question

According to the researcher in the video what system in the brain causes cocaine's pleasurable effects?

answer

Dopamine

question

Cocaine prevents ______, producing an intensified prolonged pleasure message.

answer

Dopamine from being recycled to the nerve cell

question

Drugs work in the brain because they affect the activity at the:

answer

Neuron receptors sites

question

Drugs that act as ______ stimulate the receptors or heighten the normal effects of the neurotransmitter

answer

agonists

question

Drugs that act as _______ block receptors or inhibit neurotransmitters

answer

antagonists

question

Which of the following drugs acts as a reuptake inhibitor

answer

Prozac

question

What is critical to normal functioning and behavior?

answer

Correct balance of neurotransmitters in the brain

question

Chemicals or behaviors, such as cocaine or gambling, which activate the _________, are likely to be associated with pleasurable effects.

answer

Limbic system

question

The neurotransmitter that is prevalent in the mesotelencephalic pathway is

answer

dopamine

question

Which of the following is activated when we experience the relaxing effects of alcohol and interpret the associated feeling as "relaxing" or "pleasurable"?

answer

Prefrontal cortex

question

The MKM system is

answer

a new surgical microscope

question

The "bump in the back of your head" mentioned in the migraine segment is

answer

where vision starts radiating forward

question

One unusual features of migraines is

answer

brain changes take almost a half an hour to spread

question

A person with sleep apnea would experience which of the following symptoms?

answer

Breathing pauses during sleep, many times per hour

question

What causes sleep apnea?

answer

blocked breathing passages

question

Which is the most common sleep disorder?

answer

Insomnia

question

How is insomnia best treated?

answer

Caffeine and alcohol reduction and increase in exercise

question

Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to which of the following?

answer

Anxiety and depression

question

One symptom of narcolepsy is cataplexy, a

answer

loss of muscle tone

question

What kinds of memories are affected by non-REM sleep?

answer

episodic and semantic

question

Some people, particularly those with higher levels of intelligence, produce more _____ during Stage 2 sleep while they are learning a complex new skill or training intensively on a demanding task

answer

Sleep spindles

question

Our ability to remember things better and hang onto them over time, making memories durabe and stable, is referred to as

answer

memory consolidation

question

______ sleep is traditionally thought of as dream sleep, occurring later in the night, an often containing the most prolific dreaming with most bizarre content

answer

REM

question

We need REM sleep for many reasons, but one of them is to strengthen our _____ memory, which we use to retain skills like playing the piano or shooting a basketball

answer

Procedural

question

If people train intensively to learn something new, like memorizing lists of words or acquiring practical skills, there may be changes in their ______.

answer

Sleep architecture

question

Which of the following has been proven to have a very pronounced benefit to cognitive functioning and memory, based on the psychological literature?

answer

Napping

question

One of the hallmark findings in memory research indicates that if you want to remember information for a long time,

answer

don't cram at the last minute

question

What does the professor say is "just toxic for memory"?

answer

Stress

question

If people are deprived of REM sleep due to illness, medication, alcohol use, or just lack of sleep, they will ____.

answer

Make up for it with extra REM sleep

question

What does it mean to "pull an all-nighter"?

answer

stay up all night studying

question

Our ability to learn and form memories is greatly inhibited by

answer

Sleep deprivation

question

When we are tired, our ability to ______ is seriously impaired

answer

Focus

question

According to studies conducted at Harvard and Trent, students who were well rested consistently showed marked improvement in ______ over who were sleep deprived

answer

learning a new skill

question

In a study on sleep deprivation, Dr. Smith of Trent University in Canada found that college students who stayed out all night partying on a Friday night _______

answer

lost 30% of the information they learned in class just two days earlier

question

A researcher wants to test to see if drug b has psychoactive effects. the researcher gives his subject an intramuscular injection and sees that absorption of the drug by the brain is so slow that it has little effect. What should the researher do to provide a faster onset of drug effect?

answer

Intravenous administration

question

A scientist is looking for a new strategy for developing an antidepressant that works on a different principle than Prozac and other similar drugs. Which idea should he try?

answer

Develop a drug that works on 5-HTP auto receptors to increase the amount of serotonin that gets released from each vesicle

question

A researcher at a pharmaceutical company finds a new pain drug that has high affinity for its therapeutic site of action yet the drug is rejected for use in humans. Which of the following is most likely to be the cause of the rejection?

answer

The drug has high affinity for binding sites of action that produce toxic effects

question

A woman at a party in the 1920's simultaneously puts a drop of belladonna in her eyes and smokes a cigarette. Which of the drugs is likely to take effect first?

answer

The nicotine in tobacco will take effect first because it activates a fast ionotropic receptor while belladonna (atropine) works through a slower ionotropic receptor.

question

Activation of CB 1 receptors in the brain would be expected to

answer

stimulate appetite

question

How is an indirect antagonist different from a direct antagonist?

answer

A direct antagonist binds with the post synaptic receptor, preventing the ion channel from opening. An indirect antagonist binds with an alternative site, but still prevents the ion channel from opening.

question

How does Botox prevent wrinkles?

answer

Contains botulinum toxin that prevents the release of ACH without ACH muscles that cause wrinkles fail to contract ; wrinkles fail to form.

question

Why is it difficult to identify amino acids as transmitters?

answer

Amino acids are found in every cell in the brain so it is hard to show that a specific one serves as a neurotransmitter

question

Why are people with Parkinson's disease given L-Dopa as a drug rather than dopamine?

answer

L-Dopa is the precursor to dopamine that can get through the blood-brain barrier while dopamine cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier

question

Drugs that block histamine receptors provide excellent treatment for allergic congestion in the nose & eyes. Which side effect do these drugs often cause?

answer

Drowsiness

question

Why does a doctor look to give her patient a drug with a high therapeutic index?

answer

A high therapeutic index means that the toxic dose is many times higher than the effective does, meaning that there is little danger of accidental overdose.

question

A researcher finds that she needs a drug to facilitate sleepiness in her subjects. Which of the following drugs would be most effective?

answer

Antihistamine

question

Which of the following best illustrate the rule that defines the relationship between neurotransmitters and the post synaptic membranes

answer

Neurotransmitters have two general effects on post-synaptic membranes- depolarization or hyperpolarization

question

A researcher suggests treating schizophrenia with a precursor of a drug that can be turned into deprenyl once it enters the body. How promising is this precursor drug?

answer

The precursor drug is likely to have disastrous results. Schizophrenia appears to be related to an overproduction of dopamine in the brain. Deprenyl destroys mono amine oxidase B which will prevent enzymes from destroying synaptic dopamine. Will increase brain dopamine and exacerbate schizo.

question

Scientist believe that the first excitatory neurotransmitter to evolve was?

answer

Glutamate

question

Which of the following defines a drug's margin of safety?

answer

The difference between the dose-response curve for the drug's therapeutic effects and its adverse side effects

question

Which of the following is the direct precursor for non-epinephrine?

answer

Dopamine

question

Schizophrenia has been associated with which of the following?

answer

Overactivity of dopaminergic neurons

question

Which Kind of drug can be effective at the lowest dose?

answer

A drug with high affinity for its site of action

question

How does naloxone save lives?

answer

Naloxone occupies opiate receptors as an antagonist to avoid overdoses of heroin & other opiate drugs for addicts and other drug abusers

question

An agonist is any drug that?

answer

Facilitates the effect of a neurotransmitter

question

Which of the following would be most rate likely to be a compensatory mechanism that occurred in response to habitual use of a drug that speeds up the heart rate?

answer

a decrease in heart rate

question

The _______ is likely to be found in the spinal cord rather than in the brain.

answer

Inhibiting neurotransmitter glycine

question

__________ identifies the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted from the body

answer

Pharmacokinetics

question

A scientist is looking for a new strategy for developing an antidepressant that works on a different principle than prozac and other similar drugs. Which idea should he try?

answer

Develop a drug that works on 5-HT auto receptors to increase the amount of serotonin that gets released from each vesicle.

question

In the brain most synaptic communication is accompanied by two neurotransmitters

answer

Glutamate & GABA

question

Which of the following is an example of a modulating effect of a neurotransmitter?

answer

Secretion of serotonin suppresses certain categories of species-typical behaviors and reduces the likelihood that the animal acts impulsively

question

A drug that blocks reuptake of serotonin would be termed a

answer

agonist (?)... not agtongist

question

Which of the following is the fastest way to deliver a drug?

answer

Intravenous Injection

question

What is most likely to be occurring when a person develops a tolerance for a drug?

answer

The drug's affinity of its receptor decreases, or the number of receptors decreases.

question

For a drug to be effective, a person needs to take a smaller dose of the drug is she is experiencing which of the following?

answer

Sensitization

question

When ingested, acetaminophen in Tylenol is

answer

converted into another compound that then joins with arachidonic acid, the precursor of anandamide. This compound binds with peripheral CB1 receptors and activates them, reducing pain.

question

Which of the following identifies the synthesis sequence for catecholamines?

answer

1) Tyrosine 2) L-DOPA 3) Dopamine 4) Norepinephrine

question

Which kind of drugs are most likely to penetrate the blood-brain barrier?

answer

Lipid Soluble Drugs

question

Most neurons in the brain ____

answer

Receive input from both excitatory glutamate-releasing buttons and inhibitory GABA-releasing buttons

question

These are the natural ligands for opiate receptors.

answer

Enkephalins

question

What does an anterograde labeling method reveal?

answer

An anterograde labeling method such as PHA-L labels entire neurons moving forward from dendrites through the axons to terminal buttons.

question

What are the steps involved in an immunocytochemical method of determining where a protein is located in the brain?

answer

1. antibodies are made for the antigen protein 2. dye is attached to the antibodies 3. brain tissue is placed in an antibody solution 4. antibodies attach to the antigen protein in the brain tissue 5. brain tissue is examined to see where dyed antibodies attached to antigen proteins.

question

How do adoption studies provide evidence for the heritability of behavioral traits?

answer

If offspring and parents show a much stronger correlation for the trait than offspring and adopted parents, the trait is likely to be under genetic control. If offspring and adopted parents show the stronger correlation, the trait is likely to be under control of the offspring's environment.

question

How does the use of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) reveal brain activity?

answer

Active brain cells take up radioactive 2-deoxyglucose preferentially for energy. 2-deoxyglucose cannot be metabolized so it leaves a permanent record of the most active brain cells.

question

Explain how kainic acid can be used in the laboratory?

answer

In small doses, kainic acid merely stimulates neurons to fire rapidly. In large doses, kainic acid causes repeated firing that eventually exhausts the neuron and kills it.

question

What is the difference between brain function and behavior?

answer

Circuits in the brain perform functions, not behaviors. No one brain region or circuit is solely responsible for a given behavior.

question

Why do stereotaxic atlases give only approximate locations of brain structures?

answer

each animal is different. the locations of brain structures in two animals may be similar , but they will not be the same.

question

A scientist suspects that neurons that employ neurotransmitter Y are involved in learning. How might the scientist sue targeted mutations to find evidence for his theory?

answer

The scientist should create a knockout gene for a protein that makes neurotransmitter Y. evidence to support the theory would be provided if animals are unable to learn when this protein is knocked out.

question

Researchers find the smell recognition is eliminated when a brain region is damaged with radio frequency lesions. How can the researcher determine whether the deficit was caused by damage to neuron cell bodies, axons passing nearby, or both?

answer

The researchers should use kainic acid to destroy local neurons but not axons passing by the same region.

question

A microscope that shows objects in 3D, scanning tissue with a moving beam is called a_____.

answer

scanning electron microscope

question

A researcher suspects that either the caudate nucleus or the amygdala plays the most important role when people are being truthful. What might she do to test her hypothesis?

answer

The researcher can use fMRI to measure areas of the brain in a conscious subject. The researcher should expect either the caudate or the amygdala to light up or be especially active during the time when a subject is actively lying.

question

A scientist wants to use an immunocytochemical method to find a neurotransmitter X in the brain that is not a protein or a peptide. How can the scientist accomplish this?

answer

Scientist should make antibodies that are linked to a dye that are specific for an enzyme that makes the neurotransmitter X and use those antibodies to locate where neurotransmitter X is made.

question

Which force does microdialysis use to detect chemicals in the brain?

answer

diffusion

question

What does the activation of a Fos protein reveal?

answer

Neurons that are active

question

Using optogenetic methods, scientists can stimulate or inhibit particular types of neurons in particular brain regions through the use of...

answer

genetically modified viruses.

question

Which statement is true of functional MRI scans as they are compared to PET scans?

answer

Functional MRI scans have greater temporal and spatial resolution than PET scans, but PET scans can measure concentrations of brain chemicals, something that fMRI can't do.

question

Lesion studies are a form of which kind of method of studying the brain?

answer

Experimental ablation

question

When we refer to an anterograde labeling method, we are interested in following an axon's activity as it moves ____ on the axon.

answer

forward

question

How are brain regions and behaviors related?

answer

Each brain region performs a function that contributes to a behavior.

question

This research method uses a macroelectrode attached to various places on a person's scalp to record brain activity.

answer

EEG

question

Scientists can see the effects of a specific protein by inserting which kind of gene into an experimental animal's genome?

answer

A knockout gene that produces a defective protein.

question

How are sham lesions used in lesion studies?

answer

As a control group

question

A scientist is studying autism and finds that there appears to be a strong genetic component disorder. However, critics point out that environmental factors such as exposure to vaccinations could be causing autism, and the genetic component seen was probably due to subjects in the study experiencing the same upbringing and family environment. How can the scientist distinguish btwn environmental and genetic factors in this situation?

answer

The scientist should look at autism data for identical twins who were adopted by different families that provided different environments and different vaccination histories.

question

A scientist suspects that a drug called XY is effective bc it decreases the activity of MAO enzymes that break down dopamine in the amygdala. How might the scientist demonstrate that the drug does increase the concentration of dopamine in the amygdala?

answer

Give a subject radioactive L-DOPA, a dopamine precursor, and run a PET scan to see if radioactive L-DOPA shows up in the amygdala in increasing amounts after XY has been administered.

question

Researchers find that brain function F is eliminated when brain structures A and B are lesioned but function F is not eliminated when brain structure C is lesioned. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn?

answer

Brain structure A or B is involved in brain function F.

question

How are lesion studies different from experimental ablation studies?

answer

Experimental ablation studies involve removing a part of the brain. while lesion studies simply cause deliberate permanent damage to a part of the brain.

question

How can neurons that secrete acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter be identified in the brain?

answer

Make antibodies linked to a dye for the enzymes that make acetylcholine. Expose brain tissue to the antibodies. Slice the brain and expose the areas in which the dye shows up.

question

Which of the following serves as a key reference point in stereotaxic surgery?

answer

the bregma

question

The primary visual cortex, v1, has input from two areas,, the lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus. A scientist is studying V1 neurons that are associated with rapid eye movements. How can the scientist measure whether these V1 neurons get input from LGN pr from the superior colliculus?

answer

The scientist should inject fluorogold into the V1 area and see where the fibers lead

question

A scientist wants to assess the role of neurons that use Neurotransmitter N in a region of the brain. She suspects that neurotransmitter N controls aggressive behavior in rats. How can she determine the role of Neurotransmitter N in agressive behavior?

answer

Create antibodies with saporin attached that are targeted for the proteins that create neurotransmitter N. Then send the antibodies into the affected brain area. The saporin will kill off only those neurons that contain the protein that makes neurotransmitter N. Once these neurons are killed off, observe the behavior of rats.

question

A researcher wants to know whether neurons in brain area X lead to are A of the brain or area B. Which choice will give her the most precise view of the situation?

answer

Use a cannula to inject glutamate into the area to avoid stimulating nearby axons that originate in a different part of the brain.

question

A scientists is having trouble locating the neurons that use neurotransmitter A in a brain region. He gets the idea to focus on finding the receptors for this neurtransmitter. Why might it be earier for him to find receptors rather than neurotransmitter?

answer

Receptors are proteins, so antibodies can be made that are specific for them. Neurotransmitters are not proteins, so antibodies cannot be made that are specific for them.

question

Microdialysis is used to measure neurotransmitters such as dopamine in a synaptic cleft by analyzing which of the following?

answer

Extracellular fluid

question

What type of method can be used to identify nuclei in the brain?

answer

Brain tissue that hs been stained with a dye

question

which of the following are important factos for all behavioral traits?

answer

Genetic factors, environmental factors, and the interaction between genetic and environmental factors.

question

How does kainic acid produce brain lesions?

answer

page 117, recording and stimulating

question

Light functions as ________ in an organism's biological clock.

answer

zeitgeber

question

Which chemical is thought to accumulate in the brain as a sleep-promoting substance.

answer

adenosine

question

Which neurotransmitters control arousal and wakefulness?

answer

acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, and orexin

question

Scientists define sleep as a _________.

answer

behavior

question

Which of the following is a form of nondeclarative memory?

answer

catching a ball

question

________ are short bursts of waves of 12-14 Hz that occur between two and five times during sleep ________ that are associated with memory consolidation and intelligence.

answer

sleep spindles; stages 1-4

question

REM sleep behavior disorder involves exhibiting ________, while cataplexy involves ________.

answer

no paralysis during REM sleep and acting out dreams; complete paralysis that occurs during wakings

question

Narcolepsy may be defined as

answer

a sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations.

question

High activity in the orexinergic neurons help tip the sleep/waking flip-flop toward which of the following?

answer

The waking state

question

Researchers have discovered a new diet drug that gives people a "full" feeling so they don't overeat. The researchers are about to undergo large scale tests of the drug and are worried about side effects. Which side effect would you predict that they will encounter?

answer

The researchers should see drowsiness as a side effect, since satiety is likely to inhibit orexinergic neurons, which will fail to stimulate the arousal system of the brain, allowing the sleep/waking flip-flop to switch to a "sleep" mode.

question

Over 30 percent of Americans claim to suffer from insomnia and insist that their affliction is very real and very debilitating. Yet laboratory research studies show that people who report having insomnia grossly underestimate the amount of sleep they get., Which of the following, if true, would best reconcile the contradiction between research and statements of insomnia sufferers?

answer

A study that shows that though insomniacs report having been awake and remember having looked at the clock at 2 AM, 3 AM and so on, their EEG patterns for those time periods show that they were actually experiencing a sleep state, not a waking state.

question

A man comes to a doctor at his wife's behest for treatment of erectile dysfunction and is fitted with a device to measure penile enlargement during sleep at home. The man insists that he has no dysfunction, and that his failure to experience erections is purely a function of the poor relationship he has with his wife. After a full night's sleep, the man shows no sign of penile enlargement, yet he still insists that he is not impotent. Could the man be correct? How could the doctor check?

answer

The man could be correct. It is possible that the man experienced no REM sleep during the night and therefore had no erections. To test the man's theory, the doctor must test the man's EEG during sleep to see if he experienced any REM sleep.

question

An astronaut in a space ship does not experience any daylight.. Assume that this person wakes up at 6 AM on day 1 of the journey. Given the normal human circadian cycle, when will the astronaut wake up on day 5 of the journey?

answer

10 AM

question

Megan was awakened by a sudden gust of wind that blew open a window and broke a vase. Megan was extremely groggy and disoriented when she tried to deal with the broken glass. During what stage of sleep was Megan most likely awakened?

answer

Slow-wave stage 4 sleep

question

A flip-flop is characterized by which kind of circuitry?

answer

Recipricol inhibition

question

A sleep volunteer in a sleep lab claims that she woke up several times during the night. Examining the volunteer's EEG record, at a glance, how can a lab tech identify the times when the volunteer was awake?

answer

The frequency is much greater during waking states, creating a "heavy" line on the EEG recording.

question

A researcher wants to utilize sleep to improve human behavior and performance during wakefulness. Which line of research, if possible, might prove most promising?

answer

The researcher might seek to increase the number of sleep spindles that people experience, since spindles have been associated with memory consolidation and high intelligence.

question

How does sleep relate to consciousness?

answer

People are not unconscious during sleep. The fact that people can recall thoughts and dreams during sleep proves that sleep is a form of consciousness, not unconsciousness.

question

How does adenosine affect the sleep/waking cycle?

answer

High brain activity depletes glycogen and causes adenosine to accumulate. Adenosine stimulates the sleep neurons of the vlPOA which in turn inhibit the arousal system and switch the sleep/waking flip-flop to "sleep."

question

Which kinds of sleep promote learning?

answer

Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep appear to promote brain development.

question

Which factors control sleep?

answer

Homeostatic factors regulate the body's need for sleep each day. Allostatic factors take over in times of life-threatening stress. Circadian factors of light-dark and time of day underlie the other two factors

question

What is a significant problem in identifying insomnia?

answer

Insomnia is one of the few medical problems that physicians treat without having direct clinical evidence for its existence.

question

How do the sleep neurons control sleep?

answer

The five arousal neurotransmitters function to arouse the individual during waking periods. When it is time to sleep, the sleep neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic area inhibit the arousal centers and allow the individual to sleep.

question

What is the difference between stage 3 and stage 4 sleep?

answer

Both stage 3 and 4 sleep are characterized by high amplitude delta activity, or slow-wave sleep. Stage 4 sleep features more than 50 percent delta activity, while stage 3 has less than 50 percent delta activity

question

What would be the result of brain damage in the anterior part of the hypothalamus?

answer

page 205, physiological mechanism of sleep and waking

question

What is the relationship between adenosine and glycogen?

answer

page 202, physiological mechanisms of sleep and waking

question

How did researchers identify receptors for zeitgebers?

answer

Researchers created mutations that prevented development of rods and cones, but light continued to function as a zeitgeber. Only when they removed the eyes of mice did they discover that the zeitgeber receptors were located on retinal ganglion cells.

question

Over the years scientists and non-scientists alike have speculated about the importance of dreams. Which of the following provides the strongest evidence that dreams have an important function for human beings on both a psychological and physiological basis?

answer

The human body is rendered paralyzed during dreams to prevent individuals from acting out their dreams. The fact that the human brain has evolved such an elaborate mechanism to protect people against the possible dangers of dreams- rather than simply eliminating dreams- is a strong indication of how important dreams must be.

question

Which of the following is most likely to produce cataplexy?

answer

A fit of laughter

question

What comprises the "ticking" in a biological clock?

answer

page 212

question

What does a zeitgeber do?

answer

Resets a biological clock

question

What comprises the REM sleep flip-flop?

answer

REM-Off and REM-On

question

_______ is a sign that a high level of activity, such as problem solving, is occuring in the brain.

answer

page 191

question

Which neurotransmitter increase sharply as REM sleep ends?

answer

Serotonin

question

A research scientist is able to measure activity levels for acetylcholine for a volunteer subject who had normal sleep patterns in the brain's arousal areas. The scientist finds high levels of ACh activity not only during the day, but also in the middle of the night. The scientist asked the volunteer how well he had slept during the night, and the volunteer claimed that he had slept normally with no interruptions. What should the scientist conclude?

answer

pages 203 and 207

question

How does caffeine work to make us fell alert?

answer

It blocks adenosine receptors

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