Psych 202 Ch. 7 – Flashcards
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Memory
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Internal record or representation of some prior event or experience.
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Constructive Process
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Organizing and shaping of information during processing, storage, and retrieval of memories.
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Encoding
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Processing information into the memory system.
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Storage
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Retaining information over time
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Retrieval
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Recovering information from memory storage.
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Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)
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Memory results from weblike connections among interacting processing units operating simultaneously, rather than sequentially (also known as the connectionist model).
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Three Stage Memory Model
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Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
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Sensory Memory
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First memory stage that holds sensory information; relatively large capacity, but duration is only a few seconds.
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Short-Term Memory
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Second memory stage that temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory (LTM); capacity is limited to five to nine items and duration is about 30 seconds.
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Maintenance Rehearsal
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Repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory (STM)
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Chunking
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Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit (or chunk).
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Long-Term Memory
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Third stage of memory that stores information for long periods of time: its capacity is virtually limitless, and its duration is relatively permanent.
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Explicit (Declarative) Memory
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Subsystem of long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences.
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Semantic Memory
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Subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores general knowledge; a mental encyclopedia or dictionary. Ex: day of week, names of objects.
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Episodic Memory
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Subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores memories of personally experienced events; a mental diary of a person's life.
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Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory
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Subsystem within long-term memory consisting of unconscious procedural skills and simple classically conditioned responses. Unintentional learning or unconscious knowledge. EX: tying your shoes, brusing your teeth.
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Levels of Processing
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Degree or depth of mental processing occurring when material is initially encountered; determines how well material is later remembered.
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Elaborative Rehearsal
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Linking new information to previously stored material (also known as deeper levels of precessing).The goal is to undestand not to memorize.
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Serial-Position Effect
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Information at the beginning and end of a list is remembered better than material in the middle.
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Retrieval Cue
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Clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of a stored piece of information from long-term memory. Includes: Recall, retrieval, and priming.
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Recall
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Retrieving a memory using a genearl cue. EX: Essay, exam. You must retrive information you have learned.
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Recognition
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Retrieving a memory using a specific cue. EX: Multiple choice test
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Priming
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Prior exposure to a stimulus (or prime) facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information, even when one has no coscious memory of the initial learning and storage. Ex: walking into stranger's home and being transported to your grandmother's kitchen and retrieving memories of multiplication stuying story.
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Encoding Specificity Principle
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Retrieval of information is improved when conditions of recovery are similar to the conditions when information was encoded. Ex: sitting in the same seat when taking an exam (context dependent memory), feeling the way you did while you studied during an exam (mood congruence), drinking coffee when stuying and drinking coffee on exam day (state dependent memorey)
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Relearning
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Learning material a second time, which usually takes less time than original learning (also called the savings method).
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Retroactive Interference
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New infromation interferes with remembering old information; backward-acting interference.
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Proactive Interference
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Old information interferes with remembering new information; forward-acting interference.
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Tip-of-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon
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Feeling that specific information is stored in long-term memory but of being temporatily unable to retrieve it.
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Misinformation Effect
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Distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information.
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Source Amnesia
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Forgetting the true source of a memory (also called source confusion or source misattribution)
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Sleeper Effect
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Information from an unreliable source, which was initially discounted, later gains credibility because the source is forgotten.
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Distributed Practice
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Practice (or study) sessions are interspersed with rest periods.
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Massed Practice
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Time spent learning is grouped (or massed) into long, unbroken intervals (also known as cramming)
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Long-Term Potentiation
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Long-lasting increase in neural excitability, which may be a biological mechanism for learning and memory.
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Retrograde Amnesia
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Loss of memory for events before a brain injury; backward-acting amnesia.
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Consolidation
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Process by which neural changes associated with recent learning become durable and stable.
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Anterograde Amnesia
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Inability to form new memories after a brain injury; foward-acting amnesia.
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Alzheimer's Disease
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Progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss.
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Mnemonic Device
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Memory improvement technique based on encoiding items in a speial way.
