PSYC 313 Exam 1 – Flashcards
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Three of the following statements are true regarding the interplay between heredity and the environment in child development. Which statement is FALSE? A. Certain environmental experiences may have a greater inpact at some ages than at others. B. Inherited tendences have a large influences in some aspects of development, whereas enviornment is more influential in other aspects. C. Heredity is more influential when children live in extremely impoverished circumstances than when the have good nutrition and support. D. Children's inherited tendences may make them more or less susceptible to particular environmental conditions.
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C. Heredity is more influential when children live in extremely impoverished circumstances than when they have good nutrition and support.
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The concept of universality in development refers to A. differences among children that can be traced to a unique cultural heritage. B. developmental progressions that differ from one individual to another. C. developmental progressions shared by virtually all humans. D. a feeling of "oneness" with the others that many children have early in life.
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C.
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Some developmentalists have proposed stage theories to describe the changes they observe in growing children. By stage, they mean: ? A. A period of development in which certain ways of thinking or behaving are typical. B. An episode in which a child acts in ways very different from his or her general personality. C. An age range in which most youngsters are likely to exhibit irritable or unruly behavior. D. A worrisome characteristic that temporarily appears in some children's development.
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A
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In developmental psychology, a theory can best be characterized as A. A general explanation of how and why development occures. B. a description of the results of a particular research study. C. an objective measure of how a child behaves in a particular situation. D. a statement that describes how a particular variable affects development.
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A
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One characteristic common to all behaviorist theories of development is an emphasis on A. the importance of relationships early in life. B. the importance of internal mental processes. C. the effect of the enviornment on development. D. how one learns by observing the actions of others.
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C
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Which one of these is central to a cognitive process approach to child development? A. How children's thinking changes over time. B. How children learn from observing others C. How children learn from what others tell them. D. What consequences follow children's behaviors.
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A
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Which one of the following statements best describes a developmental systems perspective of child development? A. Developmen in the cognitive, emotional, and social domains are interrelated, so advancements in one domain invariably influence development in other domains as well. B. Children are influenced by their environment, but so, too, do they influence the environment in which they grow up. C. Children's growing knowledge structures are at first relatively separate and isolated, but they increasingly become integrated and interactive. D. Traumatizing events in the early years can have a lifelong impact on children's emotional well-being.
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B
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Three of the following statements reflect developmentally appropriate practice. Which one does NOT? A. Have positive expectations for children's development. B. Work hard to help children acquire more advanced ways of thinking as quickly as possible. C. Understand both universality and diversity in development D. Look for and build on children's unique talents and backgrounds.
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B
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Three of the following are typical components of the scientific method in developmental research. Which one is NOT typical? A. Drawing conclusions from patterns observed in the data B. Collecting data from children who have agreed to participate in the study C. Waiting at least 2 years to publish the findings, to make sure they are accurate. D. Designing a study that addresses a particular research question
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C
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A limitation of physiological measures (such as MRIs or measure of habituation) is that A. they do not yield precise data. B. they cannot provide information on brain functioning, only brain structures. C. they are less reliabile than observations or tests D. the meaning of the data is not always clear.
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D
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Developmental researchers need to be sure that any data collection method they use is actually assessing what it is supposed to assess. In other words, researchers need to be concerned abou the __________ of their techniques. A. reliability B. physiological basis C. validity D. practicality
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C
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Mr. Jones, a physical education teacher, notices that some of his students are better basketball players than others. He wonders if having a basketball net at home fosters the development of basketball skills. He gives his students a short survey that asks them if they have a basketball net at home. Sure enough, Mr. Jones finds that the better basketball players are more likely to have a net at home. He concludes that having a basketball net at home facilitates the development of basketball skills. Is his conclusion appropriate? A. Yes, provided that his students responded truthfully to the survey. B. No, because his study wasn't conducted in a scientific laboratory. C. No, because he didn't conduct an experimental study. D. Yes, because he used random assignment.
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C
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A researcher wants to know if children's attitudes about cheating at school change as they get older. To find out, the researcher gives a questionnaire about cheating to 100 fourth graders, 100 seventh graders, and 100 tenth graders. Which one of the following research designs does this study best reflect? A. quasi-experimental design B. correlational design C. cross-sectional design D. longitudinal design
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C
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Teachers and others who work regularly with children and adolescents often need to gather information about the youngsters in their charge. Three of the following are recommendations for collecting and using information. Which one is NOT recommended? ? A. Collect information from a variety of sources. B. Form several different hypotheses that might explain a child's behavior. C. Due to their validity and reliability, weigh standardized tests more than other tests. D. Critically examine your own assuptions, recognizing that they might be incorrect.
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C
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Which of the following is the best example of action research? A. All of the school districts in a particular state are instructed to give the same mathematics achievement test to all eleventh graders. The average test scores for each district will be presented in a report that will be released to the general public. ? B. A graduate student quietly observes adolescents' behaviors in the school cafeteria. He plans to describe his observations in his master's thesis. C. A teacher gives her students a questionnaire that asks them to describe how often they study and what kinds of strategies they use when they study. She will use the results to develop several lessons on effective study skills. ? D. A college professor recruits sixth graders to come to his lab, where she assesses their responses and reaction times in a variety of challenging problem-solving tasks. Her results will help her refine her theory about the development of children's problem-solving skills. ?
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C
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Which one of the following best describes socialization as developmental theorists typically use the term? A. Molding children's behavior so that it is appropriate for society B. Learning and following rules of moral behavior. C. Acquiring an increasingly complex understanding of interpersonal relationships. D. Interactions with other people, especially peers, in enjoyable activities.
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A
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Imagine that you are a teacher in an American school. If your students are representative of the overall population of American children, then how many of them probably live with two married parents? A. all but one or two of them. B. about 85% of them C. about 67% of them D. fewer than 30% of them.
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C
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Martha and Desmond are married and raising three children. Which one of the following best illustrates the co-parenting aspect of their marriage? A. Martha typically defers to Desmond's judgment when a crisis arises. B. They must determine who will take charge of paying the bills each month. C. They must work hard to keep their intimate moments private. D. They must agree on appropriate consequences when a child misbehaves.
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D
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Which one of the following examples involving young adolescents reflects an authoritarian parenting style? A. Fern's parents allow her generous leeway in terms of bedtimes, curfews, and choice of friends. B. Henry's parents have high expectations for him and often ask him for his opinion when they set guidelines for acceptable behavior. C. Kelly's parents are very involved in their own lives and problems and do not provide Kelly with much affection or emotional support. D. Molly's parents are very strict, letting her know their high expectations and imposing strong penalties for failing or breaking their rules.
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D
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If we extend research findings regarding effective parenting styles to the classroom, teachers in mainstream Western culture would be well advised to: A. Reward good behavior and ignore inappropriate behavior B. Insist on strict obedience, with immediate punishment for infractions C. Establish fair rules and high expectations, and provide affectionate support D. Allow students to make their own decisions regarding how they should and should not behave in the classroom
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C
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Which one of the following best illustrates guided participation as developmental theorists use the term? A. A middle school physical education teacher gently guides a student's body as she performs a backward roll for the first time. B. The father of 18-month-old twins speaks to them in short sentences with simple words, and he responds enthusiastically when they say "papa" or "doggie." C. A preschool teacher asks children to help her frost cupcakes for a parent open house and gives them pointers about how much best to apply the frosting. D. As a way of modeling good form, a high school volleyball coach temporarily becomes a player on the court while the junior varsity team practices after school.
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C
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Fourteen-year-old Liam has grown up as the only child in his family. Which one of the following characteristics is most likely to be true of Liam? A. He hates his parents. B. He gets good grades. C. He has an overly high opinion of himself. D. He always insists on getting his own way.
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B
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Imagine that you are a third-grade teacher. Eight-year-old Amanda arrives at school one day with a black eye, several large bruises, and a noticeable limp she didn't have yesterday. When you ask her what happened, she refuses to discuss the situation. You recall that a few months ago she had a broken arm that she attributed only to "being stupid." You suspect child abuse. The most important thing to do is: A. Be exceptionally caring and supportive in your interactions with Amanda. B. Report your suspicions to appropriate authorities. C. Start keeping written records of your observations. D. Request a meeting with Amanda's parents or other primary caregivers.
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B
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As a teacher, you are apt to find that the parents of some of your students seem to have little involvement in their children's education. Three of the following statements are accurate with regard to such parents. Which statement is NOT accurate? A. They may think that they shouldn't interfere with education at school. B. Their lack of involvement usually reflects a lack of interest in their child's academic performance. C. They may feel anxious about coming to school meetings and/or intimidated by teachers. D. Inadequate child care may prevent them from getting involved in school activities.
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B
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People who call themselves Hispanic come from a variety of countries, each of which has distinct customs and ways of viewing the world. This fact reflects the idea that: A. Anthropologists differ in how they define the word culture. B. The term ethnic group ultimately has no real meaning. C. An ethnic group may include a variety of cultures. D. A person's race is a good indicator of what his or her culture probably is.
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C
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The Hermann family immigrated from Germany to the United States three generations ago. The Hermanns have totally embraced the values and customs of the United States. The youngest generation of Hermanns does not speak or understand German. This form of acculturation is known as: A. assimilation B. Rejection C. a bicultural orientation D. selective adoption
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A
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Children who immigrate to Western countries often have ethnic and cultural heritages that are very different from the customs and norms of mainstream Western culture. Research indicates that these children are most likely to be well-adjusted and high-achieving when they: A. Adopt Western behaviors and values as quickly as possible B. Steadfastly hold on to their cultural heritage until they reach puberty C. Develop their own ethnic identity (a coherent set of beliefs about their culture and a sense of pride about that group). D. Model the behaviors of classmates rather than those of family members
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C
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Three of the teachers below are using strategies appropriate for a culturally diverse classroom. With the textbook's discussion of ethnic and cultural diversity in mind, identify the teacher who is probably NOT promoting the classroom success of some of her students. A. Ms. Boynton uses competitive activities to get all students motivated to do their best. B. Ms. Delaney makes sure she presents both the American and Mexican views of the Mexican-American War C. Ms. Andreas forms small, multicultural groups in which students describe and compare their perspectives about a recent international conflict. D. Ms. Champas explains that ethnic jokes are unacceptable in her classroom.
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A
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When considering children's and adolescents' cultural and ethnic backgrounds, it is important to keep in mind that: A. Youngsters' need to "belong" to mainstream North American culture is almost always stronger than their ethnic identities. B. In the elementary grades, children typically have little conscious awareness that their backgrounds might be different from those of their classmates. C. Youngsters' ethnic identities are almost always stronger than their need to "belong" to mainstream North American culture. D. Some youngsters may simultaneously be active participants in two or more cultural groups.
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D
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Three of the following statements accurately describe youngsters who live in rural areas. Which one is FALSE? A. On average, youngsters in rural settings have fewer productive outlets for recreation than their suburban peers. B. Teenagers in rural communities are more likely to abuse alcohol than teens in other settings C. They may have a strong sense of cooperation and social cohesion within their community D. Rural youngsters are less likely to participate in extracurricular sports than their peers in cities.
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B
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More than 20,000 genes make up human DNA. Of these genes, how many do all human beings have in common? A. less than 10% of them B. about 30% of them C. about half of them D. the great majority of them
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D
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Which one of the following statements most accurately describes the effects of a particular gene on a child's development and functioning? ? A. A gene is like a computer program that, once started, proceeds through a series of steps to its inevitable conclusion. B. A gene's effects depend partly on the child's health and activity levels and on environmental conditions in which the child lives. C. A gene is essentially a ticking "time bomb" that is scheduled to "explode" at a certain time regardless of other things that might be happening in the body. D. Any single gene's impact is highly unpredictable from one individual to the next.
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B
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Some physical disabilities are the result of genetic abnormalities. An example is Down syndrome, in which: ? A. Children are missing a chromosome B. Children have an extra chromosome C. Children have a defective recessive gene D. Children have a defective dominant gene
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B
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Imagine that you are a preschool teacher and want to foster your students' development in a variety of domains. In which of the following areas is canalization most likely to be a significant factor in their development? ? A. social skills B. pre-reading skills C. motor skills D. counting skills
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C
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Sam has always been athletic. He was on the soccer team in his middle school. As he entered high school, he decided to form a soccer team for young children in his neighborhood. He is showing which of the following? ? A. Canalization B. Maturation C. Niche construction D. Talent
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C
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Eight-year-old Elizabeth has unusual facial features and has exceptional difficulty learning and remembering the basics of reading, writing, and math. Without knowing anything else about Elizabeth, you might wonder if she has: ? A. Thalassemia B. Duchenne muscular dystrophy C. Huntingtons disease D. Fetal Alcohol Syndrom
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D
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A small mass has been in a mother's placenta for several weeks. A small head is distinguishable from the body, and tiny buds that will become arms and legs are just beginning to sprout fingers and toes. What word is typically used for a baby-to-be at this stage of development? A. embryo B. zygote C. gamete D. fetus
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A
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A pregnant woman regularly uses cocaine and heroin throughout her pregnancy. Chances are that her baby will ? A. have Down syndrom B. have Tay-Saches disease C. be born late and have an unusually large head D. be born prematurely and show unusual irritability
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D
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Which of the following is a method of prenatal diagnosis that is non-invasive and used routinely even in low-risk pregnancies? A. Fetoscope B. Chorionic villus sampling C. Amniocentesis D. Ultrasound examination
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D
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Prepared childbirth classes generally emphasize A. that home births supervised by a midwife or doula are the best B. that women can go through labor by themselves C. techniques for relaxation and to reduce fear during labor D. the use of drugs during labor
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C
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The cervix is fully dilated, and the baby proceeds down the birth canal during the: ? A. first stage of labor B. second stage of labor C. third stage of labor D. fourth stage of labor
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B
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Small for date infants A. are born before the end of 37 weeks. B. are at risk for many problems. C. generally gain weight rapidly after birth, so within a year are no different from other children. D. are almost always the result of genetic mutations.
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B
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Three of the following are recommendation for parents of at-risk newborns. Which one is NOT? A. Do not allow parents to give care to the infants, due to risk of infections. B. Swaddle (tightly wrap) the baby with blankets. C. Schedule necessary caregiving tasks, such as changing diapers, so as not to interupt sleep. D. Reduce the infant's exposure to light and noise.
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A
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What is NOT one of the states of arousal that new parents should know in order to respond to their baby's needs? A. drowsiness B. reaching C. crying D. quiet sleep
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B
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Sarah has noticed that whenever she touches her baby son's cheek, he turns his head and opens his mouth. Sarah has triggered the A. rooting reflex. B. Moro reflex. C. active sleep state. D. state of arousal
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A
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The principle that developing bodies are dynamic systems means that A. Children's growth reflects a continuing pattern of speeding up, slowing down, speeding up, slowing down again, and so on. ? B. Development proceeds in a top-down fashion, from the head to the feet. ? C. Development in one component of the body may affect development in another component. ? D. Development proceeds in an in-out fashion, beginning with the head and torso and proceeding to the arms and legs and then to the fingers and toes ?
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C
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According to new research on gilal cells, partciularly astrocytes, these cells may serve the following function: A. help control the actions of neurons and, therfore, be closely involved in information processing. B. be responsible for basic physiological functions, like breathing, rather than neurons being responsbile C. help control processing to a greater extent in the right hemisphere than the left. D. fill up space in the brain to give us a greater brain volume.
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A
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As Charlie reads his science textbook, he encounters the word ecology for the first time and uses the context to figure out what the word means. Given what we know about how the brain functions, we could reasonably assume that: A. He is thinking primarily in his right hemisphere. B. Many parts of his brain are involved in this task. C. Most of his mental "work" is done in his midbrain. D. Most of his mental "work" is done in the occipital lobes, at the back of his brain.
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B
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In the human brain, a great deal of synaptic pruning occurs in the first few years of development. This pruning appears to be: A. reflective of the fact that the cortex is slowly taking over responsibility for functions that have previously been controlled by other parts of the brain. ? B. an adaptive process that allows children to deal more efficiently with their environment.? C. the unfortunate result of insufficiently stimulating home and school environments.? D. due to an imbalance of important nutrients, and especially to low levels of the B vitamins in many children's diets.?
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B
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Which one of the following statements is NOT one of the ways that infants and toddlers typlically learn well? ? A. spontaneous exploration B. interaction with others C. teacher-directed instruction D. playing
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C
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Three-month-old Mary Jo can hold her head up when in the arms of an adult, but she doesn't yet have much control of what her legs do. Which one of the following best describes Mary Jo's progression in muscular control? ? A. It shows a definite delay in fine motor skills ? B. It suggests that Mary Jo will probably be a good student but a poor athlete. ? C. It shows a proximodistal trend, which is not typical. ? D. It shows a cephalocaudal trend, which is typical.
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D
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Which one of the following is the best example of a gross motor skill? ? A. writing a letter to Grandma ? B. sewing on a button ? C. cutting out a heart for a Valentine's Day card ? D. skipping across the schoolyard ?
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D
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You are watching a group of boys and girls interacting at a school fair. Many of the tallest youngsters are girls. The students you are observing are most likely to be: A. 5-6 years old ? ? B. 7-8 years old ? C. 10-12 years old D. 14-16 years old
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C
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The American Academy of Pediatricians recommends breastfeeding of infants due to its many advantages over other methods. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of breastfeeding? ? A. Breast milk is invariably safer than formula ? B. Breast milk provides antibodies against illnesses. ? C. Breast milk is easier for babies to digest than formula ? D. Breast milk is rich in vitamins. ?
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A
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The diets of children ages 6-17 in American are particularly short on A. meats B. dairy products C. whole grains D. "good" fats
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C
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What percent of children ages 6-11 in this country are considered obese? A. 5% B. 10% C. 20% D. 50%
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C
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Six-year-olds Jason and Curtis are rolling around in the dirt in what appears to be a fight, yet they both get up smiling. Curtis then sticks out his tongue at Jason and runs off, and Jason follows him in hot pursuit. Which one of the following alternatives best describes their interaction? ? A. hyperactivity B. immature social skills C. unusual aggressive impulses D. rough-and-tumble play
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D
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Which of the following statements about sleep is true? A. Lack of sleep can lead to difficulty controlling aggressive impulses. ? B. The best way to put babies to sleep is to place them on their stomachs. ? C. By the time children are 4 or 5 years old they no longer need naps or quiet time in the afternoon.? D. Nightmares are rare in children of all ages.
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A
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Which of the following is recommended to avoid Sudden Infant Death Syndrom? A. placing the infant on his or her back to sleep B. co-sleeping with parents C. putting the child on soft surfaces to promote a restful sleep. D. keeping the infant warmer than what is usual for older children
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A
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Three of the following are recommended for working with children ?who have chronic illnesses. Which one may violate recommended practice? ? A. Seek parents' advice on how best to accommodate to a child's specific illness. ? B. Be on the lookout for environmental conditions that may lead to a flare-up in children's symptoms. ? C. Teach children any social skills they may be lacking because of limited prior experiences with peers. ? D. When other children ask about a child's illness, answer their questions as completely and honestly as you can.
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D
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Is Research on the Brain Relevant to Education?
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Yes- No-
