Psych 101 Exam 1 @UW Specter – Flashcards
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The scientific study of the human mind and its functions
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Psychology
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seeks to answer a question in the real world and to solve a problem
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Applied Research
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fills in the knowledge we don't have; to learn things that aren't always directly applicable or useful immediately
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Basic Research
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what you are born with; genetics, inherited tendencies
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Nature
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environment, experiences, culture, whats around you
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Nurture
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States that mind and body are connected (can learn about the mind by studying the physical body)
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Monism
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Psychologically experienced sensations depend on the characteristics of physical stimuli
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Psycho-physics
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believed that you could learn about the brain by breaking it down into its core components
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Structuralism
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Functions of consciousness (how and why do these things happen)
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Functionalism
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Complexity, Variability, Reactivity
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3 things that make people hard to study
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causes of behavior are internal and unconscious
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Psychodynamic Perspectives
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internal and unconscious psychological forces (sexual desires, violence)
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Psychoanalysis
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expression of any thoughts that come to mind
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Free association
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psychological techniques that help us cope with anxiety and pain
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Defense mechanisms
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primary defense mechanism -denial
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Repression
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believed that our childhood sexuality and strong urges are with us at birth (inborn)
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Troy theory
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downplays the most controversial parts of Troy's theory Focuses more on unconscious processes and how they affect behavior
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Modern psychodynamic theory
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the external environment governs our actions - John Locke (U are born as a clean slate)
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Behavioral Perspective
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emphasized environmental control of behavior through learning
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Behaviorism
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decreasing problem behaviors and increasing positive behaviors by manipulating environmental factors
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Behavior Modification
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learning experiences and the environment influence our thought
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Cognitive Behaviorism
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Emphasizes free will, personal growth, and the meaning of one's existence
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Humanistic Perspective
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the inborn motive to reach one's full potential
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Self-Actualization
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emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfillment
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Positive Psychology
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your actions are determined by your thoughts/ The nature of the mind, how mental processes influence behavior
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Cognitive Perspective
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reasoning, decision-making, perceptions, language, etc.
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Modern Cognitive Perspective
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Electrical recording and brain imaging techniques, examines brain activity while people engage in cognitive tasks
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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how the presence of others affects our behavior, thoughts, and feelings (culture/norms/socialization)
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Sociocultural Perspective
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emphasis personal goals, self identity, based on your own attributes and achievements
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Individualism
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individual goals are subordinated to those of the group (group is more important than the self)
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Collectivism
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how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behavior
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Biological Perspective
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physiological functions that underlie behavior, sensory experiences, emotions, and thoughts (neurotransmitters)
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Behavioral Neuroscience
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how behavioral tendencies are influenced by genetic factors
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Behavior Genetics
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Brain functioning and hormones, genetic factors shaped by evolution
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Biological Level of Perspectives
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Thinking, memory, attention, desires, and values
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Psychological Level of Perspectives
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Previous experiences, stimuli in immediate physical and social environment, cultural norms
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Environmental Level of Perspectives
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set of standards that govern the conduct of a person or members of a profession
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Ethics
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1. Max Benefit/Min Harm 2. Exemplify the highest standards of pro behavior 3. Integrity 4. Justice 5. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
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APA Code of Ethics (5 Principles)
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Experience as a way of knowing (Complexity, Variability, and Reactivity)
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Empiricism
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a logically stepped process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding
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Scientific Method
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the "co-relationship" or pattern of co-variation between two variables that has been measured multiple times
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Correlation
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a property whose value can vary or change
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Variable
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Two variables tend to move in opposite directions, one goes up other goes down
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Negative Variable Relationship
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natural correlation, variables that are causally related are correlated but not all variables that are correlated are causally related
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Third-Variable Problem
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the fact that two variables may be correlated only because they are both caused by a third variable
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Third-Variable Correlation
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determines causation
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Experimental Research
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Changed/Manipulated
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Independent Variable
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Measured
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Dependent Variable
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any difference between the experimental and control groups, other than the independent variable; makes independent variable effects uninterpretable
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Confounds
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improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
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Placebo Effect
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harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm
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Nocebo Effect
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phenomenon in which researcher's hypothesis lead them to unintentionally bias a study outcome
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Experimenter Expectancy Effect
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cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses
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Demand Characteristics
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an observation whose true purpose is hidden from the researchers as well as from the participant
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Double-Blind Observation
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where the group tends to cluster
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Central Tendency
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middle score
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Median
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most frequent score
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Mode
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sense of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
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Dispersion
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Difference between the highest and lowest scores (variability)
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Range
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measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean
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Standard Deviation
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combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic
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Meta-Analysis
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study of the brain behavior
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Biological Psychology
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an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body
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Nervous System
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cells in the nervous system that communicate with each other to do information-processing tasks
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Neuron
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Receiving portion of the neuron
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Dendrites
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transmits info to other neurons (sending part)
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Axon
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insulates the axon so that it can send electricity more efficiently
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Myelin Sheath
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junction between axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another
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Synapse
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forms the myelin sheath that covers the axons, also form blood-brain barrier to protect brain and respond to injury and remove debris
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Glial Cells
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carry the input sensations from sensory organs to spinal cord and to the brain
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Sensory Neuron
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carry outputs outwards
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Motor Neurons
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link sensory neurons, motor neurons, and other interneurons
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Interneurons
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1. Neuron has an electric resting potential 2. Action potential occurs when a neuron is stimulated 3. Original ionic balance is restored; neuron is at rest
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Three steps in activation of nerve impulses
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a tiny gap between the axon terminal and the next neuron
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Synaptic Space
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chemical substances that carry messages across the synaptic space to other neurons, muscles, or glands
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Neurotransmitters
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causes muscles to contract, activates pain responses and regulates endocrine
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Acetylcholine (Ach)
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affects emotions, movements, and sensations of pleasure and pain (loss of dopamine is Parkinson's)
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Dopamine (DA)
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stops the firing of neurons in the brain (major inhibitory neurotransmitter)
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GABA
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powerful excitatory transmitter, linked with memory and learning
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Glutamate
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influences mood and arousal, helps with alertness
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Neropinephrine (NE)
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affects mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion, sleep, memory, and sexual desire and function
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Serotonin
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reduce sensitivity to pain, increase pleasure, linked to opium
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Endorphins
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drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter
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Agonists
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drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter
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Antagonists
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Spinal Cord and Brain
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Autonomic (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic) and Somatic
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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sense the body's internal functions and controls many glands/muscles
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Autonomic (Under PNS)
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sense and respond to what's in our environment
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Somatic (Under PNS)
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activation or arousal function (active during fight or flight)
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Sympathetic (In autonomic)
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maintains a state of internal equilibrium (homeostasis - active during rest and digestion)
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Parasympathetic (In autonomic)
