; has three goals
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3 Goals of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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- Relieve the symptoms and solve the problems - To develop strategies for solving future problems - To help change irrational, distorted thinking
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Group Therapy
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- Self Help Group - Family Counseling
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Self Help Group
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A group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support (AA)
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Family Counseling
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A form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to improve family communication and interaction
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Eclectic Therapy
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A combination of styles to fit the problem and the client
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Effectiveness of Therapy
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The longer a person stays in therapy, the greater the improvement no matter what the therapy style; no one psychotherapy works for every type of problem or every person
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Drug Treatment
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Called psychopharmacology; - antipsychotics - anti anxiety drugs - mood-stabilizing drugs - antidepressant drugs
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Antipsychotic Drugs
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Treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior; blocks dopamine receptors
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Anti Anxiety Drugs
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Treats and calms anxiety reactions; typically minor tranquilizers
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Mood-Stabilizing Drugs
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Lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs even out both the highs and lows of bipolar disorder
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Antidepressant Drugs
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Treat depression and anxiety; Nardil, Tofranil, Norpramin, Sinequan, Elavil, Prozac, and Zoloft
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Biomedical Therapies
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Psychiatrists are specifically trained to use; medication; psychosurgery; electroconvulsive shock therapy
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Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy
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A treatment for severe depressions in which an electric shock is delivered to the patent, resulting in a seizure of the body and the release of a flood of neurotransmitters in the brain
