PSYC 233 Ch 5-11 Vocab – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
B=f(P,E) Behavior(B) is a function of both the person(P) and the environment(E)
answer
Person-environment interactions (pg 151)
question
The upper limits of a person's ability to function in five domains: physical health, sensory-perceptual skills, motor skills, cognitive skills, and ego strength
answer
Competence (pg 151)
question
The physical, interpersonal, or social demands that environments put on people
answer
Environmental press (pg 151)
question
The area where press level is average for a particular level of competence; this is where behavior and affect are normal
answer
Adaptation level (pg 151)
question
slight increases in press that tend to improve performance
answer
Zone of maximum performance potential (pg 151)
question
Slight decreases in press where people are able to live happily without worrying about environmental demands
answer
Zone of maximum comfort (pg 151)
question
Exhibited with people choose new behaviors to meet new desires or needs, exerting control over their lives
answer
Proactivity (pg 152)
question
When people allow the situation to dictate the options they have, and have little control
answer
Docility (pg 153)
question
people with particular needs search for the environments that meet them best
answer
Congruence model (pg 153)
question
a person's potential ability to perform a wide range of activities considered essential for independent living; it is not the person's actual ability to perform the tasks
answer
Everyday competence (pg 156)
question
seeks to understand the dynamic relations between older adults and the environments they inhabit
answer
Ecology of aging (pg 158)
question
designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services during the day
answer
Adult day care (pg 160)
question
housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care but who are not so impaired physically or cognitively that they need 24-hour care
answer
Assisted living facilities (pg 162)
question
inappropriate speech to older adults that is based on stereotypes of incompetence and dependence
answer
Patronizing speech (pg 172)
question
also called secondary baby talk. involved unwarranted use of a person's first name, terms of endearment, simplified expressions, short imperatives, an assumption that the recipient has no memory, and cajoling as a way to demand compliance
answer
infantilization of elderspeak (pg 172)
question
uses computer metaphor to explain how people process stimuli
answer
information processing approach (pg 187)
question
based on three assumptions: people are active participants, both quantitative and qualitative aspects are examined, and information is processed through a series of processes
answer
information-processing model (pg 187)
question
very brief and almost identical representation of the stimuli that exists in the observable environment
answer
sensory memory (pg 188)
question
reflection of how quickly and efficiently these early steps in information processing are completed
answer
speed of processing (pg 189)
question
the amount of attention one has to apply to a particular situation
answer
processing resources (pg 189)
question
how well people perform multiple tasks simultaneously
answer
divided attention (pg 191)
question
information that is processed automatically, gets into into the system largely without us being aware of it
answer
automatic processing (pg 193)
question
requires all of the available attentional capacity
answer
effortful processing (pg 193)
question
the active processes and structure involved in holding information in mind and simultaneously using that information,sometimes in conjunction with incoming information, to solve a problem, make a decision, or learn new information
answer
working memory (pg 194)
question
also called declarative memory, intentional and conscious remembering of information that is learned and remembered at a specific point in time
answer
explicit memory (pg 196)
question
also called procedural memory, involves retrieval of information without conscious or intentional recollection
answer
implicit memory (pg 196)
question
refers to the ability to remember rather extensive amounts of information from a few seconds to hours to decades
answer
long-term memory (pg 197)
question
concerns learning and remembering the meaning of words and concepts that are not tied to specific occurrences of events in time
answer
semantic memory (pg 197)
question
the general class of memory having to do with the conscious recollection of information from a specific event or point in time
answer
episodic memory (pg 198)
question
people are asked to remember information without hints or cues (short answer question)
answer
recall (pg 199)
question
involves selecting previously learned information from among several items
answer
recognition (pg 199)
question
remembering information and events from our own life
answer
autobiographical memory (pg 200)
question
making connections between incoming information and information already known
answer
rehearsal (pg 203)
question
the ability to remember the source of a familiar event as well as the ability to determine if an event was imagined or actually experienced
answer
source memory (pg 206)
question
when one remembers items or events that did not occur
answer
false memory (pg 207)
question
a higher level of text representation
answer
situation model (pg 209)
question
remembering to perform a planned action in the future
answer
prospective memory (pg 213)
question
factors that lessen cognitive decline in that they provide flexibility in responding and adapting to changes in the environment
answer
cognitive reserve (pg 214)
question
knowledge about how memory works and what we believe to be true about it
answer
metamemory (pg 215)
question
the awareness of what we are doing with our memory right now
answer
memory monitoring (pg 215)
question
belief in oneself as it applied to memory
answer
memory self-efficacy (pg 216)
question
memory aids that rely on environmental resources such as notebooks or calendars
answer
external aids (pg 218)
question
memory aids that rely on mental processes, such as imagery
answer
internal aids (pg 218)
question
theories of intelligence that specify many domains of intellectual abilities
answer
multidimensional (pg 236)
question
the distinct patterns of change in abilities over the life span,with these patterns differing for different abilities
answer
multidirectionality (pg 236)
question
the range of functioning within an individual and the conditions under which a person's abilities can be modified within a specific age range
answer
plasticity (pg 237)
question
acknowledges that adults differ in the direction of their intellectual development
answer
interindividual variability (pg 237)
question
measuring intelligence as performance on standardized tests
answer
psychometric approach (pg 238)
question
research more concerned with the ways in which people conceptualize and solve problems than with scores on tests
answer
cognitive-structural approach (pg 238)
question
interrelationships among performances on intelligence tests
answer
primary mental abilities (pg 240)
question
the interrelated abilities measured by two tests in which performance is highly correlated
answer
factor (pg 240)
question
broad ranging skills, each composed of several primary abilities
answer
secondary mental abilities (pg 243)
question
the abilities that make you a flexible and adaptive thinker, allowing inferences and relations among concepts independent of acquired knowledge and experience
answer
fluid intelligence (pg 243)
question
the knowledge that is acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture
answer
crystallized intelligence (pg 245)
question
the use of currently available knowledge to make sense out of incoming information
answer
assimilation (pg 256)
question
changing one's thought to make it a better approximation of the world of experience
answer
accommodation (pg 256)
question
characterized by a recognition that truth caries from situation to situation, that solutions must be realistic to be reasonable, that ambiguity and contradiction are the rule rather than the exception, and that emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking
answer
post-formal thought (pg 259)
question
involves how people reason through dilemmas involving current affairs, religion, science, and the like
answer
reflective judgement (pg 260)
question
the highest level of information-processing capacity of which a person is capable
answer
optimal level of development (pg 260)
question
describes the gradual, and somewhat haphazard, process by which people learn new abilities
answer
skill acquisition (pg 260)
question
the ability a normal, healthy adult would exhibit without practice or training
answer
unexercised ability(pg 266)
question
the ability a normal, healthy adult would demonstrate under the best conditions of training or practice
answer
optimally exercised ability (pg 266)
question
the idea that the processes of thinking become connected to the products of thinking
answer
encapsulation (pg 270)
question
the way people form and revise first impressions
answer
impression formation (pg 282)
question
older adults let their initial bad impressions stand because negative information was more striking and affected them more strongly
answer
negativity bias (pg 283)
question
drawing on previous experiences stored in memory when faced with new situations
answer
social knowledge (pg 285)
question
trying to determine the source of a particular piece of information
answer
source judgments (pg 285)
question
explanations people construct to explain their behavior, which can be situational, dispositional, or interactive
answer
causal attributions (pg 289)
question
behavioral explanations that reside within the actor "Brittany is anxious"
answer
dispositional attribution (pg 289)
question
behavioral explanations that reside outside the actor "Brittany is succumbing to pressures from her boss"
answer
situational attribution (pg 289)
question
producing informational distortions when making causal attributions about problem solving
answer
correspondence bias (pg 289)
question
Older adults avoid negative information and focus more on positive information when making decisions and judgments and when remembering events
answer
positivity effect (pg 294)
question
How we approach solving problems
answer
cognitive style (pg 295)
question
a special type of social knowledge structure or social belief that represent socially shared beliefs about characteristics and behaviors of a particular social group
answer
Stereotypes (pg 296)
question
operating when an individual attributes an older person's failure observed in a young adult
answer
Age-based double standard (pg 298)
question
the activation of strong stereotypes that are not only automatic but also unconscious
answer
implicit stereotyping (pg 299)
question
when you slow your speech, use childlike vocabulary, dramatically articulate your words, speak with a demeaning emotional tone, and engage in superficial conversation
answer
patronizing talk (pg 300)
question
an evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong
answer
stereotype threat (pg 301)
question
the degree to which one believes that one's performance in a situation depends on something that one personally does
answer
personal control (pg 304)
question
prevent or alleviate losses in domains that are personally relevant for self-esteem and identity
answer
assimilative activities (pg 305)
question
readjusting goals and aspirations as a way to lessen or neutralize the effects of negative self-evaluations in key domains
answer
accommodations (pg 305)
question
alter the effects of self-discrepant evidence
answer
immunizing mechanisms (pg 305)
question
involved bringing the environment into line with one's desires and goals
answer
primary control (pg 305)
question
bringing oneself in line with the environment
answer
Secondary control (pg 305)
question
entail an active search for another job (changing the environment so you once again have a steady income)
answer
primary control strategies (pg 305)
question
involve appraising the situation in terms of how you really did not enjoy that particular job
answer
secondary control strategies (pg 305)
question
occurs when two or more people work together to solve a cognitive task
answer
collaborative cognition (pg 308)
question
consist of aspects of personality that are consistent across different contexts and can be compared across a group along a continuum representing high and low degrees of the characteristic (shy, talkative, authoritarian, etc)
answer
dispositional traits (pg 317)
question
things that are important to people, their goals, and their major concerns in life
answer
personal concerns (pg 317)
question
the aspects of personality that pull everything together, those integrative aspects that give a person an identity or sense of self
answer
life narrative (pg 317)
question
five independent dimensions of personality: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
answer
five-factor model (pg 319)
question
each psychosocial strength of Erikson's theory has its own special time of ascendancy, or period of particular importance
answer
epigenetic principle (pg 328)
question
results from dynamic interaction between the person and the environment, consists of fundamental changes in the way in which thoughts, values, morals, and goals are organized
answer
Ego development (pg 333)
question
focusing on understanding the role the the self plays; character development involves self-evaluated standards, self-critical thinking, self-determined ideals, and self-set goals
answer
conscientious stage (pg 334)
question
reevaluating one's roles and dreams and making the necessary corrections
answer
midlife correction (pg337)
question
a person's unified sense of the past, present, and future
answer
life-span construct (pg 340)
question
the organized, coherent, integrated pattern of self-perceptions
answer
self-concept (pg 342)
question
a representation of what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming
answer
possible selves (pg 344)
question
which includes seeking pastoral care, participating in organized and nonorganized religious activities, and expressing faith in a God who cares for people
answer
spiritual support (pg 346)
question
acceptance of most adaptive aspects of both the traditional masculine and feminine roles
answer
Androgyny (pg 350)
question
especially useful as quick screening measures of mental competence that are used to screen for cognitive impairment
answer
mental status exams (pg 364)
question
feeling down or blue; the most prominent feature of clinical depression
answer
dysphoria (pg 368)
question
focuses on attempts to alter current behavior without necessarily addressing underlying causes
answer
behavior therapy (pg 373)
question
attempts to alter the ways people think
answer
cognitive therapy (pg 373)
question
characterized by a disturbance of consciousness and a change in cognition that develop over a short period of time
answer
delirium (pg 374)
question
not a specific disease but rather a family of diseases that are characterized by cognitive and behavioral deficits involving some form of permanent damage to the brain
answer
dementia (pg 376)
question
the most common form of progressive, degenerative, and fatal dementia, accounting for perhaps as many as 70% of all case of dementia
answer
Alzheimer's disease (pg 376)
question
a protein, surrounded by degenerated fragments of dying or dead neurons
answer
beta-amyloid (pg 376)
question
when symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease are worse in the evening than in the morning
answer
sundowning (pg 378)
question
teaching persons with Alzheimer's disease to remember new information by gradually increasing the time between retrieval attempts
answer
spaced retrieval (pg 386)
question
a form of dementia caused by a series of small strokes
answer
vascular dementia (pg 388)
question
argues that social contact is motivated by a variety of goals, including information seeking, self-concept, and emotional regulation
answer
socioemotional selectivity (pg 406)
question
a relationship in which one partner displays aggressive behavior toward the other partner
answer
abusive relationship
question
a theory that states that people find partners based on their similarity to each other
answer
assortative mating
question
a situation in which a woman believes that she cannot leave an abusive relationship and in which she may even go so far as to kill her abuser
answer
battered woman syndrome
question
living with another person as a part of a committed, intimate, sexual relationship
answer
cohabitation
question
a theory of relationships based on the idea that each partner contributes something to the relationship that the other would be hard-pressed to provide
answer
exchange theory
question
refers to the idea that the well-being of the family takes precedence over the concerns of individual family members
answer
familism
question
the notion that similar interests and values are important in forming strong, lasting interpersonal relationships
answer
homogamy
question
the person who gathers family members together for celebrations and keeps them in touch with each other
answer
kinkeeper
question
married couples who have grown apart but continue to live together
answer
married singles
question
middle-aged adults caught between the competing demands of two generations: their parents and their children
answer
sandwich generation
