PSYC 160 Test 1 – Flashcards
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Distal parenting tends to produce children who are:
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self-aware
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Mothers who work full time outside the home play with their children ______ than mothers who stay at home and play with their children.
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slightly more
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Which emotion is apparent at birth?
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pain
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Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true? a) Toddlers will universally feel proud of themselves b) Emotions like pride and humility are dependent on cultural values c) Toddlers are naturally humble d) Toddlers are no longer distressed when separated from their parents
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The answer is: B
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A working model, according to cognitive theory:
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can be reorganized
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Which emotion seems to depend on the development of social awareness?
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pride
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Proximal parenting tends to produce children who are:
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compliant
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Which psychologist developed the Strange Situation test?
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Mary Ainsworth
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_____ learning takes place by observing others.
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Social
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When baby Erica met her grandfather's big dog for the first time, she cried and tried to move away from the dog. Erica is most likely:
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9 months old
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____ believes that caregivers also have needs that influence how they respond to infants.
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Cognitive theory
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One-year-old Claire lives in a loving, but noisy, family home with her parents and four siblings. She recieves much positive attention and has a trusting relationship with her family. According to Piaget, she will MOST likely develop:
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a cognitive schema that families are as loving and loud as her working model
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Mary is playing with her infant daughter Rosalie. Mary responds to Rosalie's facial expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions. All of a sudden, Mary's face becomes blank and she does not show any emotion. How is Rose likely to respond?
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Rose will probably frown, fuss, drool, or look away from her mother
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Which theorist stated, "Failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child--assuming bodily health--falls squarely upon the parents' shoulders"?
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Watson
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Abed is 12 months old, and his uncle Frank is visiting for the first time in 6 months. Frank is delighted to see his nephew, so as he enters the room, he booms, "There's my little man!" Abed looks to his mother, who is smiling broadly at her brother Frank, and crawls to her to be picked up. Abed is demonstrating:
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social referencing
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In the Strange Situation, a sign of insecure attachment might be:
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seeking contact with Mother when reunited
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Research has found that a person's temperament is:
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linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy
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Four-month-old Tammi and 13-month-old Dawn are left with a babysitter. How will they react?
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Dawn will probably show more distress than Tammi.
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Tiffany is 8 months old. Her mother and father don't get along well. There is often fighting in the house that frightens Tiffany. What effect might this environment have on her brain development?
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Her hypothalamus may grow more slowly than normal.
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Developmentalists have found that social learning takes place:
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throughout life.
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Child care that occurs in the home of a nonrelative who usually cares for several children of various ages is called:
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family day care.
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Baby Carrie's father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face. Since this is typical behavior for her, she may have which type of attachment?
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disorganized
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Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true?
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Emotions like pride and humility are dependent on cultural values.
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Which specific part of the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation?
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the anterior cingulate gyrus
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"Proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors are displays of
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attachment.
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When Birgitta gave birth, her mother moved in with the young family to help care for the newborn. This sort of caregiving by someone other than the baby's parent is called:
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allocare.
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Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant's:
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sadness.
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The Western value of independence is clearly exhibited in:
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Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt.
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Jimmy's dad comes home from grocery shopping, sees Jimmy sitting on the sofa, and says, "Where's that boy of mine?" Jimmy gives his dad a smile that spreads across his entire face, and his dad responds with an exaggerated surprised look. This is an example of:
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synchrony.
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In terms of early childhood learning, research has found that if the home educational quality is poor, then: a) a quality preschool is especially beneficial b) attendance at preschool is detrimental. c) a day care will be more beneficial than a preschool. d) a child-centered program will be more beneficial than another approach.
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a) a quality preschool is especially beneficial
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Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be MOST pleased with Juan's father? a) Piaget b) Vygotsky c) Skinner d) Freud
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b) Vygotsky
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Instead of accident prevention, health workers prefer the term: a)injury control b) perceptual oversight c) federal laws d) CPR
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a) injury control
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When Jennie sees her third-grade teacher in the grocery store, she is shocked to see her outside of school. This is likely due to Jennie's: a) static reasoning b) abstract reasoning c) concrete thinking d) irreversibility
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a) static reasoning
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According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses: a) reinforcements for good behavior b) scaffolding c) peer mentoring d) skill construction
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b) scaffolding
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According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses: a) hippocampus b) amygdala c) cortex d) hypothalamus
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c) cortex
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Which of these 4-year-old children is MOST likely to be taken to the dentist? a) Annie, whose parents are very poor b) Tuan, whose parents are Somalian refugees c) Jessie, whose parents are both 21 years old d) Hailey, whose parents are middle class
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d) Hailey, whose parents are middle class
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In 2010 in the United States, 21 percent of children spoke English at school and ____ at home. a) English b) Another Language c) Spanish d) Chinese
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b) Another language
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Parents of a typical 5-year-old girl in America are MOST likely to say: a) "She isn't eating enough." b) "She eats too much." c) "She has no control over her appetite." d) "She is suffering from malnutrition."
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a) "She isn't eating enough."
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According to theory-theory, what kind of information are young children seeking when they ask "Why?" a) They are asking for a scientific reason for why and how things happen b) They want to know how the situation or behavior affects them c) They are attempting to increase their vocabulary d) They are looking for an in-depth explanation
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b) They want to know how the situation or behavior affects them
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The structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning in language are called: a) inflections b) logical extensions c) grammar d) theory - theory
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c) grammar
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Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, "Naughty table!" This is an example of: a) egocentrism b) operational thinking c) centration d) animism
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d) animism
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Preschoolers often have trouble trying their shoelaces because they have inadequate: a)finger strength b) fine motor skills c) coordination and balance d) gross motor skills
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b) fine motor skills
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What proportion of all children under the age of 6 in the United States suffer from tooth decay? a) 1/8 b) 1/4 c) 1/3 d) 1/2
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c) 1/3
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The ability to plan and prioritize appears to be directly related to the development of the _____ cortex. a) parietal b) prefrontal c) striate d) posterior
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b) prefrontal
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Kayla is 4 years old and has recently begun coordinating the two sides of her body more efficiently. This improvement can be attributed to: a) the growth of her corpus callosum b) her arms and legs growing longer c) her brain's lateralization d) adequate calcium in her diet
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a) the growth of her copus callosum
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In the past 20 years, the incidence of plumbism has declined due to: a) an increase in the amount of calcium in children's vitamins b)improved sensitivity in the blood tests used for diagnosis c) children having better nutrition at an earlier age d) the removal of lead from paint and gasoline
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d) the removal of lead from paint and gasoline
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Kindra, age 4, is very particular about her daily routines, especially at mealtime. She will only eat from a certain plate, drink from one certain cup, and must have a folded napkin next to her plate. She is exhibiting the phenomenon called: a) all's well b) just right c) bipolar disorder d) depression
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b) just right
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Which early childhood method has been found to boost reading several years later in elementary school? a) code-focusing teaching b) teacher-directed programs c) the "Hooked on Phonics" program d) the "My Baby Can Read" program
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a) code-focused teaching
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Preoperational intelligence: a) allows children to think in symbols b) includes logical reasoning c) is characterized by reversibility of thought d) relies on children's motor skills and senses
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a) allows children to think in symbols
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By the age of 2, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words; by the age of 6, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words. a) 500; 10,000 b)5,000; 10,000 c) 200; 20,000 d) 100; 2,000
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c) 200; 20,000
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The area of the brain that is crucial in expressing and regulating emotions is the: a) limbic system b) prefrontal cortex c) fusiform face area d) corpus collosum
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a) limbic system
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Opinions surrounding the issues of children's freedom on playgrounds and their supervision in public places are often affected by a person's: a) culture b) education level c) income d) religion
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a) culture
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Which statement about Kelemen's study exploring theory-theory with Mexican-American mothers and their children is true? a) Older children usually ask more questions than younger children do b)Mothers with more years of education recorded fewer questions asked by their children c) Mothers and children of lower SES asked the most questions overall d) Children are more likely to ask about human behavior than non-living things
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d) Children are more likely to ask about human behavior than non-living things
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The increase activity of the amygdala is a reason that young children experience: a) a language explosion b) the ability to write c) frightening nightmares d) an increased susceptibility to disease
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c) frightening nightmares
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Neuroscience has proven true which statement about bilingual individuals? a) Even though both languages reside in the same area of the brain, bilingual individuals are able to activate one language and temporarily inhibit the other b) Different languages reside in different areas of the brain, thus allowing a bilingual individual to activate only one are at a time c) Bilingual individuals of any age have difficulty with keeping the two languages totally separate when speaking d) Since both languages reside in the same are of the brain, bilingual individuals consciously inhibit one language while speaking the other.
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a) Even though both languages reside in the same area of the brain, bilingual individuals are able to activate one language and temporarily inhibit the other
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The part of the brain where planning, language, and advanced thought occur is the: a) hippocampus b) amygdala c) cortex d) hypothalamus
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c) cortex
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Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney has developed: a) egocentrism b) a script for crying c) theory of mind d) conservation
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c) theory of mind
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The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is: a) promoting individual achievement b) encouraging informal social interaction c) to make children ready to learn d) teaching children to read by the end of the year
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c) to make children ready to learn
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When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called: a) lexical addition b) categorial embellishment c) vocabulary expansion d) fast-mapping
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d) fast-mapping
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Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. The research term for this tendency is: a) deductive reasoning b) conservation c) scaffolding d) theory-theory
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d) theory-theory
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Between the ages of 2 and 6, a well-nourished child will gain about ___ pounds and grow about ___ inches per year. a) 5; 6 b) 2; 3 c) 4.5; 3 d) 5.5; 4.5
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c) 4.5; 3
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Researchers had children sort picture cards by shape. Then they asked the same children to sort the same cards by color. They found that children under the age of 4; a) could easily switch their original sorting pattern b) could switch to sorting by shape but not by color c) could switch to sorting by color but not by shape d) had difficulty changing to a new sorting pattern
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d) had difficulty changing to a new sorting pattern
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During a long car trip, Anna and Robert asked "Are we there yet?" so many times that their mother began covering her ears. Her children were exhibiting: a) impulsiveness b) emotional regulation c) perseveration d) habituation
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c) perseveration
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A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called: a) fast-mapping b) word mapping c) mental language d) word charting
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a) fast-mapping
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One of the most common problems of young children in developed nations is: a) anemia b) lead poisoning c) insomnia d) tooth decay
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d) tooth decay
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A person's average body mass index (BMI) is the lowest between the ages of: a) 1 to 2 b) 5 to 6 c) 9 to 10 d) 13 to 14
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b) 5 to 6
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Logical extension involves: a) linking a newly-learned word to other objects in the same category b) mentally charting new words c) applying a new concept to a preexisting category d) equilibration
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a) linking a newly-learned word to other objects in the same category
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Writing your name is a _____, whereas kicking a ball is a(n) ______. a) sensorimotor skill; preoperational skill b) physical skill; cognitive skill c) coordination skill; inter-coordination skill d) fine motor skill; gross motor skill
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d) fine motor skill; gross motor skill
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According to Vygotsky, the internal dialogue that people have with themselves either silently or aloud is referred to as: a) theory of mind b) guided participation c) private speech d) apprenticeship
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c) private speech
