PSY 379 Final – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Cervical cancer is related to
answer
sexual behavior of women. reproductive history of women. sexual behavior of women's sex partners.
question
The number one preventable cause of death in the United States is
answer
cigarette smoking.
question
One reason that consuming red meat may raise the risk for cancer is
answer
the methods of preparation, such as grilling and smoking, provide risks.
question
For men, death rates are highest for _____ cancer.
answer
lung
question
About two thirds of cancer deaths in the United States are associated with
answer
diet. sedentary lifestyle. cigarette smoking.
question
Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that occurs most frequently in the United States as a result of
answer
HIV infection.
question
If pizza protects against cancer, the ingredient most likely to provide that protection would be the
answer
tomato sauce.
question
Since about 1993, cancer death rates in the United States have
answer
decreased slightly.
question
Since the mid-1990s, cancer deaths in the United States
answer
began to drop.
question
Gwyneth Paltrow fears cancer and focuses on diet and use of natural products to decrease her risk. However, she has a history of smoking and doesn't mention that risk, which suggests that she exhibits
answer
an optimistic bias.
question
Which ethnic group has the lowest risk for Type 2 diabetes?
answer
European Americans
question
For a person with a terminal illness, a personal re-examination of his or her life
answer
may lead the person to find a new meaning in his or her life.
question
Those AIDS patients who have better psychological adjustment to their situation
answer
have active coping styles.
question
At present, Alzheimer's disease cannot be
answer
cured.
question
The increased number of HIV cases immediately after 1992 was primarily due to
answer
change in the definition of HIV.
question
The process of grieving
answer
occurs in people who have been diagnosed with a chronic illness and occurs in people whose loved ones have died.
question
Psychologists are most likely to help diabetic patients through
answer
improving their adherence to their treatment regimen.
question
Health psychology's involvement with diabetes has included
answer
understanding how diabetics conceptualize their illness. understanding the effects of stress on blood glucose metabolism. helping diabetics understand the requirements for managing diabetes.
question
The lifestyle changes that are necessary to manage diabetes are essentially a problem of
answer
compliance.
question
Grant is a gay man who is LEAST likely to become HIV positive if he
answer
is 50 years old and engaged in a long-time monogamous relationship with a gay partner.
question
Derwald says that he wants to quit smoking and is considering using nicotine replacement to help him quit. What is your advice to him?
answer
Nicotine replacement therapy can help people stop smoking; give it a try.
question
Although many smoking cessation programs are successful at getting people to stop smoking, another important problem remains. It is
answer
the high rate of relapse during the first year.
question
Evidence that smoking causes lung cancer comes from data showing that from 1959 to 1988
answer
lung cancer death rates for nonsmokers remained about the same. lung cancer death rates among smokers rose steadily.
question
The annual number of excess deaths in the United States attributable to smoking has been estimated to be about
answer
438,000.
question
The presence of nicotine can be detected in the brain
answer
as rapidly as 7 seconds after smoking.
question
A disorder characterized by the obstruction of respiratory passages and loss of bronchial elasticity is
answer
emphysema.
question
When smokers are allowed to smoke only bad-tasting cigarettes,
answer
people who smoke for relaxation will show little interest in smoking these cigarettes. people who are addicted to nicotine will not cut back on the amount of cigarettes they smoke. people who smoke for pleasure will smoke few or no cigarettes.
question
Jill, a 22-year-old college senior, wants to quit smoking, but she is worried that she will gain weight. What would you advise her to do?
answer
Quit smoking but begin a regular exercise program.
question
Which of the following diseases is rarely diagnosed among nonsmokers?
answer
Chronic lower respiratory disease
question
Who is most likely to begin smoking as a means of weight control?
answer
Teenage girls with a fear of weight gain
question
Treatment for the use and abuse of illegal drugs is similar to the treatment of _____, both in the philosophy and the administration of treatment.
answer
alcohol abuse
question
After the legal age for buying alcohol was raised to 21, consumption among adolescents ages 12 to 17
answer
dropped dramatically.
question
With regard to the consumption of alcohol in the United States, it is most accurate to say that about
answer
66% of the adults drink; about 20% binge drink.
question
The drug MDMA ("Ecstasy") produces its effects by
answer
prompting a massive release of serotonin.
question
College-aged men who have been drinking
answer
are more likely than sober men to be willing to have unprotected sex.
question
What effect does alcohol have on the cardiovascular system?
answer
It increases blood pressure in some individuals.
question
Amphetamines
answer
can produce hallucinations and paranoid delusions.
question
Along with cirrhosis of the liver, alcohol's principal threat to health is its likelihood of causing
answer
unintentional injuries.
question
Korsakoff syndrome is sometimes found among long-term, heavy users of alcohol and is characterized by
answer
confusion, disorientation, and memory impairment.
question
According to E. M. Jellinek, people diagnosed as gamma alcoholics
answer
cannot control alcohol consumption once they begin to drink.
question
Who is most likely to gain health benefits from dieting?
answer
a person who is 40 pounds overweight and is able to lose 10% of her body weight
question
Unlike anorexics, bulimics
answer
frequently feel guilty over their eating patterns are are motivated to change.
question
Which of these techniques represents a person's distribution of body fat?
answer
waist-to-hip ratio.
question
Like many other anorexics, Mary-Kate Olsen, whose story began Chapter 14,
answer
experienced problems with relapse after completing treatment.
question
When overweight children attempt to lose weight,
answer
they succeed in behavioral programs that involve their family.
question
Stable weight is maintained when
answer
the amount of calories expended equals the amount eaten.
question
Male anorexics are quite similar to female anorexics in terms of social class and family configuration, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis. However, they differ from female anorexics in that their ideal body build is
answer
muscular.
question
_____ levels fall when fat stores fall, which may provide a long-term signal to eat more.
answer
Leptin
question
____________ are MOST likely to be described as lacking impulse control.
answer
Both bulimics and binge eaters
question
Charlotte is bulimic. Which of these is LEAST likely to be characteristic of Charlotte?
answer
Amenorrhea
question
Isotonic exercise is designed to
answer
increase muscle strength.
question
People who have high aerobic fitness, compared with those who have low aerobic fitness,
answer
have a lower death rate from heart disease.
question
Physical activity can increase self-esteem by
answer
reducing weight. reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. reducing levels of depression. reducing levels of anxiety.
question
The dropout rates for exercise programs are
answer
about the same as noncompliance for other medical and behavioral regimens.
question
In 2007, a panel of experts reviewed the evidence on how much exercise is enough and recommended that every adult should
answer
participate in 30 minutes of moderate vigorous activity 5 days a week, plus strength training.
question
Clinton was a long distance runner in high school and college. Now, at age 30, he lives an inactive life. Clinton believes that his earlier experiences as a track star will offer permanent protection against cardiovascular disease. Clinton's
answer
belief is incorrect.
question
Kermit wants to exercise with a minimum of injury. What precautions should he take?
answer
He should use proper shoes and equipment.
question
With regard to diet, exercise, and weight loss, which statement is true?
answer
Exercise alone can produce weight loss.
question
With regard to physical activity and breast cancer, evidence suggests that a sedentary lifestyle
answer
may be more of a risk for some women than for others.
question
Women who exercise
answer
have about the same rate of all-cause mortality as do men who exercise.
question
Cancer and heart disease represent _________ strain.
answer
long term
question
Research on role ambiguity and role conflict has focused primarily on
answer
psychological strains.
question
_____________ consists of low-intensity verbal acts of rudeness and insensitivity that are not always clearly intended to harm someone else.
answer
Incivility
question
Two career couples with children and single parents are particularly prone to which of the following?
answer
work-family conflict
question
Kay works one shift for several weeks and then moves to a different shift for a few weeks, and then works a different shift again. This is called
answer
rotating shifts.
question
The most popular alternative long work schedule is the
answer
4/40.
question
Francis works a schedule that calls for her to work four (4) 10 hour days each week. This type of work schedule is called
answer
long work schedule.
question
Working the night shift is associated with sleep disturbances and
answer
social problems.
question
In research on burnout, ____________ is the feeling that the employee is not achieving anything worthwhile at work.
answer
reduced personal accomplishment
question
What percentage of workplace violence was committed by coworkers or former co-workers?
answer
15%
question
From about 1900 until the mid-1990s, cancer death rates in the United States
answer
rose steadily.
question
Which of these hypothesis best explains the recent drop in cancer death rates in the U.S.?
answer
better treatment procedures and changes in lifestyle.
question
In the United States, _____ cancer accounts for about 28% of all cancer deaths but only about 15% of cancer cases.
answer
lung
question
For women, death rates are highest for _____ cancer.
answer
lung
question
In the United States, both prostate cancer and breast cancer
answer
have high incidence but relatively lower death rates.
question
Cancer deaths of the lungs, breast, prostrate, and colon/rectum account for about half of all cancer deaths in the United States. Cancer deaths from which of these sites continue to rise?
answer
None of these
question
In the United States, _____ cancer has the second highest death rate of any cancer.
answer
colorectal
question
Which of these is the strongest inherent risk factor for cancer?
answer
advancing age
question
Taylor is a 28-year-old stockbroker with a 6-year-old son. She smokes about 30 cigarettes a day and consumes about 5 to 10 alcoholic drinks during a week. Because her mother died of cancer of the esophagus at age 64, Taylor is trying to reduce her risk of cancer. Her best course of action would be to
answer
quit smoking
question
Since about 1930, the rise and fall of lung cancer death rates have lagged about 30 years behind the rise and fall of _____.
answer
smoking rates
question
Lee Ann believes that diet is an important factor in cancer. She wants to eat a diet that will protect her. Current research indicates that
answer
Lee Ann should eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables.
question
Josh is a 22-year-old nonsmoking college senior who wants to reduce his risk for lung cancer. His best course of action would be to
answer
adopt a life-long diet that contains high levels of fruits and vegetables.
question
Physical activity seems to offer some protection against
answer
colon cancer.
question
Physical activity is most likely to protect women against breast cancer if
answer
they begin a physical activity program early in their lives and maintain physical activity.
question
Kristy is a 21-year-old college student who is concerned about breast cancer because both her mother and grandmother developed the disease before the age of 55. Current evidence shows that Kristy can reduce her chances of breast cancer by
answer
continuing as a nondrinker. continuing as a nonsmoker. beginning and maintaining a regular physical activity program.
question
Skin cancer is more common among
answer
light-skinned people.
question
Women who have had children early in life, compared with those with later pregnancies or with no children, tend to have
answer
decreased risk for breast cancer.
question
Research indicates that a diagnosis of cancer often
answer
results in feelings of fear and anger.
question
Research indicates that psychotherapy can help cancer patients
answer
reduce the distress of cancer and treatment but not extend their lives.
question
The type of social support that tends to be most helpful to people with chronic illness may be described as
answer
"invisible."
question
The Robinsons have a chronically ill child and come to you for advice. Your most helpful advice would be to tell them to
answer
join a support group.
question
The underlying causes of Alzheimer's disease are not known, but _____ seems to be involved in the development of this disease.
answer
glucagon
question
Which of the following is NOT a risk for Alzheimer's disease?
answer
high educational level
question
Inez, a 75-year-old woman, has trouble sleeping, wanders from home at night, displays memory loss, becomes unexpectedly angry with her husband, and is suspicious of her children. These symptoms best describe a person with
answer
Alzheimer's disease.
question
Insulin is
answer
a hormone.
question
Glucagon acts to _____ and insulin acts to _____.
answer
stimulate the release of glucose . . . take glucose into cells
question
Which type of diabetes requires insulin injections?
answer
Type 1
question
The primary goal in treating asthma patients is
answer
adherence to their medications.
question
Of the various types of AIDS, the one most frequently found in Africa is
answer
HIV-2
question
In the United States, the proportion of HIV infection is highest in
answer
African American Men
question
During the decade from 1995 to 2005, the incidence of HIV infection grew fastest for
answer
male-female sexual contact.
question
The proportion of new HIV cases in the United States has decreased most for
answer
gay men.
question
HIV usually progresses over a decade or more; the longest phase in its development is characterized by
answer
a period of latency in which the person experiences few, if any symptoms.
question
Which of these factors is LEAST associated with unprotected male-male sexual contact?
answer
committed relationship
question
Carter is a gay man who is MOST likely to become HIV positive if he
answer
is also an injection drug user.
question
Injection drug use
answer
affects African Americans and Hispanic Americans more than European Americans.
question
Heterosexual sex is more likely to
answer
lead to HIV infection in women than in men.
question
When HIV positive women give birth to a child,
answer
use of antiretroviral drugs drastically reduces the chance of transmission to the baby.
question
Psychologists have a role in the AIDS epidemic because
answer
the major modes of infection are behaviors.
question
Nicotine
answer
has addictive properties.
question
Many of the adolescents who begin smoking
answer
do not believe that the hazards apply to them.
question
Madison is a nonsmoking 16-year-old high school sophomore who has a large cigarette-sponsored poster in her bedroom. Compared with nonsmoking Wendy, who has no such poster in her room, Madison is more likely to
answer
begin smoking.
question
Among 9-14 year old children,
answer
girls were more likely than boys to smoke as a means of weight control.
question
The leading cause of death in the United States is the second leading cause of tobacco-related deaths. It is
answer
cardiovascular disease.
question
Pat, a smoker who fears that stopping smoking would lead to weight gain, is most likely
answer
a woman under 30 years of age.
question
During the past 30 years,
answer
smoking-related deaths from cancer have increased in the United States. smoking-related deaths from cancer have caught up with and surpassed smoking-related deaths from cardiovascular disease.
question
Whereas smokers' relative risk for lung cancer death is about 23.3, their relative risk of death from cardiovascular disease is about
answer
2.0.
question
In general, research on the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (passive smoking) has found that passive smoking
answer
may slightly increase people's risk for lung cancer.
question
Passive smoking
answer
increases one's risk for heart disease by about 25 percent.
question
_____ suffer the most health problems from passive smoking.
answer
Children
question
In general, which group of people suffers more respiratory diseases from exposure to secondhand smoke?
answer
young children of smoking parents
question
More intensive cessation programs are more expensive; research indicates that
answer
the expense is worth it—such programs are more effective.
question
Smokers who are most likely to quit are
answer
those who have support from their therapists and their families.
question
Some ex-smokers "slip" and have one cigarette. Then, they equate this slip with a full relapse and resume smoking at their former rate. This phenomenon is called the
answer
abstinence violation effect.
question
Many smokers worry about weight gain if they quit smoking. Research suggests that
answer
the average weight gain is modest.
question
Alcohol consumption in the United States reached its peak during
answer
the early 1800s.
question
Since 1980, the per capita consumption of alcohol in the United States has
answer
declined.
question
The combination of physiological dependence and withdrawal symptoms is usually referred to as
answer
addiction.
question
Erick drinks about seven or eight drinks a day. Besides the risk of accidents, Erick's greatest INCREASED risk is that of
answer
cirrhosis of the liver.
question
Research on the relationship between alcohol and homicide indicates that
answer
both the victim and the killer are likely to have been drinking.
question
Research continues to show that
answer
moderate drinkers have a lower death rate than nondrinkers. moderate drinkers have a lower death rate than heavy drinkers. nondrinkers have a lower death rate than heavy drinkers.
question
Most studies of level of alcohol consumption and mortality found this kind of a relationship:
answer
J-shaped.
question
Low to moderate levels of drinking decrease the risk for _____ but high levels of drinking increase the risk for _____.
answer
Alzheimer's disease . . . Korsakoff syndrome
question
Studies of twins show that
answer
both heredity and environment play a role in mild and severe drinking problems.
question
The balanced placebo design by Marlatt and his colleagues has been used to measure
answer
the expectancy effect of alcohol.
question
The alcohol myopia view of drinking assumes that alcohol consumption leads to
answer
increased friendliness and sexiness.
question
Which of these statements regarding Alcoholics Anonymous is true?
answer
It insists on the goal of total abstinence.
question
Studies on controlled drinking have found that
answer
abstinence-oriented programs sometimes produce controlled drinkers.
question
Molly is a licensed professional counselor who has just begun working with problem drinkers. She read some studies on controlled drinking, and she plans to help people learn to control their rate of alcohol consumption. Molly should know that
answer
most treatment facilities in the United States do not support this goal.
question
Relapse rates are
answer
about the same for smoking, alcohol abuse and opiate use.
question
According to the FDA, Schedule 1 drugs have
answer
high abuse potential and no accepted medical use.
question
Barbiturates are synthetic drugs that
answer
produce both tolerance and dependence.
question
_____ NOT part of the digestive system.
answer
The esophagus is
question
The hormone _____ provides a short-term signal for eating, and _____ provides a long-term signal.
answer
ghrelin . . . leptin
question
The goal of Keys's project, begun during World War II, was to study
answer
the effects of hunger and food deprivation.
question
When the participants in the study on experimental starvation were re-fed at the end of the starvation phase of the experiment,
answer
many of them gained more weight than they had lost.
question
The skinfold technique and bioelectrical impedance are ways to measure
answer
percentage of body fat.
question
Throughout most of history, being plump or fat
answer
was a mark of prosperity.
question
During the early years of 21st century, the people of the United States have been generally
answer
heavier than they want to be.
question
The history of the human species has been marked mostly by shortages of food,
answer
which would make a "thrifty" metabolism a survival advantage.
question
Research has shown a positive relationship between obesity and
answer
high blood pressure. nonfatal heart disease. diabetes. gallbladder disease.
question
Which of these people has the GREATEST danger of developing a health problem?
answer
a man who gains 20% above the ideal recommended weight.
question
What would you tell your female friend who is 15 pounds above her ideal weight and who has asked you for advice?
answer
"Forget about dieting; adopt a regular exercise program and stop overeating."
question
Anorexics
answer
see themselves as being too fat.
question
Chris is anorexic. Which of these is LEAST likely to be a characteristic of Chris?
answer
male
question
The immediate aim of treatment programs for anorexics is usually
answer
weight restoration.
question
The cognitive behavioral treatment for bulimia aims to
answer
change eating patterns. change distorted cognitions concerning body image.
question
Lisa frequently goes on an eating binge, but she never purges afterward. Lisa is about 40 pounds overweight. Lisa most likely has
answer
binge eating disorder.
question
Individuals with anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder all share
answer
weight concerns. body image problems.
question
Which of these eating problems is MOST prevalent in the United States?
answer
overeating
question
After 17 years of long-distance running, Jim Fixx died of coronary artery disease while jogging. He was 52 years old. His experience shows
answer
the risks as well as the benefits of exercise.
question
Isometric exercise is designed to
answer
increase muscle strength.
question
Willa is a track star in college. Her specialties are the 100-meter dash and the 200-meter dash. The type of exercise she is receiving during these races is mostly
answer
anaerobic.
question
Lynn would like to quit smoking, but she is concerned that she will gain weight. What advice would you give her?
answer
Quit smoking, eat regularly, and begin a regular physical activity program.
question
Tara is relatively satisfied with the looks of her upper body, but she wants to lose weight on her hips while retaining the rest of her body composition. Tara should
answer
understand that exercise will not accomplish spot reduction.
question
In the famous study of the relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease among workers on London's double-deck buses,
answer
the problem of self-selection of drivers and conductors was not adequately addressed.
question
The Harvard alumni study found that some level of physical activity offers a protection against heart attack. The optimum level of activity was equivalent to jogging _____ miles a week.
answer
20
question
A report from the 2000 Toronto symposium concluded that
answer
physical activity was related to a reduction in cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality.
question
Research on the effects of physical activity has generally found that a program of regular physical activity
answer
can add as much as two years to people's lives. can lower levels of disability during old age.
question
Research indicates that exercise protects against heart disease by
answer
raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
question
Exercise is MOST likely to protect against osteoporosis in
answer
middle-aged and older women.
question
Your great aunt Inez is a healthy 85-year-old who has led an essentially sedentary lifestyle. Now she is thinking about walking in the shopping mall but comes to you for advice. What would you tell her?
answer
"Consult a trainer, who will probably tell you to start easy and gradually increase both speed and distance."
question
Evidence that exercise protects against Type 2 diabetes
answer
suggests that exercise decreases the risk of developing this type of diabetes.
question
Studies on the effects of exercise on clinically depressed patients have generally found that exercise
answer
can reduce depression and is at least as effective as other forms of therapy.
question
Research into the effects of exercise on anxiety have generally found that
answer
both aerobic and nonaerobic exercise reduce state anxiety.
question
Many authorities have suggested that male obligatory exercisers are analogous to
answer
female anorexics.
question
Programs designed to boost adherence to exercise programs are somewhat successful, but an alternative to such programs is
answer
to incorporate more physical activity into people's lifestyles rather than encourage people to begin an exercise regimen.
question
In research on burnout, ___________ is the feeling of tiredness and fatigue at work.
answer
emotional exhaustion
question
____________ is the extent to which employees are unclear about what their job functions and responsibilities are supposed to be.
answer
Role ambiguity
question
Repetitive strain injuries can be decreased by
answer
giving employees frequent rest breaks. designing tools and equipment to reduce the strain.
question
Allan is unsure of the expectations of his new job. He is most likely experiencing which of the following?
answer
Role ambiguity
question
Many teachers in community colleges in Florida are supposed to grade 5,000 words of writing from each of 150+ students in each semester. This is simply too much for them to do. That is, the___________ is very high.
answer
quantitative workload
question
When a person is emotionally exhausted and has low work motivation after being on the job for years, we say s/he is experiencing
answer
burnout.
question
Which of the following statements about musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) is true?
answer
Improper posture can lead to MSD.
question
What strain does burnout lead to?
answer
Absence, turnover and poor performance
question
Work-family conflict is a form of:
answer
extrarole conflict
question
Workload has been shown to be related to
answer
physical strains. psychological strains. behavioral strains.
question
People who work with the public are at greater risk for:
answer
nonfatal assaults
question
Job stress that results from a lack of a clearly defined job function is called
answer
role ambiguity.
question
Which of the following is NOT a component of burnout measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory?
answer
Physical exhaustion
question
When Aaron took Organic Chemistry he discovered that the work was too difficult for him. That is, the __________ was very high for Aaron.
answer
qualitative workload
question
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with exposure to this stressor.
answer
Mobbing
question
What type of job stressor is likely to be present when two supervisors send conflicting instructions to the same employee?
answer
Role conflict
question
The text mentions that concern of _________ has had considerable impact on safety practices in the health professions. For example, now most dentists routinely wear masks and rubber gloves.
answer
AIDS
question
In the United States, the _________ is charged with seeing that workplace safeguards are used to protect workers.
answer
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
question
People living in poverty may have worse health behaviors (e.g., smoking, diet, exercise). If we control for smoking, hypertension, cholesterol, BMI, etc., what happens to the relationship between SES and illness?
answer
The relationship still exists, indicating that these health behaviors are NOT responsible for health disparities
question
In certain cases, SES leads to certain behaviors (e.g., diet, exercise, smoking), that in turn lead to health outcomes. What are these intervening variables called, in a statistical sense?
answer
Mediators
question
Which of the following statements is the least accurate?
answer
Health gradients cannot be reduced by intervention at a societal level
question
SES is __________ illness
answer
correlated with
question
This approach presents developmental influences on health as four nested systems, in which the perceived environment plays a role in health behaviors and outcomes.
answer
Systems Theory
question
A complicated and multi-dimensional factor that includes a combination of occupation, early and upper education, traumatic backgrounds, geographic location, disability, ethnicity, etc., is referred to as which of the following?
answer
Socio-economic status
question
Whitehead (1995) recommended which of the following to reduce inequalities?
answer
Strengthening individuals and communities
question
Laypeople have certain beliefs about why health disparities exist. They are most likely to blame the poor health of a group of people on:
answer
the individual's poor lifestyle choices
question
Health disparities exist due to behaviors and experiences associated with low SES, which occur at different levels. According to the book, bullying, gangs and violence, smoking, drinking, drugs, and unprotected sex are examples of experiences that occur in which level?
answer
Mesosystems: peer groups
question
Lung cancer research receives a great deal less funding than breast cancer research. Why might that be?
answer
Because of stigma, such that people are more willing to donate money to a disease (like breast cancer) that supposedly only affects innocent people, instead of a disease (like lung cancer) that only affects people who "deserve" it
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New