question

learning

answer

process of acquiring new and relatively enduring info/behaviors

question

classical conditioning

answer

associate two stimuli so we are able to adapt to our environments and prepare accordingly

question

operant conditioning

answer

associate response and its consequences (repeat acts that bring rewards/avoid acts with unwanted results)

question

cognitive learning

answer

acquisition of mental info., whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

question

associative learning

answer

learning that certain events occur together (fond. op.)

question

observational learning

answer

(form of cognitive) learning from others experiences

question

reinforcement

answer

increasing likelihood of behavior in future

question

respondent behaviors

answer

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

question

behaviorism

answer

watsons view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior w.o reference to mental processes

question

neutral stimulus

answer

in Classical Conditioning, a stimulus that elicits NO RESPONSE BEFORE CONDITIONING

question

unconditioned response UR

answer

in Classical, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth)

question

uncondition stimulus

answer

in CC, stimulus that natural triggers a response

question

conditioned response

answer

In CC, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

question

conditioned stimulus

answer

in CC, an originally neutral/irrelevant stim that, after association w. an unconditioned stim., comes to trigger a conditioned response.

question

acquisition

answer

in CC, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stim and an unconditioned stim so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

question

high order conditioning

answer

the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired w. a new neutral stim, creating a 2nd (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. (afraid of dog bit--> afraid of bark)

question

extinction

answer

diminished responding that occurs when the cs no longer signals an impending US

question

spontaneous recovery

answer

spon. reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause

question

generalization

answer

tendency to respond likewise to stim similar to cs (dog drool when rubbed, drools when scratched elsewhere) -can be adaptive (kids learn to be afraid of moving cars->trucks, motorcycles, etc)

question

discrimination

answer

in CC, the learned ability to distinguish btwn a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US (adaptive)

question

Thorndikes LAW OF EFFECT

answer

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

question

operant chamber (skinner box)

answer

contains bar/ kay that an animal can manipulate to obtain reinforcement

question

shaping

answer

an operant cond procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closed approximations of desired behavior

question

w. discriminative stimuli we can

answer

shape animals to respond to one stim and not another (kids whining-> attention)

question

pos reinf

answer

add a desirable stimulus

question

neg reinf

answer

remove an aversive stimulus

question

primary reinforcers

answer

innately reinforcing stim that satisfy a biological need

question

conditioned reinforcer

answer

stim that gains its reinforcing power through its association w. a primary reinforcer (secondary reinforcer) (money, good grades, pleasant tone of voice)

question

reinforcement schedule

answer

pattern of how often a desired response will be reinforced

question

continuous reinf

answer

reinforce desired response EVERY TIME it occurs

question

partial (intermittent) reinf

answer

reinf a response only PART of the time which results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction

question

response rates higher with _____ schedules but responding more consistent when reinforcement is on a ______ schedule that a ____ schedule

answer

ratio, variable, fixed

question

punishment

answer

event that decreases the behavior that it follows

question

respondent behavior vs operant behavior

answer

automatic response to stim, operates on the environment, producing consequences

question

cognitive map

answer

mental rep. of ones environment

question

latent learning

answer

learning that occurs but is not apparent till there is an incentive to demonstrate it

question

intrinsic motivation

answer

desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake (inner reward) (giving ppl choices enhances intrinsic)

question

extrinsic motivation

answer

desire to perform to receive promised rewards/ avoid threatened punishment

question

modeling

answer

observe and imitate behavior (vicarious reinforcement/punishment) esp from those we perceive similar to ourselves

question

mirror neurons

answer

frontal lobe neurons that were believed to fire when doing activity or observing it

question

memory

answer

learning that has persisted over time

question

recall

answer

retrieving info that is not currently in your conscious awareness but was learned at earlier time

question

recognition

answer

identifying item previously learned

question

relearning

answer

learning something more quickly when learn it a second time

question

3 steps to remember

answer

encode, store, retrieve

question

connectionism

answer

memories are producers of interconnected neural networks

question

sensory memory

answer

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in memory system

question

working memory

answer

newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious processing of incoming auditory and visual and spatial info and of info retrieved from long term memory

question

effortful process

answer

requires attention explicit memories

question

automatic process

answer

other info skips conscious encoding and barges directly into storage w.o knowing

question

PROCEDURAL MEMORY

answer

CLASSically conditioned associations among stim

question

iconic memory

answer

fleeting sensory men of VISUAL stimuli

question

echoic mem

answer

auditory stimuli (catch last few words)

question

shallow processing

answer

encodes on basic lvl (words/letters)

question

deep processing

answer

encodes semantically based on meaning of words

question

Frontal lobes and Hippocampus

answer

store explicit memories

question

damaged HC

answer

disrupts recall of explicit mems Left trouble remembering verbal info but can recall visual designs and locations Right reverse

question

Frontal lobes direct

answer

retrieval and use of explicit memories

question

HC facilitates

answer

encoding and storage of memories

question

cerebellum forms and stores

answer

our conditioned responses

question

basal ganglia (next to thalamus)

answer

controls movement, and forms and stores procedural memory and motor skills

question

stress hormones provoke

answer

amygdala (flashbulb memories)

question

long term potentiation

answer

inc in a cells firing potential after stimulus

question

CREB

answer

triggers production of proteins that help reshape synapses and transfer short term memories into long term memories

question

automatic processing in

answer

cerebellum and basal ganglia

question

effortful processing in

answer

FLobes and HC

question

working memory is also

answer

Short term

question

retrieval cues

answer

come from associations formed during encoding

question

priming

answer

to retrieve memory, must activate strand leading to it

question

context-dependent mem

answer

putting self back in context

question

state-dependent

answer

mems tied to emotional state when it was formed

question

mood-congruent

answer

when were happy we remember happy things

question

serial position effect

answer

tendency to recall 1st/last items of list. Right away-recency effect last items a while later- primary effect first items

question

retrograde amnesia

answer

an inability to retrieve men of past (head injury or emotional trauma) OFTEN TEMPORARY

question

anterograde amnesia

answer

can't form new longterm explicit mems

question

storage decay

answer

memory never used

question

misinfo effect

answer

prompts/priming cause us to remember info in a biased way

question

source amnesia

answer

misremember source of info (deja vu)

question

proactive interference

answer

when prior learning disrupts your recall of new info (memory of old combo interferes with new)

question

retroactive interference

answer

when new learning disrupts recall of old info (song cover can't remember original words)

question

We are more likely to recall adjectives if asked how well they describe us than if asked how well they describe someone else

answer

self reference effect

question

The retention of encoded information over time refers to

answer

storage

question

Although college textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of

answer

shape constancy

question

Opponent-process cells have been located in the

answer

thalamus

question

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of

answer

imagery

question

Accommodation

answer

process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.

question

When asked how they felt 10 years ago regarding marijuana issues, people recalled attitudes closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates

answer

memory construction

question

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates

answer

latent learning

question

instinctive drift.

answer

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of

question

Ewald Hering found a clue to the mystery of color vision in

answer

blindsight

question

Rabbits fail to learn a conditioned eyeblink response when the function of different pathways in their ________ is surgically disrupted.

answer

cerebellum

question

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the nervous system is called

answer

sensation

question

The amount of light reflected by an object relative to the amount reflected by surrounding objects is called

answer

relative luminance

question

topdown processing

answer

development of pattern recognition through the use of contextual information/Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes are called

question

bottom up

answer

, perception starts at the sensory input, the stimulus. Thus, perception can be described as data-driven/

question

signal detection theory

answer

emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds?

question

distance cues

answer

objects may appear bigger bc of dc

question

lightness constancy

answer

even in shadow/light remain same

question

color constancy

answer

even with reflected light on object color remains same

question

perceptual constancy

answer

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination changes

question

linear perspective

answer

converging lines->greater distance away

question

relative height

answer

higher object is farther away (MOUNTAINS)

question

retinal processing

answer

receptro rods and cones to bipolar cells to ganglion cells

question

feature detection

answer

brains detector cells respond to specific features edges lines and angles

question

helmhotz tricolor theory

answer

3 types of color receptor cones red blue green all colors are combos of these cones

question

gestalt

answer

we organize sensory info into meaningful perceptions (men on stairs vs. arrows)

question

binocular cues

answer

retinal disparity finger sausage

question

monocular cues

answer

relative size (2 objects similar in size-perceive one that casts smaller retinal image-> farther away

question

interposition

answer

object blocks others so its perceived as closer

question

accommodation

answer

changing lens shape to focus

question

light gets focused by

answer

lens

question

sight begins transduction in___ and send to optic nerve

answer

retina

question

transduction

answer

transformation of stimulus energy into neural impuses

question

psychophysics

answer

relation btwn physical characteristics of stim and our psych experience with them

question

bottom up processing

answer

analysis of stim begins w. sensory receptors and works up to lvl of brain/mind

question

top down

answer

info processing guided by higher lvl mental processes as we construct perceptions.

question

context effects

answer

clouded by words, situations, sounds

question

perceptual set

answer

perceptions can be clouded by expectations of what well se, feelings, and what were motivated to see

question

ganglion cell

answer

neuron located in the retina of the eye that receives visual information from photoreceptors via various intermediate cells such as bipolar cells

question

Bipolar cells

answer

specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses

question

rods

answer

responsible for vision at low light levels DO NOT MEDIATE COLOR VISION

question

cones

answer

active at higher light levels, are capable of color vision

Psyc Unit 2 Terms – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards