Psych 111 Exam #3 chapter 10 – Flashcards
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What is intelligence?
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the ability to direct one's thinking, adapt to one's circumstances, and learn from one's experiences
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Who was Henry Goddard?
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one of the first to measure intelligence, discriminatory toward Ellis Island immigrants.
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What did Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon do?
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developed the first intelligence test to identify children who needed remedial education.
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Who coined "mental age"?
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William Stern
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Who developed the IQ test?
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Lewis Terman
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What is ratio IQ?
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a statistic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by physical age x 100
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What is deviation IQ?
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A statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group x100
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Where do most people score on their IQ test?
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Around 100
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What are intelligence tests good for?
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Predicting performance in school
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What are the most widely used intelligence tests today?
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Stanford-Binet and the WAIS
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What do intelligence scores correlate with?
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A wide variety of successful life events and accomplishments
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What do higher intelligence scores correlate with?
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Being liberal and atheistic
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What can intelligence tests predict? (4)
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1. academic performance 2. occupational status 3. job performance 4. income
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What are interpretations of intelligence based on? (3)
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1. physical features 2. clothing 3. behavior
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What may be the best predictor of intelligence?
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Eye gaze. Those who hold eye gazes longer are more intelligent
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What did Charles Spearman do?
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set out to discover if there was a hierarchy of abilities. He found correlations among many cognitive tasks.
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What is factor analysis?
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explains a large number of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors
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What is the two-factor theory of intelligence?
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Spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of general ability and skills that are specific to the task
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What did Louis Thurstone argue?
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argued for a few primary mental abilities that were stable and independent
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How are correlations between scores on different mental ability tests best described?
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in a three-level hierarchy: 1. general factor 2. specific factors 3. group factors
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What are the 7 Primary mental abilities according to Thurstone?
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1. word fluency 2. verbal comprehension 3. number 4. space 5. memory 6. perceptual speed 7. reasoning
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where do middle-level abilities lie?
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between specific and general mental abilities in regards to intelligence
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What is the data-based approach to middle-level abilities?
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connects intelligence test performance to clusters
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What is the theory-based approach to middle-level abilities?
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Broadly surveys human abilities and determines which ones an intelligence test measures.
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What did John Carroll do?
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found patterns of correlation among eight independent middle-level abilities
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what were the 8 middle-level abilities john carroll found?
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1. memory and learning 2. visual perception 3. auditory perception 4. retrieval ability 5. cognitive speediness 6. processing speed 7. crystallized intelligence 8. fluid intelligence
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What is fluid intelligence?
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The ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences
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What is the Raven progressive matrices test?
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novel, abstract problems that must be solved under time pressure
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What is crystallized intelligence?
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the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience
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What three types of intelligence did Robert Sternberg argue?
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1. analytic intelligence 2. creative intelligence 3. practical intelligence
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What were Howard Gardner's 8 forms of intelligence?
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1. linguistic 2. logical-mathematical 3. spatial 4. musical 5. bodily-kinesthetic 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal 8. naturalistic
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What is a prodigy?
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A person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
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What is a savant?
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a person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
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What do different cultures value?
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Different abilities
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What is emotional intelligence?
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The ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning
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Who was Galton?
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conducted some of the first studies of genealogical intelligence in families. argues intelligence is inherited. Wrote the book hereditary genius
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Who should you examine test score differences between?
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Those who share genes but not enviornments
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Who has similar intelligence test scores regardless of shared environments?
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People who share genes
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What is a heritability coefficient?
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the proportion of the difference between peoples scores that can be explained by differences in their genes
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Studies show that the heritability coefficient is roughly ____
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50%
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What value can change depending on the group of people being measured?
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Heritability coefficient
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The heritability of intelligence generally ______ with the age of the sample measured
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increases
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______ is generally stable over time, but _______ can change considerably over time
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Relative intelligence; absolute intelligence
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What does the Flynn Effect refer to?
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the accidental discovery that the average intelligence test score rises about .3% every year, as discovered by James Flynn
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Studies show that those who are ____intelligent at age 11 are likely to be ____intelligent at age 80
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most;most
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_____ may establish the range in which a person's intelligence may fall, but_____ determines the point in that range at which the person's intelligence will fall
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genes; environment
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The correlation between amount of formal education and intelligence is _____
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large
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How does breast milk affect academic performance and intelligence?
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it has been found to increase both things
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Babies who are breastfed are shown to have _____ IQ's than those who are formula-fed.
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higher
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Among siblings, who tends to be more intelligent?
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the first born tends to be more intelligent than the later-born siblings
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Whose claims of intelligence were racist?
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Terman's
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What is likely to play the greatest factor in intelligence differences between groups?
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Environmental differences
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What are cognitive enhancers?
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drugs that produce improvements in the psychological processes that underlie intelligent behaviors
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How do beneficial neural changes occur?
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From exercise, nutrition, and sleep
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What does the "smart mice" experiments show?
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that genetic enhancement is possible
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How can IVF and gene therapy provide methods of increasing a couples chances of having an intelligent child?
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If scientists find genes that are related to intelligence
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What did Binet and Simon's test measure?
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A child's aptitude for learning independent of the child's prior educational achievement. Called this a test of "natural intelligence"
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What did William Stern believe was the best way to determine whether a child was developing normally?
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Examining the ratio of the child's mental age to the child's physical age
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Who formalized the ratio IQ?
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Lewis Terman
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What do intelligence tests measure?
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the ability to answer questions and perform tasks that are highly correlated with the ability to get good grades and solve real world problems
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What is the best predictor to determine the number of years of education an individual will receive?
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An intelligence test score
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The more intelligent people are, the more likely they are to be _____ and _____.
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Liberal; atheistic
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What is the confirmatory factor analysis?
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correlations between scores on different mental ability tests are best described by a three level hierarchy
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What is creative intelligence?
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ability to generate solutions that other people do not
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what is analytic intelligence?
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ability to identify and define problems and to find strategies for solving them
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What is practical intelligence?
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Ability to apply and implement solutions in every day settings
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Stern-berg has argued that tests of ______ intelligence are better than tests of ______ intelligence at predicting a person's job performance
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practical; analytic
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______ regard people as intelligent when they speak quickly and often, but_____ regard people as intelligent when they are deliberate and quiet
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Westerners; Africans
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What differs between cultures?
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Definitions of intelligence
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Emotionally intelligent people show ____ neural activity when solving emotional problems than emotionally unintelligent people do
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less
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______ children have better social skills and more friends
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Emotionally intelligent
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emotionally intelligent students are judged to be more competent ______
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in their interactions
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Which adults have better romantic relationships/better work place relationships?
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emotionally intelligent adults
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What type of people tend to be happier?
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Emotionally intelligent
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who did careful genealogical studies of eminent families and collected measurements from over 12,000 people that ranged from head size to the ability to discriminate tones.?
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Galton
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What did Galton conclude in his book "Hereditary Genius"?
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Intelligence was inherited
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about 50% of the difference between people's intelligence test scores is due to _____
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genetic differences between them
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correlation between the IQ scores of siblings ______ as the age difference between them _____
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decreases;increases
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What is generally stable over time?
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Relative intelligence
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What can change considerably over time?
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Absolute intelligence
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Studies show that intelligence tends to_____ between adolescence and middle age and to _____ thereafter. The sharpest_____ occurs in old age
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increase; decline; decrease
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What is the flynn effect?
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the average intelligence test score has been rising about .3% every year
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What areas have generations of people become better at? (3)
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abstract reasoning, spatial relations, and comprehension
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Genes may determine the ____ in which a person's IQ is likely to fall, but environments determine the _____ in that range at which the person's IQ actually will fall
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range; exact point
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By the age of three, how many words has the high SES child heard? Average low SES child?
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30 million different words. 10 million different words.
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How do genes exert some of their most powerful influences?
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By changing the person's enviornment
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What did Richard Nisbett believe?
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Genes account for none of the difference in IQ between blacks and whites; measurable environmental factors plausibly account for all of it
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What are cognitive enhancers?
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drugs that produce improvements in the psychological processes that underlie intelligent behavior
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What is one thing that clearly distinguishes gifted children?
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amount of time they spend engaged in their domain of excellence
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Which of the following abilities is not an accepted feature of intelligence?
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the ability to care for oneself
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Intelligence tests have been used for _____
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detestable ends.
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People who score well on one test of mental ability usually score well on others, suggesting that
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there is a general ability called intelligence.
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The two-factor theory suggests that intelligence is a combination of general ability and
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specific abilities.
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Most scientists now believe that intelligence is best described
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by a three-level hierarchy.
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Intelligence is influenced by
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genes and environment.
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The heritability coefficient is a statistic that describes how much of the difference between different people's intelligence scores can be explained by
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differences in their genes.
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Relative intelligence ____ over time; absolute intelligence _____ over time.
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is generally stable; changes
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A person's socioeconomic status has a(n) ____ effect on intelligence.
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powerful
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Do modern intelligence tests have a very strong cultural bias?
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No
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Gifted children tend to
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be gifted in a single domain.
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In the _____ subtest of the WAIS-III, the test taker is asked to add a missing element to a pattern so that it progresses logically.
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matrix reasoning
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If you are comparing two countries on the basis of economic status and overall IQ of the citizens, what would you expect to be true?
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The more wealthy country should have a higher mean IQ.
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If you are a researcher who looks at performance on intelligence tests and then evaluates how these responses conceptually hang together, you are taking a _____ approach to intelligence.
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data-based
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The data-based approach to intelligence suggests that:
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there are 8 mid-level abilities contributing to intelligence.
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Nick works at a holiday shop wrapping gifts all day. Nick has developed complex ways of combining previous cut scraps of wrapping paper for future use. This best illustrates _____ intelligence.
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practical
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The best predictor of intelligence score is:
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socioeconomic status
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On average, children with birthdays during the first few months of the calendar year have _____ intelligence test scores as compared to those children with late birthdays in the last 3 months of the same year.
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higher
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An Asian American student is asked to report her ethnicity at the top of a mathematics test. Doing this will very likely:
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boost her performance on the test.
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You ask four friends about what they think about differences in group intelligence scores. Of the opinions listed below, which is LEAST consistent with the evidence presented in the text?
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Group intelligence differences are due to genetics.
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Which of the following will increase your intelligence?
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both attending school and taking a cognitive enhancer
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Gifted children are _____ well-adjusted as their peers.
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equally
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The first intelligence test was developed in order to:
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identify children who needed remedial education
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The ratio IQ is calculated by the formula:
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(Mental age/Physical age) x 100
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A ________ approach to describing middle-level abilities starts with peoples' responses on intelligence tests and then looks to see what kinds of independent clusters these responses form.
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data-based
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The heritability coefficient of intelligence is roughly:
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50% of the intelligence's differences are because of genes, 50% is environment.
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The biggest reason why African Americans have lower intelligence scores than European Americans is probably that:
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environment has the biggest influence; poorer diets, poorer medical care, attend worse schools, higher chance of living in single parent home, etc.
