question

What is psychobiology?

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the scientific study of the biology of behavior

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the six major divisions of psychobiology? a. Cognitive Neuroscience b. Physiological psychology c. Neuropsychology d. Neuroanatomy

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d. Neuroanatomy

question

What are the six divisions of psychobiology?

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Physiological Psychology, Psychopharmacology, Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Comparative Psychology

question

What are the sub-disciplines of neuroscience?

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Psychobiology/Biopsychology, Neuroanatomy, Neurochemistry, Neuropathology, Neuroendocrinology, Neurophysiology, Neuropharmacology

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Lorenz studied the imprinting in ducks and geese and found that a critical period exists during infancy for attachment (sub-division of psychobiology)

answer

Comparative Psychology

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Scientists use neuroimaging techniques such as PET scans and fMRI to better understand the neural mechanisms of cognition. (sub-division of psychobiology)

answer

Cognitive Neuroscience

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On average, it takes pharmaceutical companies 12 years to develop and release psychopharmacological drugs in order to determine safety and effectiveness on human health, mood, and behavior. (sub-division of psychobiology)

answer

Psychopharmacology

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Using eye tracking techniques, scientists have found that patients with schizophrenia have anomalous eye movements compared to patients without schizophrenia. (sub-division of psychobiology)

answer

Psycho-physiology

question

Phineas Gage survived an accident where a large iron rod was driven completely through his head destroying much of his brain. While he survived, the injury largely affected his personality and behavior leading scientists to discover that the brain largely determines personality and that certain parts of the brain may induce specific personality changes. (sub-division of psychobiology)

answer

Neuropsychology

question

Once in college, Carly participated in a psychological study where transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) was used to temporarily disrupt brain communication in a certain part of the temporal to see if it interfered with short-term memory. (sub-division of psychobiology)

answer

Physiological Psychology

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a case study? a. Professor Wong's nephew cries each time he hears a Justin Bieber song, so they assume it to know that all babies dislike Justin Bieber songs b. A psychologist randomly assigns pediatric patients into either talk therapy or talk and play therapy in order to see if the addition of play therapy in treatment more greatly reduces symptoms of anxiety c. In 1970, child welfare authorities discovered extensive and severe abuse and social isolation of a girl that is now known as Genie. Genie was locked alone in a room for the first 13 years of her life. Years after her rescue, scientists and psychologists studied her in order to assess the short and long-term effects of social isolation of child development especially in terms of language acquisition d. In 1953, Patient H.M. received a lobotomy that removed 2/3 of his hippocampus as a then-popular treatment for epilepsy. The operation did not cure H.M.'s seizures and also left him unable to create long-term memories. Until his death, he was widely studied in order to better understand the neurological basis of memory

answer

b. A psychologist randomly assigns pediatric patients into either talk therapy or talk and play therapy in order to see if the addition of play therapy in treatment more greatly reduces symptoms of anxiety

question

What is the main difference between experiments and quasiexperimental studies? a. Experiments have potential confounding variables, but quasiexperimental studies do not b. You can always determine causation from an experiment, but you can't from a quasiexperimental design c. In a quasiexperimental design, you do not randomly assign participants to study conditions d. Only inexperienced scientists conduct quasiexperimental studies

answer

c. In a quasiexperimental design, you do not randomly assign participants to study conditions

question

What is the main problem with conducting a randomized between-subjects experimental design (as opposed to within-subjects design)?

answer

Difference between groups may be caused by random error (i.e. one group just happened to have better memory than the other if you are testing memory) rather than indicating a difference in effect from the independent variables

question

True or false: sometimes, getting approval for research on non-human subjects is more difficult than getting approval for research with human subjects.

answer

True

question

In the early 1890s, Ivan Pavlov ran a study that led to the concept of Pavlovian Conditioning (later, classical conditioning). He noticed that in the beginning the dogs would only salivate when they saw their food. Then, he began to ring a bell at the time he would give some of the dogs food. The other dogs did not have a bell rung when their food was delivered. Eventually, the dogs exposed to the bell would salivate at the sound of the bell even if no food was present. The others did not. Thinking about the three main dimensions of psychobiological research, what type of study is that of Pavlov's dogs?

answer

Non-human subjects, experiment, pure research

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DNA

answer

23 chromosome pairs, 46 chromosomes 23 from mom, 23 from dad

question

23 chromosome does what?

answer

Determines sex, xx = female, xy = male.

question

Aliens from the planet Ozzz have either red hair, white hair, or pink hair (and genetic rules similar to those of Earthlings). There is one race of Ozzzians, the Red Heads, that marry strictly amongst themselves and are almost all red-heads. There is another race, the White Heads, that are almost all white-haired. If a Red Head mates with a White Head, the offspring always have pink hair. Suppose offspring of Red by White crosses mate. What will be the outcomes? a. Always pink b. Red half the time and white half the time c. Red 1/3 of the time, white 1.3 of the time, and pink 1/3 of the time. d. Red 1/4 of the time, white, 1/4 of the time, and pink half the time. e. none of the above

answer

d. Red 1/4 of the time, white, 1/4 of the time, and pink half the time. (USE PUNENT SQUARE)

question

gene Transcription

answer

maternal and paternal mRNA x

question

gene Translation

answer

maternal and paternal versions of protein x

question

Where in the process is most important for epigenetic changes occur?

answer

In the mRNA

question

What makes cells of different types of function differently? (liver v. heart cells)

answer

They are made of the same DNA but transcribed differently

question

Pleiotropy

answer

Gene effects produce i.e. each gene has multiple influences

question

Cellular Environment

answer

cells will develop where you put them if done early enough

question

Behavior is determined by what?

answer

genetics versus environment

question

homologous traits:

answer

traits that are similar to one another due to shared ancestry, traits may change in appearance and in function, but ultimately they still share the structure, genetics, or embryonic structure of their common ancestor.

question

analogous traits?

answer

pertain to the various structures in different species having the same function but have evolved separately, thus do not share common ancestor.

question

Theory on Natural Selection:

answer

Proposed theory of evolution: The genetically determined traits of individuals who have greatest reproductive success will spread.

question

Reproductive Success

answer

Having lots of offspring who make it to reproductive age.

question

Reproductive Success Examples:

answer

• Being good at caring for offspring • Being good at attracting mates • Being good at fighting off predators • Being good at escaping predators • Being good at winning fights over scarce resources • Being good at obtaining and digesting food. • Knowing when to run and when to fight • Knowing when to hide

question

Why is the theory of evolution a theory?

answer

It is a theory because it says that that the only force driving the direction of evolution is selection for reproductive success. That is not self evidently true, though there is a great deal of evidence in favor of it and no convincing evidence against it.

question

Speciation

answer

populations of organisms that can interbreed in nature and when they do so they have fertile offspring

question

Suppose that one were to alter the point system for the Hawk-Dove "competition" to add a cost for Hawk-Hawk fights: Food = +50 Dove-Dove encounter= -10 Losing a Hawk-Hawk encounter: -100 Winning a Hawk-Hawk encounter: -30 (plus 50 for the food obtained). The average winnings for a Hawk if almost everyone is a Hawk will be a. -80 b. -40 c. 0 d. 40 e. 50

answer

b. -40

question

If most of the individuals in a population are hawks and a not many are doves how will the proportion of doves change over time? a. Increase up to a point and then stop b. Increase until almost everyone is a dove c. Decrease up to a point and then stop d. Decrease until almost nobody is a dove e. No change.

answer

a. Increase up to a point and then stop

question

If most of the individuals in a population are doves and a not many are hawks how will the proportion of doves change over time? a. Increase up to a point and then stop b. Increase until almost everyone is a dove c. Decrease up to a point and then stop d. Decrease until almost nobody is a dove e. No change.

answer

c. Decrease up to a point and then stop

question

Selfishness Axiom:

answer

Individuals generally act so as to maximize their own material gains and expect others to do the same.

question

Altruistic Behavior:

answer

biologically defined, is behavior that enhances the reproductive success of other individuals while reducing one's own reproductive success

question

In species where only a few males inseminate most of the females, there are typically _____ males as there are females. a. many more b. many less c. somewhat more d. somewhat less e. as many

answer

e. as many

question

Given a choice between raising one of your own children and raising your baby brother since your parents have died, what will be best for your "reproductive success?" a. it doesn't matter b. raise your baby brother c. raise your own child

answer

a. it doesn't matter

question

Dictator game

answer

favors fairness even if a player loses money in process

question

Dictator game: Selfishness axiom

answer

third party should leave w. their allotment

question

Central Nervous System (CNS)

answer

• Brain (in the skull) • Spinal Cord (in the spine)

question

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

answer

• Located outside of the skull and spine • Serves to bring information into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS

question

Somatic Nervous System

answer

- Afferent from sensory systems (e.g., eyes, ears, skin, etc.) - Efferent to voluntary muscles

question

Autonomic Nervous System

answer

- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves - Involuntary muscles

question

The Sympathetic

answer

NS arouses (fight or flight)

question

Parasympathetic

answer

NS calms (rest and digest)

question

Central Nervous System encased in three meninges:

answer

• Dura mater - tough outer membrane (against skull) • Arachnoid - web-like (between dura mater and pia mater) • Pia mater - adheres to CNS surface (closest to CNS)

question

Cerebrospinal fluid;

answer

Fluid serves as cushion (CSF)

question

Subdivisions of the Brain

answer

Forebrain: Telencephalon, Diencephalon Midbrain: Mesencephalon Hindbrain: Metencephalon, Mylencephalon

question

Telencephalon

answer

Corpus Callosum

question

Diencephalon

answer

Thalamus

question

Mesencephalon

answer

Periaqueductal grey

question

Metencephalon

answer

Pons

question

Mylencephalon

answer

Medulla oblongata

question

Medulla

answer

Heart Rate

question

Pons

answer

Coordination of unconscious movement

question

Cerebellum

answer

coordinates voluntary movement, and fine motor movement

question

Superior and Inderior Colliculi

answer

Mesencephalon: Tectum

question

Substantia Nigra

answer

eye movement, motor planning

question

Periaqueductal grey purpose

answer

grey matter in the tectum

question

Thalamus

answer

Relay of sensory messages

question

Hypothalamus

answer

regulates body temperature and ensures adequate food and water intake (homeostasis), and is involved in sex drive.

question

Limbic system

answer

mammillary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala, septum

question

Basal ganglia

answer

stratum (caudate nucleus + putamen), globus pallidus

question

Resting membrane potential?

answer

-70 mv relative to the outside the neuron,

question

At rest, a neuron's membrane potential is... (choose the best answer): a. Maintained solely by the sodium-potassium pump b. Has leaky sodium channels and completely closed potassium channels c. Determined by having more sodium ions on the outside of the cell and more potassium ions on the inside of the cell d. +70 mV

answer

c. Determined by having more sodium ions on the outside of the cell and more potassium ions on the inside of the cell

question

What word best describes the process of synaptic vesicles fusing with the presynaptic membrane and the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to communicate with the postsynaptic neuron? a. Action potential b. Hyperpolarization c. Depolarization d. Exocytosis

answer

d. Exocytosis

question

As stated in lecture, epigenetic changes can be biologically produced by a neurotransmitter binding to a ... a. Ionotropic receptor b. Metabotropic receptor c. Voltage-gated channel d. Ligand-gated channel

answer

b. Metabotropic receptor

question

Which of the following is a consequence of refractory periods? a. They make it so action potentials can only travel in one direction down the axon b. They signal to the synaptic vesicles that it is time to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters. c. They weaken the action potential d. None of the above are consequences of refractory periods

answer

a. They make it so action potentials can only travel in one direction down the axon

question

In myelinated neurons, action potentials "jump" down the axon. This type of axonal conduction is called... a. Myelinated conduction b. Continuous conduction c. Active conduction d. Saltatory conduction

answer

d. Saltatory conduction

question

Potassium channels open and close ______ than sodium channels during an action potential. a. More slowly b. More quickly c. As fast as

answer

a. More slowly

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