PSYC 319 Exam 2 (Ch.4-6) – Flashcards

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question
Wilhelm Wundt is credited as the founder of Psychology. True False
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true
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Wundt believed the mind actively organizes the content of consciousness. True False
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true
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Wundt used the term "elements" to suggest psychology was like the natural sciences. True False
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true
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The subject matter of Wundt's psychology was consciousness. True False
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true
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The book "Principles of Physiological Psychology" was published in 1973. True False
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false, 1873
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Wilhelm Wundt is the ____ of psychology as a discipline. a. founder b. originator and founder c. originator d. forerunner e. antecedent
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founder
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In 1867, Wundt offered the first course ever given in ____. a. physiological psychology b. introspection c. volkerpsychologie d. psychophysics e. social psychology
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physiological psychology
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What book marks the "literary birth" of the new science of psychology? a. Müller's Handbook of Physiology of Mankind (1833-1840) b. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) c. Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862) d. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862) e. Helmholtz's Handbook of Physiological Optics (1856-1866)
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d. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862)
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Which of the following statements is true of Wundt's cultural psychology? a. It became the discipline known as anthropology. b. It was the same thing as folk psychology. c. It dealt with various stages of human mental development. d. It was never published, although some lectures and articles remain. e. It was the study of socioeconomic strata in society.
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c. it dealt with various stages of human mental development
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Wundt's system is most accurately called ____. a. physiological psychology b. psychophysics c. structural psychology d. experimental psychology e. reductionism
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d. experimental psychology
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In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29-year-old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could ____. a. pay attention to three things at once, but not four b. pay attention to two things at once, but not three c. sustain his attention on one thing for a little less than 12 minutes at a time d. pay attention to two things at once e. not pay attention to two things at once
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e. not pay attention to two things at once
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Wundt's productivity as a writer can be quantified by his output, which averaged ____. a. just about 1 page a day for his working life b. 4.7 pages a day for approximately 15 years c. 5 pages a day for over 50 years d. 2.2 pages a day for over 50 years e. 1.5 pages a day for approximately 25 years
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d. 2.2 pages a day over 50 years
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Wundt established psychology as distinct from philosophy primarily in terms of its ____. a. use of the experimental method b. subject matter c. focus on behavior d. use of the deduction and induction e. emphasis on physiology
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a. use of the experimental method
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The cultural psychology of Wundt examined evidence from ____. a. examination of language, myths, customs, law, and morals b. experimentation c. studies of children and their thinking d. philosophy e. a content analysis of contemporary newspapers
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a. examination of language myths, customs, law and morals
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Wundt's influence was so widely felt that, as a tribute, his lab was later replicated in ____. a. Sweden and Italy b. the United States and Sweden c. Italy and Japan d. Russia and the United States e. Japan and Russia
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Japan and Russia
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According to Wundt, the 2 types of conscious experience are "mediate" and immediate." True False
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true
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The word "voluntarism" is derived from the word volition. True False
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true
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A mediate experience precedes immediate experience. True False
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false, a mediate experience follows or builds up from an "immediate" experience
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Wundt trained his subjects how to introspect properly. True False
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true
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Wundt believed that the content of consciousness passively self-organized. True False
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false, Wundt focused on the conscious mind's "active" self-organizing ability
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Wundt's term voluntarism reflects his emphasis on the ____. a. idea that a stimulus in the environment can force us to pay attention b. elements of consciousness c. power of the will to organize the contents of the mind d. individual's choice to apply his/her knowledge base to a situation e. ability of the individual to "make the nonconscious conscious"
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power of the will to organize the contents of the mind
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Wundt's theory of feelings was based on ____. a. Fechner's discovery of the pleasure principle b. Weber's earlier work on emotions c. his own introspections d. retrospective reports of trained observers e. Fechner's Law (S = k log R)
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his own introspections
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For Wundt, the subject matter of experimental psychology was consciousness. True False
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true
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According to Wundt, the stimulation of a sense organ sufficiently to have the nerve impulse reach the brain defines a(n) ____. a. perception b. afferent response c. sensation d. cognition e. reflex
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sensation
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Research suggests that many psychology historians consider ____ to be the most important psychologist of all time. a. Freud b. Wundt c. Fechner d. Ebbinghaus e. Titchener
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wundt
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Wundt's doctrine of apperception was also known as the ____. a. principle of creative synthesis b. law of psychic resultants c. principle of psychic compounding d. law of Gestalt resultants e. law of creative resultants
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law of psychic resultants
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According to Wundt, psychology should be concerned with the study of ____. a. the different stages of childhood development b. the time required for sensory organs to transmit impulses to consciousness c. mediate experience d. conscious experience e. immediate experience
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immediate experience
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The first system or school of thought in psychology was called ____. a. voluntarism by Wundt b. cultural psychology by Wundt c. volkerpsychologie by Wundt d. structuralism in Germany and functionalism in the United States e. structuralism by Wundt's student, Titchener
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voluntarism by Wundt
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The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of ____. a. emotions b. feelings c. apperception d. sensations e. the tridimensional theory of feelings
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apperception
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As Wundt stated in the Original Source Material on the Law of Psychic Resultants and the Principle of Creative Synthesis from the Outline of Psychology (1896), the ____ "finds its expression in the fact that every psychical compound shows attributes which may...be understood from the attributes of its elements...but which are by no means to be looked upon as the mere sum of the attributes of these elements. a. use of physical measurements b. use of psychic measurement c. principle of creative synthesis d. concept of habit e. law of psychic resultants
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law of psychic resultants
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For Wundt, feelings are ____. a. based on three dimensions including pleasure/displeasure b. a complex idea c. derived directly from a sense organ d. the same as sensations e. complex compounds of elementary emotions
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based on three dimensions including pleasure/displeasure
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Wundt's most important contribution to psychology was ____. a. "selling" psychology to the scientific community b. describing psychology as an experimental science c. beginning the first psychological journal d. his publications, which are still widely read today e. All of the above
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All of the above ("selling" psychology to the scientific community; describing psychology as an experimental science; beginning the first psychological journal; his publications, which are still widely used today)
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Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's experimental conditions? a. The observations must be repeatable. b. It must be possible to control and manipulate the stimuli. c. Observers must be able to determine when the process is to begin. d. Observers must be able to describe the qualitative aspects of their experiences. e. Observers must be in a state of readiness.
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Observers must be able to describe the qualitative aspects of their experiences
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According to Wundt, ____ has/have "to do with objective masses, forces, and energies" while ____ has/have "to do with subjective values and ends." a. psychical measurements; physical measurements b. creative synthesis; the law of psychic resultants c. the law of psychic resultants; creative synthesis d. physical measurements; psychical measurements e. None of the choices are correct.
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physical measurements; psychical measurements
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Which of the following is not a reason for decline of Wundt's approach to psychology? a. Wundt's approach was overshadowed by the development of Gestalt psychology in Germany and psychoanalysis in Austria. b. German universities did not have the economic resources to support scientific psychology. c. The pragmatic culture of the United States precluded Wundt's system. d. Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work. e. Wundt's approach represented a pure science of psychology with little opportunity for practical application.
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Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work
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Introspection as used by Wundt is also called ____. a. retrospection b. internal perception c. the method of limits d. internal observation e. the method of constant stimuli
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internal perception
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Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's goals for his psychology? a. To determine how the elements of consciousness are synthesized b. To analyze conscious processes c. To identify the principles that govern the synthesis of those elements into higher cognitive processes such as learning d. To identify the basic elements of consciousness e. To determine the principles of the linking that occurs in the organization of the elements
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To identify the principles that govern the synthesis of those elements into higher cognitive processes such as learning
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Which of the following are the three dimensions of Wundt's tridimensional theory of feelings? a. clarity/opaqueness; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression. b. tension/ relaxation; pleasure/depression; clarity/opaqueness. c. intensity/extensity; immediacy/delay; pleasure/displeasure. d. pleasure/displeasure; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression. e. pleasure/pain; tension/relief; mania/depression.
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pleasure/displeasure tension/relaxation excitement/depression
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The law of psychic resultants governs ____. a. the mechanical linking (association) of mental elements into complex ideas ** b. perception c. the production of images and their retention d. the organization of mental elements e. the mechanical linking (association) of mental elements into simple ideas **
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a. **
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Which statement best describes the basic content of the Original Source Material by Wundt? a. Psychology studies how the conscious mind uses mental elements to conceal unconsciousness processes. b. Psychology is concerned with the complete listing of mental elements and how these mental elements combine according to the principles of association to form states of consciousness. c. Psychology is concerned with the study of how the brain controls mental processes. d. Psychology is concerned with how the active powers of the mind synthesize mental elements into states of consciousness. e. Psychology studies how the mind comes to have innate knowledge.
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Psychology is concerned with how the active powers of the mind synthesize mental elements into states of consciousness.
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Wundt's doctrine of apperception refers to ____. a. the breaking down of mental elements b. perception c. the process of training introspective observers over 10,000 observations d. the process of organizing mental elements into a whole e. None of the choices are correct
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the process of organizing mental elements into a whole
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Wundtian psychology in Germany was slow to develop because ____. a. experimentation was not valued b. Germans were resistant to introspection c. there were not enough journals and textbooks d. it was not seen as having practical value e. Wundt could not adequately distinguish between feelings and sensations
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it was not seen as having a practical value
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In the Original Source Material, Wundt states that ,"the law of psychical resultants expresses a principle that is the opposite of the principle of creative synthesis". True False
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false
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Wundt classified sensations according to which characteristics? a. sense modality, clearness, and quality b. intensity and extensity c. intensity, duration, and sense modality d. clearness, quality, and duration e. reaction time and intensity
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intensity, duration, and sense modality
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If you look at a rose and observe, "The rose is red," you are observing the ____. a. elements of experience b. stimulus error c. basic human experience d. mediate experience e. immediate experience
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mediate experience
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For Wundt, the difference between sensations and images was ____. a. that images are weaker than sensations b. that sensations last for microseconds, whereas images can be retained in memory for indeterminate periods of time c. nonexistent d. that images are what today we call perceptions e. that images have a longer duration than sensations
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nonexistent
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In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess ____. a. sensations b. immediate experience c. feelings d. mediate experience e. stimulus intensities
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immediate experience
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Wundt's modification of introspection was the ____. a. comparison of normal subjects' reports of elements of consciousness with reports. of hallucinations by psychiatric patients and by those using drugs such as cocaine b. use of children as observers (subjects) c. use of experimental controls d. analysis of mediate experience into immediate experience and its confounds e. quantification of the sensations in accord with Fechner's Law
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use of experimental controls
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The ultimate fate of Wundt's laboratory at Leipzig was that it ____. a. was destroyed by allied bombing raids in World War II b. was destroyed in World War II but rebuilt as a historical museum c. is still a productive research facility d. was destroyed by the Gestapo in World War II e. is still in existence but serves solely as a historical attraction
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was destroyed by Allied bombing raids in WWII
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According to Wundt, there were two elementary forms of experience, namely ____. a. sensation and feelings b. sensation and perception c. sensation and images d. immediate experience and mediate experience e. images and feelings
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sensation and feelings
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Wundt's observers used introspection to report ____. a. judgments about the size and intensity of physical stimuli b. their reaction times c. the processes of sensing and perceiving d. retrospective accounts of their experiences e. All of the above choices are correct
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judgements about the size and intensity of physical stimuli
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Stumph's phenomenology was similar to Wundt's introspection. True False
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true
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Kulpe had his research subjects report their mental experiences before they occurred. True False
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false, Oswald Kulpe had his subjects report their mental experiences retroactively, from memory
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Like Wundt, Brentano advocated study of the content of consciousness. True False
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false, Rather than study the "content" of memory, Brentano proposed studying the "activity" involved in "getting things into consciousness"
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Kulpe focused his research on mental processes. True False
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true
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Ebbinghaus demonstrated a method to study learning and memory. True False
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true
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While conducting his research, Ebbinghaus used ____. a. a laboratory to systematically test 20 subjects at a time b. over 1,000 subjects c. a method to "erase" memories d. fewer than 10 subjects at a time e. a single subject
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a single subject
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As his measure of learning, Ebbinghaus adapted a method from ____. a. the Cartesian dualists b. the psychophysicists c. the early mentalists d. Wundt's lab e. the associationists
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the associationists
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Ebbinghaus and König argued that psychology and physiology ____. a. are inseparable halves of a new great double science b. must unite to remove introspection and replace it with experimentation in the new science c. must each address classic problems from philosophy d. must remain parallel and together but not intersect while studying the mind-body problem e. must be separated if the new science was to flourish
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are inseparable halves of a new great double science
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Titchener noted that the first significant advance in the study of learning since Aristotle was ____. a. the influence of the basic elements of sensation and feeling on the rate of learning b. Wundt's experimental methods c. the development of the nonsense syllable d. the use of introspection e. the conceptualization of imageless thought
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the development of the nonsense syllable
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The significance of Ebbinghaus's work is in his ____. a. rigorous use of experimental control and his quantitative analysis of data b. use of large numbers of subjects to replicate his experiments c. tolerance for boredom d. finding that longer material takes more time to learn e. ability to further the approach and findings of Wundt
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rigorous use of the experimental control and his quantitative analysis of data
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Ebbinghaus developed a(n) ____ considered by some to be the first successful test of higher mental process and used today, in modified form, in cognitive ability tests. a. memory and retention exercise b. problem-solving template c. ability test of memorization d. sentence-completion exercise e. tolerance of boredom
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sentence-completion exercise
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Stumpf's method of observation was ____. a. systematic experimental introspection b. phenomenology c. retrospection d. introspection e. insight
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phenomenology
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Act psychology, in contrast to Wundt's approach, claimed that psychology should ____. a. study mental processes or functions and not mental structure b. be concerned with the development of rigorous methods of scientific research in the laboratory c. try to analyze consciousness into discrete mental states called "moments" d. actively fight for its place in the academic world e. incorporate the study of music into laboratory research
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study mental processes or functions and not mental structure
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This popular lecturer at the University of Vienna influenced many students including von Ehrenfels and Freud and was the intellectual antecedent of Gestalt psychology and humanistic psychology. a. Oswald Külpe b. Hermann Ebbinghaus c. Carl Stumpf d. Franz Brentano e. Edward Titchener
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Franz Brentano
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Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting shows that ____. a. the decay theory of forgetting is essentially correct b. material is forgotten rapidly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down c. material learned first is forgotten last d. forgetting occurs at a gradual, even rate across time e. material is forgotten slowly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting speeds up
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material is forgotten rapidly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down
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The subject matter of psychology is the act of experiencing, according to ____. a. Brentano b. Ebbinhaus c. Stumpf d. Titchener e. Wundt
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Brentano
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Ebbinghaus measured the rate of human learning by ____. a. using an a priori method b. counting associations that had already been formed c. looking at the relationship between a behavior and its consequence d. making it more objective e. counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material
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counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material
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Brentano's system of psychology was called ____ psychology. a. Content b. Memory c. Sense d. Cognitive e. Act
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Act
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Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874) was the major contribution to psychology from ____. a. Stumpf b. Brentano c. Wundt d. Titchener e. Ebbinghaus
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Brentano
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Ebbinghaus is important for the history of psychology because he ____. a. taught Freud and influenced humanism and Gestalt psychology b. successfully challenged Wundt's claim that higher mental processes, such as learning and memory, could not be studied in the laboratory c. wrote the first definitive work on child psychology d. united with Gestalt psychology to oppose the spread of Wundt's psychology in Germany e. used reaction times to measure the speed of recalling information from memory
answer
successfully challenged Wundt's claim that higher mental processes, such as learning and memory, could not be studied in the laboratory
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For Brentano, the primary research method was ____. a. observation b. factor analysis c. functional analysis d. psychoanalysis e. experimentation
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observation
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What was "meaningless" for Ebbinghaus? a. The use of introspection b. Each series of syllables created for his research c. Each syllable created for his research d. A mathematical approach to psychological phenomena e. Having a specific criterion to identify when learning had occurred
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Each series of syllables created for his research
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____ work on ____ was the first "venture into a truly psychological problem area" rather than on physiology. a. Wundt's; sensation b. Ebbinghaus'; learning c. Fechner's; psychophysics d. Brentano's; mental activity e. none of the other choices
answer
Ebbinghaus learning
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Ebbinghaus's focus of study was on the ____. a. evolutionary theory as it applied to the mind b. nature of the mind/body problem c. examination of associations that were already formed d. initial formation of associations e. work of Helmholtz
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initial formation of associations
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The fundamental purpose of creating nonsense syllables is to ____. a. assess word associations that are not influenced by unconscious material b. offset the influence of past reinforcements and punishments that one may associate with certain words c. control for apperception d. control for previous learning e. be able to replicate the research in all languages that use the same alphabet
answer
control for previous learning
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This person was influenced by Fechner's rigid and systematic use of measurement in developing his own methods for researching higher level cognitive processes. a. Hermann Ebbinghaus b. Georg Elias Müller c. Hermann von Helmholtz d. Oswald Külpe e. Carl Stumpf
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally, who soon proved him wrong? a. Ebbinghaus b. Külpe c. Brentano d. Titchener e. Galton
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Ebbinghaus
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Given that many of his research findings remain valid today, ____ can be seen as more influential than ____. a. Ebbinghaus; Wundt b. Wundt; Ebbinghaus c. Wundt; Brentano d. König; Brentano e. Brentano; König
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Ebbinghaus Wundt
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Act psychologists argued that the two ways of systematically studying mental acts were ____. a. introspection and retrospection b. learning and imagination c. memory and imagination d. experimentation and empiricism e. learning and memory
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memory and imagination
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Other than Stumpf's research, his greatest influence on psychology may have been ____. a. the discovery of imageless thought and the ensuing debate with Wundt b. the legitimization of untrained observers to do introspection in experimental research c. the legitimization of music as a therapy for mentally ill and developmentally disabled persons d. educating the founders of Gestalt psychology e. the legitimization of introspection as an experimental technique
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educating the founders of Gestalt psychology
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The psychological study of music was pioneered by ____. a. Helmholtz b. Fechner c. Wundt d. Külpe e. Stumpf
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Stumpf
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When Ebbinghaus compared the speed of memorizing lists of nonsense syllables versus stanzas of a poem he found that ____. a. each stanza had 80 syllables, requiring 80 repetitions while it required 9 readings to memorize 80 syllables from the meaningless list b. it is not possible to construct an association-free syllable c. meaningless material is nine times harder to learn than meaningful material d. it is possible to construct an association-free syllable e. Byron's poem, "Don Juan," was so uninteresting that stanzas from took longer to learn than did lists of syllables
answer
meaningless material is 9 times harder to learn than meaninful material
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What may be "the most brilliant single investigation in the history of experimental psychology"? a. Ebbinghaus's On Forgetting b. Ebbinghaus's On Memory c. Wundt's On Forgetting d. Titchener's A Summary of Psychology e. Titchener's On Memory
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Ebbinghaus's On Memory
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"Association" was the mechanism of Titchner's Structuralism. True False
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true
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Titchner embraced Wundt's "apperception." True False
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false, discarded Wundt's "apperception"
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Titchner was in favor of child development psychology. True False
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false, opposed child development psyc
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Titchner defined "mind" as the "sum of a person's experiences accumulated over a lifetime." True False
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true
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The "stimulus error" was mistakenly eating the stimulus. True False
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false, confusing the mental experience of consciousness with the "object" of consciousness
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The sum of our experiences as they exist at a particular moment is Titchener's definition of ____. a. perception b. consciousness c. mind d. conscious experience e. apperception
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consciousness
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Subjects in Titchener's laboratory were asked to ____. a. swallow a stomach tube b. record their sensations and feelings during urination and defecation c. make notes of their sensations and feelings during sexual intercourse d. attach measuring devices to their bodies to record their physiological responses during sexual intercourse e. All of the choices are correct
answer
All of the above
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Who said psychology was NOT in the business of curing sick minds? a. Comte b. Wundt c. James d. Titchener e. Külpe
answer
Titchener
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____ was the first American woman to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology. a. Margaret Mead b. Margaret Floy Washburn c. Karen Horney d. Christine Ladd-Franklin e. Cora Friedline
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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Who defined the subject matter of psychology as being a conscious experience as that experience is dependent on the person who is actually experiencing it? a. Wundt b. Titchener c. Washburn d. Külpe e. Comte
answer
Titchener
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Titchener discarded aspects of Wundt's system, including ____. a. his focus on consciousness b. introspection c. apperception d. elements of consciousness e. none of the choices are correct; Titchener retained virtually all of Wundt's system
answer
apperception
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The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of which of the following? a. Wundt b. Külpe c. Titchener d. both Wundt and Külpe e. both Wundt and Titchener
answer
Titchener
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Titchener excluded women from the meetings of the Titchener Experimentalists because women: a. were believed unable to grasp the pure research methods of experimentation. b. were too pure to smoke. c. could not be admitted without their husbands, and none had married experimental psychologists. d. were not admitted to graduate programs in psychology. e. psychologists were almost exclusively engaged in applied research.
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were too pure to smoke
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For many of his early years at Cornell, Titchener was known as "the professor in charge of ____ ." a. coin collecting b. correspondence c. everything d. philosophy e. music
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music
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Titchener's definition of the appropriate subject matter of psychology is ____. a. conscious experience b. anything that could be observed scientifically c. both conscious and unconscious experiences d. behavioral events e. mental and behavioral events
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conscious experience
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Titchener's manner with his students during lectures was one of ____. a. formality b. concern c. humility d. good humor e. All of the choices are correct
answer
formality
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Titchener vigorously cautioned experimental psychologists about the stimulus error, that is, about ____. a. describing feelings instead of sensations b. describing the observed object rather than the experience of it c. describing qualities of the stimulus instead of quantities d. assuming a one-to-one correspondence between the stimulus and its perception e. assuming a logarithmic relationship between the strength of the objective stimulus and the intensity of the psychological experience of the stimulus
answer
describing the observed object rather than the experience of it
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Who defined the subject matter of psychology as being a conscious experience as that experience is dependent on the person who is actually experiencing it? a. Titchener b. Washburn c. Külpe d. Comte e. Wundt
answer
Titchener
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If you described the test you are now taking as being on paper, you would not be giving a true introspective report of your conscious experience according to Titchener. In introspection, to use everyday words such as "paper" is to ____. a. use abbreviated syntax b. be a rational human being c. reason illogically d. commit the stimulus error e. deny reality
answer
commit the stimulus error
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Who was Titchener's first doctoral student? a. Comte b. Ladd-Franklin c. Friedline d. Dallenbach e. Washburn
answer
washburn
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One of the main reasons that Titchener's thought was believed to closely parallel that of Wundt was that Titchener ____. a. did not, himself, have any creative ideas b. did not depart from Wundtian ideas in any significant manner c. took great care to scrupulously present all of Wundt's ideas, whether he agreed with them or not d. was Wundt's cousin e. translated Wundt's books from German into English
answer
translated Wundt's books from German into English
question
While Wundt emphasized ____ and ____ reports during introspection, Titchener used ____ and ____ introspective reports. a. objective, qualitative; subjective, quantitative b. objective, quantitative; subjective, qualitative c. subjective, quantitative; objective; qualitative d. subjective, qualitative; objective, quantitative e. perceptive, brief; sensation, extended
answer
objective, quantitative subjective, qualitative
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Titchner eventually dropped the concept of mental elements. True False
answer
true
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Structuralism died along with Titchner. True False
answer
true
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Margaret Washburn was Titchner's landlady. True False
answer
false, first female psychology PhD student
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Titchner wanted to discover the "adams" of the mind. True False
answer
false, atoms
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"Images" are mental experiences that arise from our memories. True False
answer
true
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Titchener's research identified three elements of consciousness: sensations, affective states, and ____. a. elements of emotion b. subliminal perception c. perception d. behavioral intention e. images
answer
images
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When Titchener died, the era of structuralism collapsed. True False
answer
true
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Titchener's research led him to conclude that affective states had only ____ dimension(s); namely ____. a. two; pleasure/displeasure and tension/ relaxation b. one; pleasure/displeasure c. one; tension/relaxation d. two; pleasure/displeasure and excitement/depression e. one; excitement/depression
answer
one pleasure/displeasure
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The English physician ____ wrote "due to the extent of the pathology of mind, self-report is hardly to be trusted." a. Gray b. Turner c. Berkeley d. Maudsley e. Mill
answer
Maudsley
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Which of Titchener's basic elements of consciousness does not possess clearness? a. perceptions b. apperceptions c. affective states d. limens e. ideas
answer
affective states
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Titchener's view of the field of psychology was ____. a. breathtakingly broad b. more encompassing than most critics then and now realized c. too limited to embrace new work and dimensions d. not shared by others but widely respected nonetheless e. one of his most lasting contributions
answer
too limited to embrace new work and dimensions
question
In terms of describing the method of introspection, Titchener ____. a. relied on Wundt's definition b. used inspection and retrospection c. used Comte's operational definition d. had difficulty defining exactly what he meant e. defined it with the precision of an Oxford scholar
answer
had difficulty defining exactly what he meant
question
The influence of mechanism on Titchener is exemplified in his ____. a. atomism b. use of the dehumanizing term subjects rather than observers c. elementism d. determinism e. use of the chemistry term reagents instead of observers
answer
use of the chemistry term reagents instead of observers
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the three essential problems for psychology, according to Titchener? a. to reduce conscious processes to their simplest components b. to study how these components were synthesized into higher-level processes c. to determine laws by which these elements of consciousness were associated d. to connect these elements with their physiological correlates e. None of the answers is correct.
answer
to study how these components were synthesized into higher-level processes
question
The idea of developing an introspective language was ____. a. never realized b. not of interest to Titchener c. an idea whose time had come d. really a form of inspection e. carefully controlled
answer
never realized
question
Which of the following statements is true about the status of the introspective method in modern psychology? a. The introspective method has been abandoned in all fields of modern psychology. b. The cognitive field of research is still debating whether introspection is a legitimate research method. c. Psychophysics in the only area of modern research that still continues to use introspection. d. Several areas of modern psychology, such as clinical and industrial/organizational, use the introspective method. e. None of the choices are correct.
answer
several areas of modern psychology, such as clinical and industrial/organizational, use the introspective method
question
For Titchener, distinct sensations combined with others to form ____. a. perceptions and ideas b. affective states c. emotions d. apperceptions e. beliefs
answer
perceptions and ideas
question
Titchener's graduate student observers were instructed to ignore certain classes of words called ____ words. a. error b. meaning c. distractor d. stimulus e. reagent
answer
meaning
question
A century before Titchener's work the philosopher ____ wrote that the act of introspection itself altered the conscious experience being studied. a. Kant b. Descartes c. Hume d. Mill e. Locke
answer
Kant
question
By the 1920s the term used by Titchener for his system of psychology was ____. a. introspection b. behaviorism c. functionalism d. existential e. voluntarism
answer
existential
question
With Titchener's structuralism as an idea to oppose, psychology ____. a. moved far beyond his initial boundaries b. made few advances in the United States c. became even more mysterious d. went from an emphasis on applied research to an emphasis on basic research e. None of the choices are correct
answer
moved far beyond his initial boundaries
question
In his treatment of women, Titchener ____. a. showed unflagging protest to women in academic appointments b. wanted nothing more than a male dominated profession c. gave no notable contribution d. provided unwavering support of the advancement of women e. demonstrated both support of and obstruction of women in psychology
answer
demonstrated both support and obstruction of women in psyc
question
In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29-year-old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could ____. A. pay attention to two things at once B. not pay attention to two things at once C. pay attention to two things at once, but not three D. pay attention to three things at once, but not four E. sustain his attention on one thing for a little less than 12 minutes at a time
answer
not not pay attention to two things at once
question
What book marks the "literary birth" of the new science of psychology? A. Müller's Handbook of Physiology of Mankind (1833-1840) B. Helmholtz's Handbook of Physiological Optics (1856-1866) C. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) D. Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862) E. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862)
answer
Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862)
question
Wundt's system is most accurately called ____. A. structural psychology B. experimental psychology C. physiological psychology D. psychophysics E. reductionism
answer
experimental psychology
question
Wundt's influence was so widely felt that, as a tribute, his lab was later replicated in ____. A. the United States and Sweden B. Italy and Japan C. Russia and the United States D. Sweden and Italy E. Japan and Russia
answer
Japan and Russia
question
The cultural psychology of Wundt examined evidence from ____. A. studies of children and their thinking B. examination of language, myths, customs, law, and morals C. philosophy D. experimentation E. a content analysis of contemporary newspapers
answer
examination of language, myths, customs, law, and morals
question
Wundt's productivity as a writer can be quantified by his output, which averaged ____. A. 5 pages a day for over 50 years B. 2.2 pages a day for over 50 years C. 1.5 pages a day for approximately 25 years D. 4.7 pages a day for approximately 15 years E. just about 1 page a day for his working life
answer
2.2 pages a day for over 50 years
question
The first system or school of thought in psychology was called ____. A. cultural psychology by Wundt B. voluntarism by Wundt C. structuralism by Wundt's student, Titchener D. structuralism in Germany and functionalism in the United States E. volkerpsychologie by Wundt
answer
voluntarism by Wundt
question
In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess ____. A. immediate experience B. mediate experience C. sensations D. feelings E. stimulus intensities
answer
immediate experience
question
If you look at a rose and observe, "The rose is red," you are observing the ____. A. mediate experience B. immediate experience C. basic human experience D. stimulus error E. elements of experience
answer
mediate experience
question
Wundt's modification of introspection was the ____. A. use of experimental controls B. quantification of the sensations in accord with Fechner's Law C. analysis of mediate experience into immediate experience and its confounds D. use of children as observers (subjects) E. comparison of normal subjects' reports of elements of consciousness with reports. of hallucinations by psychiatric patients and by those using drugs such as cocaine
answer
use of experimental controls
question
Wundt's observers used introspection to report ____. A. judgments about the size and intensity of physical stimuli B. their reaction times C. the processes of sensing and perceiving D. retrospective accounts of their experiences E. All of the above choices are correct
answer
judgments about the size and intensity of physical stimuli
question
According to Wundt, the stimulation of a sense organ sufficiently to have the nerve impulse reach the brain defines a(n) ____. A. reflex B. afferent response C. sensation D. perception E. cognition
answer
sensation
question
For Wundt, the difference between sensations and images was ____. A. nonexistent B. that images are weaker than sensations C. that images have a longer duration than sensations D. that images are what today we call perceptions E. that sensations last for microseconds, whereas images can be retained in memory for indeterminate periods of time
answer
nonexistent
question
For Wundt, feelings are ____. A. the same as sensations B. based on three dimensions including pleasure/displeasure C. derived directly from a sense organ D. complex compounds of elementary emotions E. a complex idea
answer
based on three dimensions, including pleasure/displeasure
question
Which of the following are the three dimensions of Wundt's tridimensional theory of feelings? A. pleasure/displeasure; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression. B. clarity/opaqueness; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression. C. tension/ relaxation; pleasure/depression; clarity/opaqueness. D. pleasure/pain; tension/relief; mania/depression. E. intensity/extensity; immediacy/delay; pleasure/displeasure
answer
pleasure/displeasure tension/relaxation excitement/depression
question
Wundt's doctrine of apperception was also known as the ____. A. principle of creative synthesis B. law of psychic resultants C. principle of psychic compounding D. law of Gestalt resultants E. law of creative resultants
answer
law of psychic resultants
question
The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of ____. A. sensations B. feelings C. emotions D. the tridimensional theory of feelings E. apperception
answer
apperception
question
Which statement best describes the basic content of the Original Source Material by Wundt? A. Psychology studies how the mind comes to have innate knowledge. B. Psychology is concerned with the study of how the brain controls mental processes. C. Psychology studies how the conscious mind uses mental elements to conceal unconsciousness processes. D. Psychology is concerned with the complete listing of mental elements and how these mental elements combine according to the principles of association to form states of consciousness. E. Psychology is concerned with how the active powers of the mind synthesize mental elements into states of consciousness.
answer
psychology is concerned with how the active powers of the mind synthesize mental elements into states of consciousness
question
According to Wundt, ____ has/have "to do with objective masses, forces, and energies" while ____ has/have "to do with subjective values and ends." A. psychical measurements; physical measurements B. creative synthesis; the law of psychic resultants C. the law of psychic resultants; creative synthesis D. physical measurements; psychical measurements E. None of the choices are correct.
answer
physical measurements; psychical measurements
question
Which of the following is not a reason for decline of Wundt's approach to psychology? A. Wundt's approach represented a pure science of psychology with little opportunity for practical application. B. German universities did not have the economic resources to support scientific psychology. C. Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work. D. Wundt's approach was overshadowed by the development of Gestalt psychology in Germany and psychoanalysis in Austria. E. The pragmatic culture of the United States precluded Wundt's system.
answer
wundt's theories were difficult to understand
question
Research suggests that many psychology historians consider ____ to be the most important psychologist of all time. A. Wundt B. Freud C. Fechner D. Titchener E. Ebbinghaus
answer
Wundt
question
While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally, who soon proved him wrong? A. Titchener B. Ebbinghaus C. Külpe D. Brentano E. Galton
answer
Ebbinghaus
question
This person was influenced by Fechner's rigid and systematic use of measurement in developing his own methods for researching higher level cognitive processes. A. Georg Elias Müller B. Hermann von Helmholtz C. Carl Stumpf D. Hermann Ebbinghaus E. Oswald Külpe
answer
Hermann Ebbinghaus
question
____ work on ____ was the first "venture into a truly psychological problem area" rather than on physiology. A. Wundt's; sensation B. Ebbinghaus'; learning C. Fechner's; psychophysics D. Brentano's; mental activity E. none of the other choices
answer
Ebbinghaus' learning
question
As his measure of learning, Ebbinghaus adapted a method from ____. A. the psychophysicists B. Wundt's lab C. the early mentalists D. the Cartesian dualists E. the associationists
answer
the associationists
question
Titchener noted that the first significant advance in the study of learning since Aristotle was ____. A. Wundt's experimental methods B. the use of introspection C. the influence of the basic elements of sensation and feeling on the rate of learning D. the development of the nonsense syllable E. the conceptualization of imageless thought
answer
development of the nonsense syllable
question
What was "meaningless" for Ebbinghaus? A. The use of introspection B. A mathematical approach to psychological phenomena C. Each syllable created for his research D. Each series of syllables created for his research E. Having a specific criterion to identify when learning had occurred
answer
each series of syllables created for his research
question
What may be "the most brilliant single investigation in the history of experimental psychology"? A. Ebbinghaus's On Memory B. Titchener's On Memory C. Wundt's On Forgetting D. Ebbinghaus's On Forgetting E. Titchener's A Summary of Psychology
answer
Ebbinghaus's On Memory
question
Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting shows that ____. A. material is forgotten slowly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting speeds up B. the decay theory of forgetting is essentially correct C. material learned first is forgotten last D. material is forgotten rapidly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down E. forgetting occurs at a gradual, even rate across time
answer
material is forgotten rapidly in the first few hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down
question
Ebbinghaus developed a(n) ____ considered by some to be the first successful test of higher mental process and used today, in modified form, in cognitive ability tests. A. problem-solving template B. ability test of memorization C. sentence-completion exercise D. tolerance of boredom E. memory and retention exercise
answer
sentence-completion exercise
question
Given that many of his research findings remain valid today, ____ can be seen as more influential than ____. A. Ebbinghaus; Wundt B. Wundt; Ebbinghaus C. König; Brentano D. Wundt; Brentano E. Brentano; König
answer
Ebbinghaus Wundt
question
This popular lecturer at the University of Vienna influenced many students including von Ehrenfels and Freud and was the intellectual antecedent of Gestalt psychology and humanistic psychology. A. Edward Titchener B. Hermann Ebbinghaus C. Franz Brentano D. Oswald Külpe E. Carl Stumpf
answer
Franz Brentano
question
The subject matter of psychology is the act of experiencing, according to ____. A. Wundt B. Ebbinhaus C. Brentano D. Stumpf E. Titchener
answer
Brentano
question
Act psychology, in contrast to Wundt's approach, claimed that psychology should ____. A. try to analyze consciousness into discrete mental states called "moments" B. actively fight for its place in the academic world C. be concerned with the development of rigorous methods of scientific research in the laboratory D. incorporate the study of music into laboratory research E. study mental processes or functions and not mental structure
answer
study mental processes or functions and not mental structure
question
Other than Stumpf's research, his greatest influence on psychology may have been ____. A. educating the founders of Gestalt psychology B. the legitimization of music as a therapy for mentally ill and developmentally disabled persons C. the legitimization of introspection as an experimental technique D. the legitimization of untrained observers to do introspection in experimental research E. the discovery of imageless thought and the ensuing debate with Wundt
answer
educating the founders of Gestalt psychology
question
Stumpf's method of observation was ____. A. phenomenology B. retrospection C. introspection D. systematic experimental introspection E. insight
answer
phenomenology
question
Stumpf and Wundt engaged in a bitter fight over the topic of ____. A. phenomenology B. the introspection of tones C. music as mediate experience D. imageless thought E. classical music
answer
introspection of tones
question
Systematic experimental introspection involves ____. A. retrospection B. introspection C. the presentation of sensory stimuli D. the performance of a complex task E. retrospection and the performance of a complex task
answer
retrospection and the performance of a complex task
question
Külpe's identification of nonsensory aspects or contents of consciousness refuted Wundt's ____. A. contention that the sole mental elements were sensations or images B. contention that emotions are composed of simple feelings and can be reduced to them C. contention that feelings are the subjective complements of sensations D. research on sensations E. findings on voluntarism
answer
contention that the sole mental elements were sensations or images
question
Marbe and Watt extended the work and influence of the Würzburg school with their ____. A. discovery of imageless thought B. discovery of the influence of the unconscious mind C. reduction of imageless thoughts to nonconscious memories of sensations D. identification of a method to retrieve unconscious material E. experimental work on nonconscious learning (subliminal perception)
answer
discovery of the influence of the unconscious mind
question
Functionalism was the end of searching for the "elements" of consciousness. True False
answer
true
question
Functionalism was replaced by Structuralism. True False
answer
false, structuralism was replaced by functionalism
question
The mechanism for the theory of evolution is artificial selection. True False
answer
False, artificial selection
question
Darwin's theory of evolution bridged the mental functioning between animals and humans. True False
answer
true
question
Functionalists ask questions like "What is the function of consciousness?" True False
answer
true
question
In his book ____, Darwin emphasized the similarity between human and animal mental processes. a. The Descent of Man b. On the Origin of Species c. The Phylogeny of Thought d. The Ascent of Man e. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
answer
The descent of Man
question
The most fundamental point of Darwin's theses was the ____. a. normal distribution of traits in a population b. heritability of variations c. process of natural selection d. fact of variation among members of the species e. tenet of survival of the fittest
answer
fact of variation among members of the species
question
Today, scientists are sometimes portrayed as offering science as a new religion or as being enemies of religion. This stance could be traced to ____. a. Wilberforce b. Darwin c. Huxley d. Hooker e. Lyell
answer
Huxley
question
Darwin's position on Lamarck's idea that changes due to experiences can be inherited was the ____ of Lamarck's ____. a. replacement; doctrine with the doctrine of social Darwinism b. acceptance; doctrine c. total rejection; doctrine d. synthesis; ideas with Galton's theory of the normal distribution e. replacement; doctrine with the variability hypothesis
answer
acceptance; doctrine
question
In the Original Source Material from his autobiography, Charles Darwin described himself as ____. a. having "no great quickness of apprehension or wit" b. "a poor critic" c. "moderate abilities" d. possessing a "love of natural science [which] has been steady and ardent" e. All of the choices are correct.
answer
all of the choices are correct
question
The essential difference between Wallace's theory of evolution and Darwin's was that the work of the former ____. a. did not have empirical data to support it b. was a restatement of Spencer's ideas c. was suppressed by Darwin d. was a restatement of Lamarck's ideas e. included the heritability of acquired traits
answer
did not have empirical data to support it
question
One of the early sources of modern child psychology was an article in 1877 by ____. a. J. M. Cattell b. K. Pearson c. C. Darwin d. F. Galton e. E. Darwin
answer
C. Darwin
question
____ was an early evolutionary theorist who argued that acquired characteristics could be inherited. a. Charles Darwin b. Charles Lyell c. Bain d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck e. Erasmus Darwin
answer
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
question
Which of the of the following statements best summarizes the protest of functional psychology against Wundt and Titchener? a. Functional psychology proposed that more mental elements exist than allowed by Wundt and Titchener. b. Functional psychology emphasized that Wundt's and Titchener's approaches to psychology were too broad and included too many topics of study. c. Functional psychology claimed that Wundt's and Titchener's approaches were too restrictive because they did not study the practical value of mental processes. d. In contrast to Wundt and Titchener, functional psychology said that consciousness could not be studied scientifically. e. None of the choices are correct.
answer
Functional psychology claimed that Wundt's and Titchener's approaches were too restrictive because they did not study the practical value of mental processes.
question
The most important consequence of functionalism was ____. a. the introduction of evolution b. the status it gave to pragmatism c. the replacement of experimentalism d. the development of clinical psychology e. the development of applied psychology
answer
the development of applied psychology
question
A consequence of Darwin's work for psychology was ____. a. statistical analyses b. a focus on individual differences c. the legitimization of the collective unconscious d. work in comparative physiology e. the theory of eugenics
answer
focus on individual differences
question
Darwin's ideas of evolution were not new. What was new about Darwin's work was his ____. a. hard data to support such a theory b. focus on lower animals c. idea of survival of the fittest d. idea of natural selection e. work on emotions
answer
hard data to support such a theory
question
How many years did Darwin wait to present his theory publicly? a. 2 b. 11 c. 17 d. 22 e. 34
answer
22
question
____, a predecessor of Darwin, speculated that all mammals had evolved from a single filament and given movement by God. a. Plato b. Erasmus Darwin c. Isaac Newton d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck e. Anaximander
answer
Erasmus Darwin
question
In his journal Mind, Darwin describes ____. a. the developmental stages of his son in relation to human evolution b. simple stimuli that elicit the same responses in humans and animals c. an ape whose mental processes are analyzed d. early theory that has since been the foundation of cognitive psychology e. the evolution of human mental functions
answer
the developmental stages of his son in relation to human evolution
question
Wundt and Titchner both considered individual difference research to be inappropriate for psychology. True False
answer
true
question
"r" the symbol for correlation coefficient, is based on the "r" at the beginning of the word "recess." True False
answer
false, regression
question
A suggestion of Galton's "mental inheritance" was that "brilliant men produce brilliant sons." True False
answer
true
question
As a variable for men and women, height follows a normal curve distribution. True False
answer
true
question
Galton's Anthropometric Laboratory was free to the public. True False
answer
false, small fee
question
The aim of the research at the Anthropometric Laboratory was to assess ____. a. eugenics policy development b. the correlates of intelligence among eminent men c. the collective mental resources of the British people d. developmental trends over the lifespan e. the sensory capacities of humans
answer
the collective mental resources of the British people
question
The early 20th-century American government policy of sterilizing mentally retarded females is an example of ____. a. Darwin's theory of evolution b. natural selection c. product-moment correlations d. artificial selection e. eugenics
answer
eugenics
question
Galton's Hereditary Genius was mainly concerned with ____. a. None of the above. b. isolating the gene responsible for making geniuses c. exploring his lineage and the eminent men in his family d. All of the above. e. a statistical analysis of the concept of eminent men producing eminent offspring
answer
a statistical analysis of the concept of eminent men producing eminent offspring
question
Which of the following did Galton not endorse in the material from Hereditary Genius? a. the idea of natural equality b. definite limits to muscular and intellectual powers c. limiting one's undertakings to matters within one's reach d. babies are born alike e. None of the choices was endorsed by Galton.
answer
idea of natural equality
question
Who was the first to show that biological and social data were normally distributed? a. Galton b. Pearson c. Quetelet d. Moyen e. Huarte
answer
quetelet
question
The idea of measures clustering around the of center or average of a distribution should be attributed to ____. a. Quetelet b. Darwin c. Pearson d. Cattell e. Newton
answer
Quetelet
question
Galton proposed that measurement of human traits could be defined and summarized by two numbers, which are ____. a. the mean and the median b. the variance and the standard deviation c. the mean and the standard deviation d. the mean and the mode e. the median and the mode
answer
mean and standard deviation
question
The term mental tests was coined by ____, but ____ originated this concept. a. Galton; Cattell b. Galton; Quetelet c. Huarte; Quetelet d. Cattell; Galton e. Quetelet; Galton
answer
cattell galton
question
Galton's measures of intellectual functioning assumed correlation between intelligence and ____. a. Fechner's Law b. average error in psychophysics tasks c. just noticeable differences d. reaction times to stimuli e. acuteness of the senses
answer
acuteness of the senses
question
Who wrote a 16th-century book on individual differences and argued that children's education should be individualized to recognize such differences? a. Quetelet b. Galton c. Butler d. Huarte e. Wundt
answer
Huarte
question
Descartes and Darwin were in complete agreement about the similarity between animals and humans. True False
answer
false, Rene Descartes stated that animals had no similarity with humans, while Darwin proposed that there was no fundamental difference between humans and the mental facilities of higher mammals
question
Galton's "association of ideas" refers to the thoughts and memories elicited by things we notice in the environment. True False
answer
true
question
Animal psychology got a big boost from Darwin's theory of evolution. True False
answer
true
question
C. Lloyd Morgan proposed the "law of parsley." True False
answer
false, parsimony
question
Romanes wrote the book on animal intelligence. True False
answer
true
question
According to ____, animals have no soul and thus are automata. a. Darwin b. Romanes c. Morgan d. Galton e. Descartes
answer
descartes
question
The first systematic study of animal intelligence was by ____. a. Morgan b. Sherrington c. Huarte d. Romanes e. Galvani
answer
Romanes
question
The first person(s) to engage in large studies of experimental comparative psychology was/were ____. a. the behaviorists b. the functionalists c. Conway d. Morgan e. Romanes
answer
morgan
question
The first experimental attempt to study word associations was by ____. a. Ebbinghaus b. Jung c. Wundt d. Galton e. Freud
answer
galton
question
Whenever we think we "know what's on someone's mind," we are using which technique? a. projection b. introspection c. identification d. introspection by analogy e. the anecdotal method
answer
introspection by analogy
question
Galton found that a substantial proportion of word associations were evidence of ____. a. Ebbinghaus's decay theory of memory b. empiricism as purported by Locke and Mill c. rationalism as purported by Berkeley, Kant, and Descartes d. Müller's interference theory of memory e. the effects of childhood experiences on the adult
answer
the effects of childhood experiences on the adult
question
The intent of Lloyd Morgan's canon was to ____. a. make comparative psychology more scientific b. rid psychology of all traces of the technique of introspection c. make comparative psychology more behavioral d. exclude anthropological findings from the natural sciences e. impose a criterion for a distinction between instincts and thinking in both animals and humans
answer
make comparative psychology more scientific
question
Which of the following are influenced by Galton's work? a. child development b. heredity c. statistical techniques d. testing methods e. All of the above.
answer
all of the above
question
According to Darwin, human emotional expressions reflect ____. a. evidence of instincts in humans b. a correspondence of the "fight or flight" responses in humans and animals c. evidence of animal intelligence d. a similarity of nervous systems between people and animals e. the inheritance of animal responses that may not be adaptive for humans
answer
the inheritance of animal responses that may not be adaptive for humans
question
Galton studied paranoid disorders by ____. a. visiting insane asylums b. reading every book and article about it on which he could get his hands c. imaging that every person or thing he saw was spying on him d. inviting people suffering from paranoid disorders to the Anthropometric Laboratory e. All of the choices are correct.
answer
imaging that every person or thing he saw was spying on him
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