Home Page Social Science Psychology Abnormal Psychology Psych 2120 Exam 1 - Flashcards

Psych 2120 Exam 1 – Flashcards

Daphne Armenta

7 July 2022

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What is Science?

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A set of methods used to collect information about phenomenon and build a valid (accurate) and reliable (consistent) base of knowledge about them

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Skepticism

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refusal to accept everything at face value

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Curiosity

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questioning things that are not fully understood

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What is the ultimate goal of science?

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To acquire accurate knowledge about the nature of reality

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Statistical Determinism

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Science can identify factors that cause / predict psychological events at probabilities greater than chance

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Theory - Data Cycle

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Scientists acquire knowledge by collecting data to test and revise / update theories about the world

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Empiricism (Empirical Method)

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Relying on observation to draw conclusions about the world

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Systematic Observation

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Scientist make observations in tightly controlled studies that remove bias (i.e., opposite of schilitz)

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Theory - data Cycle Theory

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statement or set of statement that describe general principles about how variables relate to one another

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Theory - data Cycle Hypothesis

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Specific predictions drawn from a theory that answer questions about the nature of word if/then propositions

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Theory - data Cycle Data

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Set of observations that are used to evaluate the accuracy of a theory; do the observations support the hypothesis?

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Applied Research

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Practical; the goals of research is to solve a problem in the real world

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Basic Research

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Goal of the research is NOT directed at a specific real world problem, but rather focused on enhancing our knowledge on a particular subject

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Confounds (Research v. Personal Experiences)

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Research rules out confounds or alternative explanations for any outcome because experiments can hold everything else constant

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Illusory Correlations (Research v. Intuition)

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Two events that occur together and stand out are seen as being casually related

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Availability Heuristic (Research v. Intuition)

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Our interferences are often guided by what most easily comes to mind

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Confirmation Bias (Research v. Intuition)

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Tendency to only seek out information that confirms intuition

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Authority

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Accepting information communicated by credible figures (news media, politicians, religious figures, instructors) without questioning it

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Frequency Claims

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are descriptive; they describe a rate or frequency of a single variable

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Association Claims

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are correlational; they describe a relationship between two or more variables

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Causal Claims

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are causal; they indicate that one variable causes another variable

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Construct Validity

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How well do the variables measure/ manipulate the broad constructs of interest?

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External Validity

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How broadly do the results generalize?

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Statistical Validity

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Are the statistical conclusions Accurate?

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Internal Validity

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Are we confident that a specific variable causes changes in another specific variable?

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Covariance

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Study must show that two variables are related to one another (statistical issue)

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Temporal Precedence

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The "causal" variable must occur before the outcome variable

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Primary (Empirical) Articles

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Reports results of a scientific study for the first time Includes detail descriptions of methods and results

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Secondary (Review) Articles

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Summarizes all empirical work done in a particular area Synthesizes multiple studies, but rarely includes detailed information about methods and results

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Academic Book Chapters

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A lot like review articles; summarizes work on a particular area

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Abstract

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Immediately after title page short summary of entire paper should emphasize methods and results used to help readers get a sense of what the paper is about w/out reading it

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Introduction

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outline goals and purposes of research inform reader of relevant

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Method

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describe how research was conducted so that others can replicate it

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Results

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Detailed presentation of the analyses

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Discussion

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brief summary of findings interpretation of results

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Harm

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researchers can unnecessarily harm subjects

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Disrespect

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Subjects not treated as autonomics

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Exploitation

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subjects targeted because they are readily available

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Nuremburg Code

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participants must be voluntary and purposes, nature, and duration of research should be known Participants should not be exposed to unnecessary procedures without a firm scientific base responsibility of researcher to protect participants participants can withdraw at any time without penalty and researcher should terminate study if risks surface

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Respect for Persons

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participants must be treated as persons capable of making own decisions persons incapable of making informed decisions must be protected

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Beneficence

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must protect well-being of research participants maximize benefits while minimizing harm

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Justice

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participant and researcher should share costs and benefits should not use participant populations simply because they are convenient, available, unlikely to refuse

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Confidentiality

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responses can only be linked to identifying information by research personnel every effort is made to keep participants responses private and disconnected from identifying information

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Anonymity

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identifying information is not collected by researchers or can not be connected to responses data should be collected anonymously whenever possible

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Deception

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research participants are not always fully informed about the nature of the research can be ethical, but must be justified debriefing must debunk the deception when study is over

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Institutional Review Board (IRB)

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determine whether proposed research meets required regulations evaluates whether proposed methods are appropriate or if "safer" alternative methods could reasonably address the issue

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Informed Consent Process

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Document given prior to participation

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Debriefing

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occurs immediately after the research ended designed to explain that purposes and procedures of the research debunks any deception that might have occurred attempts to migrate any negative consequences and educate

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Data Fabrication

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researchers simply invent data

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Data Falsification

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researchers influence results (delete data; coerce subjects)

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Variable

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any attribute that can take on a range of values

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Causal Relationships

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one variable directly or indirectly influences another changes in the value of the variable produce changes in the value of a second variable

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Correlational Relationships

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changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable all that is known is that the two variables covary or move together - can not determine the influence of one or the other

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Causal Hypotheses

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predict that one variable causes another variable

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Correlational Hypotheses

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predict that change in one variable are associated with changes in another

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Conceptual Variables

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refer to variables in the abstract

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Operational Variables

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refer to specific ways that the variables are measured

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Triangulations

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Using multiple methods and operational definitions to assess the validity a hypothesis

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Self-report

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participant asked to report on his/her own behavior, thoughts, feelings, etc

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Observational (Behavioral)

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Participants observe behavior (or traces of) recorded

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Physiological

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Biological data (heart rate, etc)

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Ordinal Scale

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Think - "Order" or "Rank Order" number is only indicate whether there is more or less of a conceptual variable interval between numbers is NOT constant or meaningful in terms of the conceptual variable

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Interval Scale

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Scale intervals correspond to equal changes in the conceptual variable Intervals between numbers have meaning because scale intervals are constant No true "0" point where "0" = absence of conceptual variable

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Ratio Scale

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Intervals are known to correspond to equal changes in the conceptual variable Intervals between numbers have meaning because scale intervals are constant True "0" point where "0" equals absence of conceptual variable

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Test - retest - reliability

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The consistency of measurements across time

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Inter - rater - Reliability

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often important when qualifying qualitative data

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Interval Reliability

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Assesses reliability of scales - all items (questions) should be strongly correlated to one another

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Face Validity

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How much an operational variable appears to measure the conceptual variable

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Content Validity

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How well the operational variable captures the full breadth of the conceptual variable

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Convergent Validity

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Does the measure relate to other measures of the same conceptual variable

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Discriminant Validity

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Is the measure unrelated to other measures of different conceptual variables

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Systematic Error

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errors follow predictable pattern

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Random Errors

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errors do not follow pattern

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Population

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a set of all cases the research is interested in

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Sample

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subset of the population selected to participate in a study

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Representativeness of Sampling

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The data collected from the sample are used to make broad inferences about the entire population

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Bias in Sampling

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Characteristics of sample is systematically different from the target population

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Random Sampling

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Method of selecting participants in which every member of the population has an equal opportunity of being selected

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Response sets

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Due to boredom/fatigue, people might answer all questions in the same way

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Social Desirability

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Motivation to "appear" good can lead people to alter their responses

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Unacknowledged Participant

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participating in activities without letting subjects know they are being observed

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Acknowledged Participants

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Participating in activities but letting subjects know they are being observed

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Unacknowledged Observer

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not participating in activities and subjects unaware they are being observed

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Acknowledged Observer

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not participating in activities but subjects are aware they are being observed

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Concealment

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Concealed observation may be preferable to minimize reactivity non-concealed observation maybe preferable from an ethical viewpoint

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Coding

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a set of rules for categorizing observations

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A) Administering an anxiety questionnaire

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Which of the following is an example of being a producer research? A) Administering an anxiety questionnaire B) Applying a new therapy technique C) Writing an opinion article about a psychological study D) Undergoing a brain scan

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D) He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well

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Elliot is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a High school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. All of the following are important reasons for him to be a good consumer of research EXCEPT: A) He will likely be asked to read research studies in his future psych classes B) He will likely encounter research studies described in popular magazines he reads C) He will likely need to read research related to enhancing his teaching D) He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well

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C) Prediction

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Another word for hypothesis is a/an A) Theory B) Observation C) Prediction D) Outcome

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C) Empiricism

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__________________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory A) Falsifiability B) Theorizing C) Empiricism D) Application

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A) A theory

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Ben is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components; the ability to trust one's partners and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as: A) A theory B) A hypothesis C) Data D) Research

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B) An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year olds

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Which of the following is an example of applied research? A) A social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept B) An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year olds C) A personality psychologist who studies the differences between introverts and extroverts D) A cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem-solving abilities of men and women

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D) An experimental psychologist who examines peoples ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

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Which of the following is an example of basic research? A) An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment B) A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness if drama therapy is helping children who have been abused C) An educational psychologist who examines how mindset ("intelligence is inmate" or "intelligence can be achieved") affects academic performance D) An experimental psychologist who examines peoples ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

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B) The anonymity of peer reviewers

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Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews? A) The number of peer reviews B) The anonymity of peer reviewers C) The possibility of rejection D) The frequency of publication

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B) "My data disproves my theory"

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Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? A) "My data is inconsistent with my theory" B) "My data disproves my theory" C) "My theory needs amending" D) "I may need to collect more data"

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C) Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings

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Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women's magazine. Which of the following would you tell her? A) Stop reading those articles because they are never accurate B) Peer-reviewed journals are much easier to read than magazines C) Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings D) Reading those magazines is just as good as reading peer-reviewed journals C

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B) Comparison group that did not receive the drug

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A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have a: A) Reliable way to measure depressive symptoms B) Comparison group that did not receive the drug C) Hypothesis D) Psychotherapy to supplement the drug

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A) Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner

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Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group, because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to plug in her iPod. She typically remembers to plug in her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music? A) Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner B) Vanessa's belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable C) Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night D) There is no problem with Vanessa's reasoning

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A) Confound

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An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as a/an: A) Confound B) Alternative C) Confederate D) Secondary explanation

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C) Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases

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What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? A) Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true B) It means that behavioral research involves probability sampling C) Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases D) Behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates

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A) We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of

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The problem with the availability heuristic is which of the following? A) We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of B) We rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions C) It keeps us from examining our own experience D) We will never be right in our conclusions

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C) Confirmatory hypothesis testing

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Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as: A) Availability heuristic B) Cherry-picking of evidence C) Confirmatory hypothesis testing D) Overconfidence

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D) They have conducted scientific research on the topic

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Which of the following is NOT a reason to be skeptical of an authority? A) They cherry-picked the evidence they presented B) They based their opinions on their own experiences C) They based their opinions on their intuition D) They have conducted scientific research on the topic

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C) Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not

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Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines? A) Scientific journals are published quarterly; popular magazines published monthly B) Scientific journals are published on specific topics; popular magazines are not published on specific topics like psychology C) Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not D) There are no differences between scientific journals and popular magazines

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B) Method

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Matthew is reading an empirical journal article ad wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information? A) Introduction B) Method C) Results D) Discussion

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Which of the following has the sections of an empirical journal article in the correct order? A) Introduction, Results, Discussion, Method, References B) Introduction, Discussion, Method, Results, Abstract C) Abstract, References, Introduction, Results, Discussion D) Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

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D) Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

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D) All of the above

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When reading an empirical journal article which questions should you ask yourself as you read? A) What is the argument? and What is the evidence to support the argument? B) What were the methods? and What are the results? C) What is the hypothesis? and What are the explanations? D) All of the above

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B) Because it provides an overview of the article

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When reading an empirical journal article which, why should you read the abstract first? A) Because it is the shortest section B) Because it provides an overview of the article C) Because it is written by the journal's editor D) Because it appears in PsychINFO

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B) The name of an article that researched a similar topic

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Hannah just finished reading an empirical article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article? A) A list of the measures used in the study B) The name of an article that researched a similar topic C) An idea for a future study D) An explanation of the statistical tests used

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D) The sex of the role model

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Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors" Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hasinger, and McManus,2011) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Which of the following is a variable in this study/headline? A) The sex of the participants B) The major of the participants C) The math test D) The sex of the role model

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A) The sex of the participants

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Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors" Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hasinger, and McManus,2011) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline? A) The sex of the participants B) The effort on math problems C) The sex of the role model D) The number of researchers

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A) Two

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C) A measured variable

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Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors" Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hasinger, and McManus,2011) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following? A) A constant B) A variable's level C) A measured variable D) A manipulated variable

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A) A measure of verbal ability

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Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors" Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hasinger, and McManus,2011) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major In this study, the authors were interested in students' math effort. Which of the following would NOT be a reasonable operational definition of math effort? A) A measure of verbal ability B) The number of math classes taken in college C) A score on a standardized measure of math effort D) The number of math problems students answered correctly

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B) Positive association

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Dr. Ellison finds a relation between the amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving, This is an example of which type of association? A) Negative association B) Positive association C) Zero association D) There is not enough information to answer this question

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C) The internal validity of the study

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Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content, Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content. He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? A) The covariance of the study B) The temporal precedence of the study C) The internal validity of the study D) The external validity of the study

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C) The internal validity of the study

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Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content, Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content. He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. If Dr. Kang's decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened? A) The covariance of the study B) The temporal precedence of the study C) The internal validity of the study D) The external validity of the study

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A) He used a large number of participants

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Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content, Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content. He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang can make a causal claim that "emotion enhances memory" for all the following reasons EXCEPT: A) He used a large number of participants B) There is a numeric difference between Groups A and B C) Reading the words occurred before recalling the words D) Dr. Kang treated Groups A and B identically except for the emotional word content

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C) The construct validity of the study

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Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content, Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content. He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang sends his study a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? A) The statistical validity of the study B) The internal validity of the study C) The construct validity of the study D) The external validity of the study

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D) Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

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In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? A) Potential that research will be featured in popular media versus risk to participants B) Time investment of the study versus complexity of the study C) Importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study D) Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

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D) The principle of respect for persons

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Dr. Kline asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? A) The principle of beneficence B) The principle of justice C) The principle of integrity D) The principle of respect for persons

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A) According to Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is his choice problematic? A) According to Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection B) Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth C) Prisoners cannot be studied under federal law D) More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kline can actually study

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B) What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kline would need to ask which of the following questions? A) Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people not in my study? B) What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? C) Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent? D) Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study?

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C) Students from a community college

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Dr. Kline suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kline recruit for his study? A) People with a history of sleep deprivation B) Children from a local daycare center C) Students from a community college D) Patients from Dr. Kline's clinical psychology practice

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A) A prisoner advocate

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) would insist that Dr. Kline have a ______________ for the prisoners when they give informed consent? A) A prisoner advocate B) A criminal justice professor C) The prison warden D) A prisoner

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B) Deception

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Dr. Kline plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine. This would be an example of which of the following? A) Debriefing B) Deception C) Measurement D) Informed Consent

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C) Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Dr. Kline is deciding whether he needs to give his participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether or not to use deception? A) Whether his IRB will approve the use of deception B) Whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe C) Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception D) Whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception

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D) Participants must be told the nature of the deception and the reasons for it

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Dr. Kline plants to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing? A) Dr. Kline only needs to invite participants who were troubled by the study of a debriefing session B) Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional C) During the debriefing, Dr. Kline only needs to tell the participants that there was deception D) Participants must be told the nature of the deception and the reasons for it

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A) Data fabrication

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Upon receiving IRB approval, Dr. Kline trusts his graduate student to conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kline with invented results that support his hypothesis. This is known as which of the following? A) Data fabrication B) Data falsification C) Plagiarism D) Intellectual propert destruction

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D) He does need to obtain informed consent

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kline's study? A) He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not awake during most of the study B) He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception C) He does need to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous D) He does need to obtain informed consent

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A) Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' name

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? A) Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' name B) Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants C) Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants D) Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing

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A) Validity

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C) Criterion validity

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Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following? A) Face validity B) Content validity C) Criterion validity D) Discriminant validity

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B) Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently

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Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measures to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non gamblers. Which of the following options below does he also need to do to get evidence for criterion validity? A) Give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings B) Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently C) Ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid D) Give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients

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C) Convergent validity

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Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students ( who some estimates say have 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling) He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the _______________ of Dr. Sheffield's measure A) Content validity B) Predictive validity C) Convergent validity D) Discriminant validity

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B) He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people

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Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time gamblers anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? A) He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees B) He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people C) He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered D) He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people's past diagnoses of pathological gambling

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A) Reactivity

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D) Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing

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Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. Which of the following could he do to address this concern? A) Make the observations himself instead of using a research assistant B) Have two undergraduate research assistants make the observations instead of just one C) Observe the same-sex friend pairs on the first day and the opposite-sex friend pairs on the second day D) Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing

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B) Unacknowledged observation

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Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, the take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the paris are same sex or opposite sex. This technique is known as: A) A blind study design B) Unacknowledged observation C) Delayed observation D) A double blind study design

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C) Interrater reliability

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Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He ha his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, the take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. Given his use of two research assistants, he must establish the ___________ of their measures A) Face validity B) Convergent validity C) Interrater reliability D) Test-retest reliability

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C) A codebook

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Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Which of the following is Dr. Ewell likely to give his research assistants to prevent observer bias? A) A video camera B) A developmental psychology textbook C) A codebook D) Binoculars

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A) He will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so

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Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Imagine that Dr. Ewell wants to videotape the children in the park. Which of the following is true? A) He will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so B) If he uses hidden cameras, he does not need to tell the participants they have been video tapped C) He will be unable to use video tape because he is studying children D) He can use the videotapes regardless of whether the adult objects as long as the child agrees

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C) Reactivity

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Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Unacknowledged observation is done to counteract which of the following? A) Observer bias B) Observer effects C) Reactivity D) Nay-saying

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C) Socially desirable responding

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Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Faking good is also known as: A) A response set B) Acquiescence C) Socially desirable responding D) Fence sitting

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C) All students he is currently teaching

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A) This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Intro to Neurosciences

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Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester- Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. In the above scenario, Dr. Kramer plans to give his survey only to his psychology and law students because he sees them in Monday's, Wednesday's, and Friday's and he can spare the class time (unlike his Introduction to Neuroscience class, which only meets on Tuesday's and Thursday's) Which of the following is true? A) This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Intro to Neurosciences B) This will lead to a biased sample because of self-selection C) This will lead to a biased sample because of the Psychology and Law students have a lot of time to complete the survey D) The will lead to a sample that is representative of both of his classes

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A) Sampling only those students who come to class frequently

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C) Relied on a census

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Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester- Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. In the above scenario, if all the students in Dr. Kramer's two classes complete the survey, the Dr. Kramer has done which of the following? A) Decreased the external validity of his study B) Collected too much data C) Relied on a census D) Enhanced sampling bias

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B) Students who major in political science and psychology

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D) His sample came from his population of interest

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D) All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

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Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester- Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Why do studies that use representative samples have excellent external validity? A) They have good internal validity too B) They study every member of the population of interest C) They are more complicated to do D) All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

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A) Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random assignment is necessary for external validity

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Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester- Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling? A) Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random assignment is necessary for external validity B) They both are necessary for frequency claims C) They both mean the same thing D) Random sampling is more important than random assignment

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D) It primarily affects statistical validity

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Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester- Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Which of the following is true of sample size? A) It primarily affects external validity B) It primarily affects construct validity C) It primarily affects internal validity D) It primarily affects statistical validity

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Name three biases o98f intuition and provide an example of each

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Illusory Correlations: Ice cream/drowning association Availability Heuristic: Airplane vs. car accidents Confirmation Bias: A reporter writing an article on an important issue may only interview experts that support his or her views on the issue

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Define the three types of claims we discussed in class. Explain the differences between them.

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Frequency Claims, Association Claims, and Causal Claims Frequency claims are descriptive, association claims are correlational and causal claims are causal.

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State the three principles of the Belmont Report and explain the importance of each

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Respect for Persons - protects the participants Beneficence - Makes sure the participants are not harmed in any way Justice - Makes sure that vulnerable participants are not used simply because they are available

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Explain the difference between validity and reliability

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Reliability - the consistency, stability, or repeatability of data collected by a quantitative operational variable Validity - The accuracy of a measure in assessing a specific conceptual variable

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Explain why socially desirable responding happens. Name one way to decrease the likelihood of its occurrence

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People want to appear good, use indirect questioning

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What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

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Random sampling - method of selecting participants in which every member of the population has equal opportunity Random assignment - assigning participants to random groups

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What is Science?

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A set of methods used to collect information about phenomenon and build a valid (accurate) and reliable (consistent) base of knowledge about them

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Skepticism

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refusal to accept everything at face value

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Curiosity

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questioning things that are not fully understood

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What is the ultimate goal of science?

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To acquire accurate knowledge about the nature of reality

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Statistical Determinism

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Science can identify factors that cause / predict psychological events at probabilities greater than chance

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Theory - Data Cycle

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Scientists acquire knowledge by collecting data to test and revise / update theories about the world

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Empiricism (Empirical Method)

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Relying on observation to draw conclusions about the world

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Systematic Observation

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Scientist make observations in tightly controlled studies that remove bias (i.e., opposite of schilitz)

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Theory - data Cycle Theory

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statement or set of statement that describe general principles about how variables relate to one another

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Theory - data Cycle Hypothesis

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Specific predictions drawn from a theory that answer questions about the nature of word if/then propositions

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Theory - data Cycle Data

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Set of observations that are used to evaluate the accuracy of a theory; do the observations support the hypothesis?

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Applied Research

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Practical; the goals of research is to solve a problem in the real world

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Basic Research

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Goal of the research is NOT directed at a specific real world problem, but rather focused on enhancing our knowledge on a particular subject

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Confounds (Research v. Personal Experiences)

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Research rules out confounds or alternative explanations for any outcome because experiments can hold everything else constant

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Illusory Correlations (Research v. Intuition)

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Two events that occur together and stand out are seen as being casually related

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Availability Heuristic (Research v. Intuition)

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Our interferences are often guided by what most easily comes to mind

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Confirmation Bias (Research v. Intuition)

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Tendency to only seek out information that confirms intuition

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Authority

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Accepting information communicated by credible figures (news media, politicians, religious figures, instructors) without questioning it

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Frequency Claims

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are descriptive; they describe a rate or frequency of a single variable

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Association Claims

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are correlational; they describe a relationship between two or more variables

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Causal Claims

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are causal; they indicate that one variable causes another variable

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Construct Validity

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How well do the variables measure/ manipulate the broad constructs of interest?

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External Validity

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How broadly do the results generalize?

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Statistical Validity

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Are the statistical conclusions Accurate?

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Internal Validity

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Are we confident that a specific variable causes changes in another specific variable?

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Covariance

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Study must show that two variables are related to one another (statistical issue)

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Temporal Precedence

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The "causal" variable must occur before the outcome variable

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Primary (Empirical) Articles

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Reports results of a scientific study for the first time Includes detail descriptions of methods and results

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Secondary (Review) Articles

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Summarizes all empirical work done in a particular area Synthesizes multiple studies, but rarely includes detailed information about methods and results

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Academic Book Chapters

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A lot like review articles; summarizes work on a particular area

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Abstract

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Immediately after title page short summary of entire paper should emphasize methods and results used to help readers get a sense of what the paper is about w/out reading it

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Introduction

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outline goals and purposes of research inform reader of relevant

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Method

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describe how research was conducted so that others can replicate it

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Results

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Detailed presentation of the analyses

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Discussion

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brief summary of findings interpretation of results

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Harm

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researchers can unnecessarily harm subjects

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Disrespect

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Subjects not treated as autonomics

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Exploitation

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subjects targeted because they are readily available

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Nuremburg Code

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Respect for Persons

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participants must be treated as persons capable of making own decisions persons incapable of making informed decisions must be protected

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Beneficence

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must protect well-being of research participants maximize benefits while minimizing harm

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Justice

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participant and researcher should share costs and benefits should not use participant populations simply because they are convenient, available, unlikely to refuse

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Confidentiality

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responses can only be linked to identifying information by research personnel every effort is made to keep participants responses private and disconnected from identifying information

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Anonymity

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identifying information is not collected by researchers or can not be connected to responses data should be collected anonymously whenever possible

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Deception

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research participants are not always fully informed about the nature of the research can be ethical, but must be justified debriefing must debunk the deception when study is over

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Institutional Review Board (IRB)

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determine whether proposed research meets required regulations evaluates whether proposed methods are appropriate or if "safer" alternative methods could reasonably address the issue

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Informed Consent Process

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Document given prior to participation

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Debriefing

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Data Fabrication

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researchers simply invent data

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Data Falsification

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researchers influence results (delete data; coerce subjects)

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Variable

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any attribute that can take on a range of values

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Causal Relationships

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one variable directly or indirectly influences another changes in the value of the variable produce changes in the value of a second variable

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Correlational Relationships

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changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable all that is known is that the two variables covary or move together - can not determine the influence of one or the other

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Causal Hypotheses

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predict that one variable causes another variable

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Correlational Hypotheses

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predict that change in one variable are associated with changes in another

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Conceptual Variables

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refer to variables in the abstract

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Operational Variables

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refer to specific ways that the variables are measured

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Triangulations

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Using multiple methods and operational definitions to assess the validity a hypothesis

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Self-report

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participant asked to report on his/her own behavior, thoughts, feelings, etc

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Observational (Behavioral)

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Participants observe behavior (or traces of) recorded

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Physiological

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Biological data (heart rate, etc)

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Ordinal Scale

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Interval Scale

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Ratio Scale

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Test - retest - reliability

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The consistency of measurements across time

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Inter - rater - Reliability

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often important when qualifying qualitative data

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Interval Reliability

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Assesses reliability of scales - all items (questions) should be strongly correlated to one another

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Face Validity

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How much an operational variable appears to measure the conceptual variable

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Content Validity

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How well the operational variable captures the full breadth of the conceptual variable

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Convergent Validity

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Does the measure relate to other measures of the same conceptual variable

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Discriminant Validity

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Is the measure unrelated to other measures of different conceptual variables

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Systematic Error

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errors follow predictable pattern

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Random Errors

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errors do not follow pattern

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Population

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a set of all cases the research is interested in

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Sample

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subset of the population selected to participate in a study

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Representativeness of Sampling

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The data collected from the sample are used to make broad inferences about the entire population

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Bias in Sampling

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Characteristics of sample is systematically different from the target population

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Random Sampling

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Method of selecting participants in which every member of the population has an equal opportunity of being selected

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Response sets

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Due to boredom/fatigue, people might answer all questions in the same way

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Social Desirability

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Motivation to "appear" good can lead people to alter their responses

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Unacknowledged Participant

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participating in activities without letting subjects know they are being observed

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Acknowledged Participants

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Participating in activities but letting subjects know they are being observed

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Unacknowledged Observer

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not participating in activities and subjects unaware they are being observed

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Acknowledged Observer

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not participating in activities but subjects are aware they are being observed

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Concealment

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Concealed observation may be preferable to minimize reactivity non-concealed observation maybe preferable from an ethical viewpoint

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Coding

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a set of rules for categorizing observations

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A) Administering an anxiety questionnaire

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D) He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well

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C) Prediction

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Another word for hypothesis is a/an A) Theory B) Observation C) Prediction D) Outcome

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C) Empiricism

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__________________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory A) Falsifiability B) Theorizing C) Empiricism D) Application

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A) A theory

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B) An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year olds

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D) An experimental psychologist who examines peoples ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

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B) The anonymity of peer reviewers

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B) "My data disproves my theory"

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C) Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings

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B) Comparison group that did not receive the drug

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A) Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner

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A) Confound

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An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as a/an: A) Confound B) Alternative C) Confederate D) Secondary explanation

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C) Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases

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A) We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of

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C) Confirmatory hypothesis testing

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Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as: A) Availability heuristic B) Cherry-picking of evidence C) Confirmatory hypothesis testing D) Overconfidence

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D) They have conducted scientific research on the topic

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C) Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not

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B) Method

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D) Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

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D) All of the above

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B) Because it provides an overview of the article

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B) The name of an article that researched a similar topic

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D) The sex of the role model

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A) The sex of the participants

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Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors" Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hasinger, and McManus,2011) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline? A) The sex of the participants B) The effort on math problems C) The sex of the role model D) The number of researchers

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A) Two

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C) A measured variable

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Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors" Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hasinger, and McManus,2011) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following? A) A constant B) A variable's level C) A measured variable D) A manipulated variable

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A) A measure of verbal ability

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Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors" Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hasinger, and McManus,2011) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major In this study, the authors were interested in students' math effort. Which of the following would NOT be a reasonable operational definition of math effort? A) A measure of verbal ability B) The number of math classes taken in college C) A score on a standardized measure of math effort D) The number of math problems students answered correctly

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B) Positive association

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C) The internal validity of the study

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C) The internal validity of the study

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Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content, Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content. He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. If Dr. Kang's decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened? A) The covariance of the study B) The temporal precedence of the study C) The internal validity of the study D) The external validity of the study

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A) He used a large number of participants

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Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content, Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content. He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang can make a causal claim that "emotion enhances memory" for all the following reasons EXCEPT: A) He used a large number of participants B) There is a numeric difference between Groups A and B C) Reading the words occurred before recalling the words D) Dr. Kang treated Groups A and B identically except for the emotional word content

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C) The construct validity of the study

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Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content, Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content. He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang sends his study a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? A) The statistical validity of the study B) The internal validity of the study C) The construct validity of the study D) The external validity of the study

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D) Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

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D) The principle of respect for persons

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A) According to Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is his choice problematic? A) According to Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection B) Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth C) Prisoners cannot be studied under federal law D) More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kline can actually study

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B) What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kline would need to ask which of the following questions? A) Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people not in my study? B) What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? C) Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent? D) Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study?

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C) Students from a community college

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Dr. Kline suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kline recruit for his study? A) People with a history of sleep deprivation B) Children from a local daycare center C) Students from a community college D) Patients from Dr. Kline's clinical psychology practice

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A) A prisoner advocate

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) would insist that Dr. Kline have a ______________ for the prisoners when they give informed consent? A) A prisoner advocate B) A criminal justice professor C) The prison warden D) A prisoner

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B) Deception

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Dr. Kline plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine. This would be an example of which of the following? A) Debriefing B) Deception C) Measurement D) Informed Consent

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C) Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Dr. Kline is deciding whether he needs to give his participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether or not to use deception? A) Whether his IRB will approve the use of deception B) Whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe C) Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception D) Whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception

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D) Participants must be told the nature of the deception and the reasons for it

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Dr. Kline plants to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing? A) Dr. Kline only needs to invite participants who were troubled by the study of a debriefing session B) Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional C) During the debriefing, Dr. Kline only needs to tell the participants that there was deception D) Participants must be told the nature of the deception and the reasons for it

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A) Data fabrication

answer

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Upon receiving IRB approval, Dr. Kline trusts his graduate student to conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kline with invented results that support his hypothesis. This is known as which of the following? A) Data fabrication B) Data falsification C) Plagiarism D) Intellectual propert destruction

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D) He does need to obtain informed consent

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Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kline's study? A) He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not awake during most of the study B) He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception C) He does need to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous D) He does need to obtain informed consent

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A) Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' name

answer

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a simple SAT test. What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? A) Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' name B) Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants C) Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants D) Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing

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A) Validity

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C) Criterion validity

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B) Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently

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Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measures to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non gamblers. Which of the following options below does he also need to do to get evidence for criterion validity? A) Give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings B) Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently C) Ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid D) Give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients

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C) Convergent validity

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Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students ( who some estimates say have 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling) He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the _______________ of Dr. Sheffield's measure A) Content validity B) Predictive validity C) Convergent validity D) Discriminant validity

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B) He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people

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Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time gamblers anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? A) He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees B) He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people C) He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered D) He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people's past diagnoses of pathological gambling

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A) Reactivity

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D) Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing

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B) Unacknowledged observation

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Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, the take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the paris are same sex or opposite sex. This technique is known as: A) A blind study design B) Unacknowledged observation C) Delayed observation D) A double blind study design

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C) Interrater reliability

answer

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He ha his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, the take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. Given his use of two research assistants, he must establish the ___________ of their measures A) Face validity B) Convergent validity C) Interrater reliability D) Test-retest reliability

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C) A codebook

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Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Which of the following is Dr. Ewell likely to give his research assistants to prevent observer bias? A) A video camera B) A developmental psychology textbook C) A codebook D) Binoculars

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A) He will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so

answer

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Imagine that Dr. Ewell wants to videotape the children in the park. Which of the following is true? A) He will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so B) If he uses hidden cameras, he does not need to tell the participants they have been video tapped C) He will be unable to use video tape because he is studying children D) He can use the videotapes regardless of whether the adult objects as long as the child agrees

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C) Reactivity

answer

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Unacknowledged observation is done to counteract which of the following? A) Observer bias B) Observer effects C) Reactivity D) Nay-saying

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C) Socially desirable responding

answer

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite- sex friend pairs Faking good is also known as: A) A response set B) Acquiescence C) Socially desirable responding D) Fence sitting

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C) All students he is currently teaching

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A) This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Intro to Neurosciences

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A) Sampling only those students who come to class frequently

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C) Relied on a census

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Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester- Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. In the above scenario, if all the students in Dr. Kramer's two classes complete the survey, the Dr. Kramer has done which of the following? A) Decreased the external validity of his study B) Collected too much data C) Relied on a census D) Enhanced sampling bias

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B) Students who major in political science and psychology

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D) His sample came from his population of interest

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D) All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

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Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester- Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Why do studies that use representative samples have excellent external validity? A) They have good internal validity too B) They study every member of the population of interest C) They are more complicated to do D) All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

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A) Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random assignment is necessary for external validity

answer

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester- Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling? A) Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random assignment is necessary for external validity B) They both are necessary for frequency claims C) They both mean the same thing D) Random sampling is more important than random assignment

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D) It primarily affects statistical validity

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Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester- Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Which of the following is true of sample size? A) It primarily affects external validity B) It primarily affects construct validity C) It primarily affects internal validity D) It primarily affects statistical validity

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Name three biases o98f intuition and provide an example of each

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Define the three types of claims we discussed in class. Explain the differences between them.

answer

Frequency Claims, Association Claims, and Causal Claims Frequency claims are descriptive, association claims are correlational and causal claims are causal.

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State the three principles of the Belmont Report and explain the importance of each

answer

question

Explain the difference between validity and reliability

answer

Reliability - the consistency, stability, or repeatability of data collected by a quantitative operational variable Validity - The accuracy of a measure in assessing a specific conceptual variable

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Explain why socially desirable responding happens. Name one way to decrease the likelihood of its occurrence

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People want to appear good, use indirect questioning

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What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

answer

Random sampling - method of selecting participants in which every member of the population has equal opportunity Random assignment - assigning participants to random groups

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